Adaptation & Resilience: Planning & Action for Manchester

Lead Research Organisation: Manchester Metropolitan University
Department Name: School of Science and the Environment

Abstract

Climate change is a defining social, technical and scientific challenge of our time, posing an immense, potentially existential threat to our way of life. As outlined by the UKCP18, the impacts of climate change for the UK - a hotter, wetter climate with increased incidents of extreme weather - are here and will only be exacerbated in the future. This is the new normal, and we must adapt to it. But although there is high-level consensus regarding the urgent need for climate change adaptation, there is less clarity regarding what this means in practice and how this should be achieved.

Manchester Climate Change Partnership is a consortium of 60 organisations from across 10 sectors, comprising 20% of the city's economy, and with significant influence over the remaining 80%. The Partnership is coordinated by the Manchester Climate Change Agency (MCCA). Since 2018, MCCA has established a robust city-level and sector-level policy framework to enable action on climate change. However, as yet, adaptation and resilience has not had the same level of focused policy development or action as the city's mitigation commitments. The placement will co-produce a climate change resilience and adaptation policy and action planning framework with the Manchester Climate Change Partnership (MCCP), putting adaptation and resilience on the same footing as the city's mitigation commitments.

Specifically, the project places an academic with considerable expertise in climate change resilience and adaptation research, a proven track record in developing work of policy and practice relevance, and experience of stakeholder governance, to act as MCCA's 'Resilience and Adaptation Lead' for the 12-month project. Working collaboratively, and underpinned by the latest resilience and adaptation science, the researcher, staff at MCCA and members of MCCP will establish a SMART city-level adaptation and resilience objective for the city's climate change strategy (V. 2.0 of Manchester Climate Change Framework 2020-25) and an associated robust, trustworthy monitoring regime. The project will also support organisations and sectors from across Manchester to develop bespoke commitments and actions and build capacity for their implementation. To support and enable the delivery of these commitments, the project will also develop the existing local policy framework and identify where new policies are required.

The co-produced outputs of the work will have three guiding principles:
- It will be underpinned by the latest science to ensure stakeholders have a clear understanding of Manchester's risks and vulnerabilities to the changing climate;
- It will include an analysis of 'what works' in terms of the co-development of adaptation and resilience policies and plans;
- It will engage and build capacity and momentum across MCCP stakeholders.

The project is designed to leave a longer legacy of benefits. It will construct policy appraisal infrastructure through a monitoring and reporting regime, and through the creation of a new MCCP Adaptation and Resilience Advisory Group that will help the Partnership monitor and drive progress after the project has ended.

We must harness the knowledge locked away in our universities, with the technical abilities and entrepreneurial spirit of our private sector, the creativity of our arts and cultural sectors, and the energy of our people through youth groups, civil society and impassioned communities to build a more resilient, more adaptive Manchester. Together this project co-creates an evidence-based policy framework for climate change adaptation and will conduct primary research that showcases Manchester's evolving resilience to climate variability.

Publications

10 25 50
 
Title Manchester Climate Ready: Working together to mitigate and adapt to climate change 
Description In 2019 Manchester declared a climate emergency. Manchester Climate Change Agency (MCCA) & Manchester Climate Change Partnership (MCCP) are responsible for setting a strategy to address climate change and to champion climate change action in the city. This video introduces our ongoing work to limit the impacts of climate change and to create a healthy, green, socially just city where everyone can thrive, whatever the weather. 
Type Of Art Film/Video/Animation 
Year Produced 2021 
Impact N/A 
URL https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=c7KD6upEBSQ
 
Description The award facilitated my placement as an embedded researcher with the Manchester Climate Change Agency (MCCA) for one year, January - December 2021. The placement was designed to develop scientifically informed objectives that would boost city wide climate resilience. It entailed close co-operation with policy makers at MCCA and Manchester City Council, and sustained engagement with wider Manchester Climate Change Partnership stakeholders, including businesses, service providers and civil society organisations. The project's main outputs, detailed below and elaborated upon elsewhere in this submission, were co-produced through close collaboration with these partners. This collaboration will be sustained in future years, particularly through my position on the MCCA Adaptation & Resilience Advisory Group.

Many organisations across the city are at a very early stage of considering climate risk and resilience, if it is being considered at all. Consequently, rather than developing bespoke sectoral risk assessments, early work in the project contributed to a wider ranging technical output proposing an overarching framework for understanding Manchester's vulnerability to climate change. The document identifies six key themes, raising critical questions and considerations influencing city-wide climate risk and vulnerability. These are: people and society; economic activity; place and the built environment; infrastructure; the natural environment, biodiversity and green and blue infrastructure; and cross-cutting themes, including interdependencies such as the management of risk across the city's boundaries. It is envisaged that the document will stimulate and inform work across city-wide stakeholders to enhance awareness and understanding of climate risk. The document also makes the case for key organisations at the city and city-region scale to conduct a comprehensive, spatially and scientifically informed climate risk assessment.

A further significant output was the co-production of the concept of 'progressive resilience'. This entailed taking scientifically informed, academically robust interpretations of resilience, and giving them a city-level policy and practice perspective to ensure climate resilience initiatives gain traction across multiple agendas. Most notably, I have written a policy section for the refresh of the Manchester Climate Change Framework. This develops a series of principles for achieving 'progressive resilience', and an associated range of practical interventions and initiatives that will, we hope, drive climate resilience action across the city. This work is likely to be published in late Spring, 2022.

Further outputs included the development of associated communications and material, including animations, case studies, City climate packs and a website that will promote best practice throughout the city and beyond. Several of these were developed in conjunction with partners, including the Met Office and Manchester City Council. Please note, some of these outputs were funded through additional impact funding, and will therefore be reported on separately.

Finally, across the course of the award I engaged with key partners and networks, including in advisory groups on decarbonising construction, facilitating a network of Greater Manchester climate policy officers, working with the Manchester City Council carbon literacy officer to ensure training takes account of Manchester climate risk, adaptation and resilience, and being invited to join the Expert Review Group for the UN's Race to Resilience initiative.
Exploitation Route The project outputs have been adopted by Manchester Climate Change Agency. In particular, work to develop the concept of 'progressive resilience' and on assessing Manchester's climate risk made a significant contribution to the 2022 refresh of the Manchester Climate Change Framework. Specifically, I drafted Chapter 4 of this document on 'Adaptation and Resilience': https://www.manchesterclimate.com/sites/default/files/2022%20Update%20of%20the%20Manchester%20Climate%20Change%20Framework%20%282020-25%29%20AA.pdf

I continue to work with the Agency to disseminate the work throughout the city (through the Manchester Climate Change Partnership), in particular to identify and promote practical action to realise greater climate resilience across the city. In February 2023 I became Chair of the MCCA Adaptation & Resilience Advisory Group'. The Agency also hopes to build upon my work on climate risk and vulnerability by pursuing options to conduct a full climate risk assessment for Manchester.

Beyond this, I hope to promote the work through opportunities being developed by the Climate Resilience Programme (i.e. the project's funding stream) team and though my formal and informal liaison with climate officers across Greater Manchester and beyond.
Sectors Government, Democracy and Justice,Other

 
Description The award facilitated my placement as an embedded researcher with the Manchester Climate Change Agency (MCCA) for one year (January - December 2021). The placement was designed to develop scientifically informed objectives that would boost city wide climate resilience. It entailed close co-operation with policy makers at MCCA and Manchester City Council, and sustained engagement with wider Manchester Climate Change Partnership stakeholders, including businesses, service providers and civil society organisations. The work entailed significant collaboration with the MCCA, culminating with the co-production of the concept of 'progressive resilience', an associated suite of resilience and adaptation characteristics, and accompanying principles and actions to realise resilience and adaptation in practice. Outputs were published in the Manchester Climate Change Framework (in particular, Chapter 4), published in Autumn 2022. In addition, the concept of progressive resilience has been heavily quoted in the Manchester city council green and blue infrastructure implementation plan (2022). Beyond this, findings as well as city-wide resilience and adaptation case studies have also been published on the website www.manchesterclimateready.com I also engaged with key partners and networks, including in advisory groups on decarbonising construction, facilitating a network of Greater Manchester climate policy officers, joining the Wigan Climate Commission, and being invited to join the Expert Review Group for the UN's Race to Resilience initiative.
First Year Of Impact 2022
Sector Environment,Government, Democracy and Justice,Other
Impact Types Societal,Policy & public services

 
Description Chair of the Manchester Climate Change Agency (MCCA) Adaptation and Resilience Advisory Group
Geographic Reach Local/Municipal/Regional 
Policy Influence Type Participation in a guidance/advisory committee
URL https://www.manchesterclimate.com/adaptation-resilience-advisory-group
 
Description Drafting of Chapter 4 '2022 Update of the Manchester Climate Change Framework (2020-25)'
Geographic Reach Local/Municipal/Regional 
Policy Influence Type Citation in other policy documents
Impact I drafted Chapter 4 (Adaptation and Resilience) of the document '2022 Update of the Manchester Climate Change Framework (2020-25)'. As noted on Page 9: "Chapter 4 provides an overview of work by Manchester Metropolitan University and MCCP's Adaptation and Resilience Advisory Group to help the city assess its vulnerability to climate risk, define the characteristics of a climate resilient city, and establish principles to guide both ambition and practical action, including how green infrastructure and nature-based solutions can support these efforts." The chapter draws on two key documents I drafted whilst seconded to the Manchester Climate Change Agency: 1) Manchester Climate Ready: Developing progressive resilience across the city. https://www.manchesterclimate.com/sites/default/files/Progressive%20resilience_FINAL_UPLOAD.pdf 2) Manchester Climate Risk: A Framework for understanding hazards and vulnerability. https://www.manchesterclimate.com/sites/default/files/Climate%20vulnerability%20framework_0.pdf
URL https://www.manchesterclimate.com/sites/default/files/2022%20Update%20of%20the%20Manchester%20Climat...
 
Description Emergency Planning Society - Flood Resilience Professional Working Group
Geographic Reach National 
Policy Influence Type Contribution to new or Improved professional practice
URL https://the-eps.org/about-us/professional-working-groups/flood-resilience-water-management/
 
Description Engagement with the MCCP zero carbon new build task group
Geographic Reach Local/Municipal/Regional 
Policy Influence Type Participation in a guidance/advisory committee
URL https://www.manchesterclimate.com/sites/default/files/Roadmap%20to%20Net%20Zero%20Carbon%20-%20Repor...
 
Description Manchester Adaptation and Resilience Advisory Group
Geographic Reach Local/Municipal/Regional 
Policy Influence Type Participation in a guidance/advisory committee
URL https://www.manchesterclimate.com/adaptation-resilience-advisory-group
 
Description Manchester Climate Change Agency & Manchester City Business Climate Alliance - Zero Carbon Business Programme
Geographic Reach Local/Municipal/Regional 
Policy Influence Type Membership of a guideline committee
 
Description Member of Expert Review Group for the UN's Race to Resilience initiative
Geographic Reach Multiple continents/international 
Policy Influence Type Participation in a guidance/advisory committee
Impact The UN's Race to Resilience is a global movement that works to build the resilience of four billion people - from groups and communities vulnerable to climate risks. I am a member of the programme's Expert Review Group. It is our role to review applications to join the Race to Resilience, to provide comment and feedback against resilience criteria, and make a collective recommendation regarding their suitability for acceptance into the programme.
URL https://racetozero.unfccc.int/governance/
 
Description Outputs and on-going work referred to in a Manchester City Council Health Scrutiny Committee report
Geographic Reach Local/Municipal/Regional 
Policy Influence Type Citation in other policy documents
URL https://democracy.manchester.gov.uk/documents/s32084/Climate%20Change%20on%20Health%20and%20Healthca...
 
Description Wigan Climate Coalition
Geographic Reach Local/Municipal/Regional 
Policy Influence Type Participation in a guidance/advisory committee
URL https://www.wigan.gov.uk/News/Cabinet-column/2022/Climate-coalition.aspx
 
Description Work referred to in Manchester policy document - Green and Blue Infrastructure Strategy Review, 2022
Geographic Reach Local/Municipal/Regional 
Policy Influence Type Membership of a guideline committee
 
Description Work with the UK Met Office to co-produce a Manchester 'City Pack' 
Organisation Meteorological Office UK
Country United Kingdom 
Sector Academic/University 
PI Contribution I have worked with colleagues at the Met Office to provide feedback on their City Packs designed to present the UK Climate Projections 2018 in a user-friendly manner. This has involved reviewing various iterations of the City Packs as they have been developed by the Met Office team, with an emphasis on developing a specific section on resilience and adaptation. This also involved drafting a page on Manchester climate change policy for integration into the Manchester City Pack. This was launched in summer 2022. More recent work has involved advising on a Manchester 'Heat Pack', a publicly available website and summary document that details vulnerability to heat waves across the city. https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/binaries/content/assets/metofficegovuk/pdf/research/spf/ukcr_heat_pack_manchester.pdf https://storymaps.arcgis.com/stories/05808279555f42df99aad9a1cc180257
Collaborator Contribution This partnership was led by the Met Office (funded by, amongst others, the Climate Resilience Programme). In terms of the Met Office 'City Pack', I provided wording on Manchester's climate mitigation and adaptation policy on behalf of MCCA as part of my UKRI funded secondment. I also co-ordinated wider input from staff at MCCA. This will become a Manchester-based exemplar to be published on the Met Office website in March 2022.
Impact Manchester City Pack, due for publication in March 2022. The collaboration is multi-disciplinary, drawing together expertise in local government, social science and the humanities and climate modelling expertise.
Start Year 2021
 
Description Advice given to the Manchester City Council Health Scrutiny Committee 
Form Of Engagement Activity A formal working group, expert panel or dialogue
Part Of Official Scheme? No
Geographic Reach Local
Primary Audience Policymakers/politicians
Results and Impact I engaged with officers attached to the Manchester City Council Health Scrutiny Committee. I fed in to the report "An Introduction to the Impact of Climate Change on Health and Healthcare in Manchester", presented to Committee on 9 February 2022.

The report cited my work as follows:
3.2.5 Manchester Climate Change Framework includes the high-level objective 'to adapt the city's buildings, infrastructure and natural environment to the changing climate and increase the climate resilience of our residents and organisation'. As part of this work Dr Paul O'Hare was seconded from MMU to MCCA and has developed a 'Framework for Understanding Hazards and Vulnerability in Manchester'. As part of this work, it is recommended that a comprehensive city-wide risk assessment is undertaken. This work, and work to develop a vision, principles and actions for creating a more climate resilient Manchester, will be expanded upon in Framework 2.0.

My work was also cited as a background document.
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity 2022
URL https://democracy.manchester.gov.uk/documents/s32084/Climate%20Change%20on%20Health%20and%20Healthca...
 
Description Blog-post on the publication of the Manchester Climate Risk: Framework for understanding hazards and vulnerability 
Form Of Engagement Activity Engagement focused website, blog or social media channel
Part Of Official Scheme? No
Geographic Reach Regional
Primary Audience Public/other audiences
Results and Impact Drafting of a short blog on the publication of Manchester Climate Risk: Framework for understanding hazards and vulnerability. The blog was published on the Manchester Climate Change Agency website.
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity 2021
URL https://www.manchesterclimate.com/news/2021/05/manchester-climate-risk-framework-understanding-hazar...
 
Description Engagement with the Manchester City Council Carbon literacy programme 
Form Of Engagement Activity A formal working group, expert panel or dialogue
Part Of Official Scheme? No
Geographic Reach Local
Primary Audience Professional Practitioners
Results and Impact I am working with Manchester City Council's Carbon Literacy officer to identify how work on risk and vulnerability, and beyond resilience and adaptation might be integrated into carbon literacy training for all Council staff. this work is on-going.
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity 2021
 
Description Manchester Arts Sustainability Team 
Form Of Engagement Activity A formal working group, expert panel or dialogue
Part Of Official Scheme? No
Geographic Reach Local
Primary Audience Industry/Business
Results and Impact MAST was established in 2010 by a group of Manchester-based arts and culture organisations to begin to understand how they could contribute to the delivery of Manchester: A Certain Future and to subsequent policy initiatives. The group now has over 30 members and meets regularly to share best practice and develop new joint initiatives.

I made two presentations to the group on 10th March 2021. I introduced the project to the network and laid the groundwork for further collaboration later in the year and beyond.
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity 2021
 
Description Manchester Climate Change Agency - Resilience and Adaptation Advisory Group 
Form Of Engagement Activity A formal working group, expert panel or dialogue
Part Of Official Scheme? No
Geographic Reach Regional
Primary Audience Policymakers/politicians
Results and Impact The Manchester Adaptation and Resilience Advisory Group (ARAG) is one of four Independent Advisory Groups established (or in the process of being established) to monitor progress against the objectives in the Manchester Climate Change Framework

The ARAG was established in 2020 to develop Manchester's adaptation and resilience commitments in line with the latest science, to monitor progress against them, and to make recommendations where new actions are needed to ensure the commitments are met. The group currently meets every month. I have been a member since summer 2000, joining a few months after the Advisory Group's inception.

Throughout 2021 and into early 2021 I provided updates to the group on my work, and sought their support, guidance and peer review for research and policy/ practice/ stakeholder engagement activity and on drafts of work.
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity 2020,2021,2022
URL https://www.manchesterclimate.com/adaptation-resilience-advisory-group
 
Description Manchester Climate Change Partnership meeting 
Form Of Engagement Activity A talk or presentation
Part Of Official Scheme? No
Geographic Reach Local
Primary Audience Professional Practitioners
Results and Impact Attendance of and updates to the Manchester Climate Change Partnership Board. I have spoken at Board meetings on three occasions: February 2021; July 2021 & January 2022;
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity 2021
 
Description Manchester Cultural Leaders Climate Summit, January 2023 
Form Of Engagement Activity A talk or presentation
Part Of Official Scheme? No
Geographic Reach Regional
Primary Audience Professional Practitioners
Results and Impact Presentation to around 40 regional cultural leaders: Manchester Climate Ready Risk, resilience & climate adaptation.

Manchester Arts Sustainability Team, Manchester Cultural Leaders Climate Summit, 19th January 2023
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity 2023
URL https://www.g-mast.org/mast-timeline
 
Description Manchester Green Infrastructure Stakeholder Group 
Form Of Engagement Activity A formal working group, expert panel or dialogue
Part Of Official Scheme? No
Geographic Reach Local
Primary Audience Professional Practitioners
Results and Impact I attended and addressed a meeting of the Manchester Green Infrastructure Stakeholder Group on Thursday 25th November 2021 at the Manchester National Trust office, Oxford Street. The meeting drew together stakeholders with an interest in green infrastructure from across the city. It was chaired by Dave Barlow, Snr Policy Officer and Lead Green infrastructure & Biodiversity, Environment, Planning and Infrastructure Team, Growth & Development Directorate, Manchester City Council.

I gave a presentation entitled 'MCR - Manchester Climate Ready' which later had an influence on the City's soon to be published Green Infrastructure Action Plan.
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity 2021
 
Description Met Office Twitter Spaces 
Form Of Engagement Activity A talk or presentation
Part Of Official Scheme? No
Geographic Reach National
Primary Audience Other audiences
Results and Impact Contribution to Twitter Spaces discussion with the Met Office, January 2023
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity 2023
 
Description Outputs and on-going work referred to in a Manchester City Council Environment and Climate Change Scrutiny Committee reports 
Form Of Engagement Activity A formal working group, expert panel or dialogue
Part Of Official Scheme? No
Geographic Reach Local
Primary Audience Policymakers/politicians
Results and Impact My work has been referred to in City Council Environment & Climate Change Scrutiny Committee reports. For instance, the report submitted for the Committee meeting on 10th February noted:

"6.1 The refresh of the Framework will also include an update on research to move the city forwards on climate adaptation and resilience. This centres around work by Manchester Metropolitan University to develop a framework for understanding Manchester's vulnerability to climate risk, a vision for a climate ready city and a set of principles and actions for different stakeholders to implement.

6.2 A workshop is taking place in February with senior decision-makers in the Council to ensure this work is aligned to the city's Green & Blue Infrastructure Strategy and recently launched initiatives such as Our Rivers Our City."

Reference: https://democracy.manchester.gov.uk/documents/s32070/Refresh%20of%20Manchesters%20Climate%20Change%20Framework.pdf
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity 2021,2022
URL https://democracy.manchester.gov.uk/ieListDocuments.aspx?CId=358&MId=3979&Ver=4
 
Description Presentation at the Resilience Hub Pavillion at CoP26 in Glasgow 
Form Of Engagement Activity A talk or presentation
Part Of Official Scheme? No
Geographic Reach International
Primary Audience Professional Practitioners
Results and Impact I was invited by the Race to Resilience team to speak at the Resilience Hub Pavillion at the UN Conference of the Parties (CoP26) in Glasgow. The online talk took place at 10am on Friday 12th November during the session "Making measurement make the difference to vulnerable people, communities and natural systems". At the session, which was simultaneously broadcast to participants across the world, I participated in a roundtable dialogue on urban-scale resilience and adaptation.
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity 2021
URL https://cop-resilience-hub.org/
 
Description Presentation on the UKRI-Climate Resilience Programme Embedded Researcher Scheme 
Form Of Engagement Activity A talk or presentation
Part Of Official Scheme? No
Geographic Reach National
Primary Audience Other audiences
Results and Impact On 29th April, 2021 I gave a presentation on my placement at the Manchester Climate Change Agency (MCCA) for the Project funder (UKRI-Climate Resilience Programme Embedded Researcher Scheme). The audience consisted of around 40 - 50 academics and post-doctoral researchers seeking to find further information regarding Phase 2 of the Embedded Researcher Scheme.
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity 2021
 
Description URBACT Action Planning Network - July 2021 
Form Of Engagement Activity A talk or presentation
Part Of Official Scheme? No
Geographic Reach International
Primary Audience Policymakers/politicians
Results and Impact I was invited by colleagues at Manchester City Council to give a presentation on 'Resilience and adaptation in Manchester' at the URBACT Action Planning Network on Thursday 8th July, 2021. The presentation was designed to introduce a wider facilitated debate named "What are co-benefits from a Covid recovery from a socio-economic perspective?".

The event was facilitated by Adrian Slatcher (Manchester City Council) and Ian Turner (Energy Cities).
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity 2021
URL https://manchester-gov-uk.zoom.us/meeting/register/tJYqcuigrTsvHNEnyfA6zJqUc9aUYVa7QQsY