Carbon Artifacts: a socio-material approach to low and net zero carbon building design from concept to handover
Lead Research Organisation:
UNIVERSITY OF READING
Department Name: Built Environment
Abstract
Delivery of net-zero carbon buildings is a critical and urgent component of UK legal obligation to achieve net zero carbon emissions by 2050 (BEIS, 2019a). The construction sector represents 10% of UK carbon emissions and directly influences 47% of all national emissions (NFB, 2019). While there has been significant technical progress, the UK building stock remains one of the most energy inefficient in Europe and the Government is not on-track to meeting its decarbonisation goals (BEIS, 2019). Most research into this 'performance gap' focuses on either technical problems and solutions (De Wilde, 2014) or on the promise of new integrator roles (Parag and Janda, 2014), with little discussion of the professional and organisational issues that challenge the delivery of net zero carbon buildings.
The current organisational structure of projects has direct implications for the delivery of low and net-zero-carbon buildings. Construction projects are temporary organisations, involving multiple disciplines, multiple firms and multiple phases - each with its own teams and extensive sub-contracting (Winch, 1998). Organisational boundaries shape who participates in the specification of design problems and solutions and their transmission across project teams and phases. They also establish who is accountable for particular targets and who is not. When faced with a new task, professionals often sub-contract work out to a team of specialists with no awareness or responsibility for the design as a whole. The result is that solutions developed at one moment in time are not fully understood, as they are passed from one phase to another and carbon targets often fall off the agenda.
The proposed research explores these effects by examining the initial development and ongoing modification of carbon reduction design solutions in six cases of new and retrofit commercial buildings. Commercial buildings tend to be bespoke, making the formulation and communication of solutions across organisational boundaries all the more critical. The research will be developed in dialogue with industry partners involved in these six cases. Special attention will be paid to the way in which design solutions are embedded in visual representations and physical artifacts, which are subsequently re-interpreted and modified.
Findings resulting from this novel approach promise to contribute targeted guidance for the development of net-zero carbon buildings, the organisational and professional capability development of firms, professional training and educational curriculum. Together researchers and upwards of 30 industry partners, involved in six projects, will explore the effect of organisational boundaries on the delivery of low and net zero carbon buildings, revise firm-level protocols and develop capacity. In addition, the project will contribute to policy and professional guidance for net-zero carbon building, to teaching case studies for use in HE and CPD training and to a climate change and de-carbonisation educational management framework for built environment curricula, currently under development by the Climate Curriculum Project. By focusing on teams of sustainable minded professionals with a history of working together and professed commitments to carbon reduction, the research also provides an opportunity to capture, further develop and diffuse good practice.
The current organisational structure of projects has direct implications for the delivery of low and net-zero-carbon buildings. Construction projects are temporary organisations, involving multiple disciplines, multiple firms and multiple phases - each with its own teams and extensive sub-contracting (Winch, 1998). Organisational boundaries shape who participates in the specification of design problems and solutions and their transmission across project teams and phases. They also establish who is accountable for particular targets and who is not. When faced with a new task, professionals often sub-contract work out to a team of specialists with no awareness or responsibility for the design as a whole. The result is that solutions developed at one moment in time are not fully understood, as they are passed from one phase to another and carbon targets often fall off the agenda.
The proposed research explores these effects by examining the initial development and ongoing modification of carbon reduction design solutions in six cases of new and retrofit commercial buildings. Commercial buildings tend to be bespoke, making the formulation and communication of solutions across organisational boundaries all the more critical. The research will be developed in dialogue with industry partners involved in these six cases. Special attention will be paid to the way in which design solutions are embedded in visual representations and physical artifacts, which are subsequently re-interpreted and modified.
Findings resulting from this novel approach promise to contribute targeted guidance for the development of net-zero carbon buildings, the organisational and professional capability development of firms, professional training and educational curriculum. Together researchers and upwards of 30 industry partners, involved in six projects, will explore the effect of organisational boundaries on the delivery of low and net zero carbon buildings, revise firm-level protocols and develop capacity. In addition, the project will contribute to policy and professional guidance for net-zero carbon building, to teaching case studies for use in HE and CPD training and to a climate change and de-carbonisation educational management framework for built environment curricula, currently under development by the Climate Curriculum Project. By focusing on teams of sustainable minded professionals with a history of working together and professed commitments to carbon reduction, the research also provides an opportunity to capture, further develop and diffuse good practice.
Description | Key findings include: project level pathways to NZC, the impact of carbon visualization on the (re-)design process, the role of standards in NZC design and delivery and the impact of NZC-in-action on project team dynamics and the system of professions. The research explored different pathways to the delivery of NZC buildings. Three paths were identified: Aiming for NZC, Recognizing NZC potential and Relying on existing standards and certification schemes. In each of these cases, the call for NZC led to extensive processes of evaluation, optioneering and adjustment, involving multiple stakeholders. While discussions were organized around modelling outputs, they also involved extensive engagement with the trade-offs between multiple agenda. The research called for greater support for professionals faced with managing multiple and potentially conflicting agenda (between operational and embodied carbon as well as between NZC, sustainability more broadly, Health and Safety etc.). It also questioned the adequacy of current strictly technical 'science-based', but narrow approach to NZC standards and benchmarking for the achievement of integrated holistic design. An exploration of the visualization of carbon. Like energy, carbon is not visible. Instead, engagement with NZC requirements depends on a range of different types of visual representations, which in turn influence negotiations around carbon relevant design and procurement decisions. Visual representations were found to inform and set targets (especially in discussions with clients), simplify communication and enhance learning. They were central in linking overall decarbonisation targets (NZC) with particular building features and in signalling to the client what was feasible and what was not (risk). At the same time, the decontextualized, highly simplified nature of the representations and association of targets with specific design features narrowed options and potentially inhibited a more integrated, holistic approach to many individual (re-)design decisions. The research highlighted the role of standards and benchmarking in the pursuit of Net Zero CaRbon. While these are standard tools within projects, the specificity of carbon introduced new areas of uncertainty. The research documented the exercise of discretion at multiple points, including in the input into carbon modelling, in the modelling process itself and in engagement with modelling outputs. This in turn led to an identification of areas where there is a mis-alignment of incentives, voice and responsibility for decarbonised design, a sharp contrast between the certainty ascribed to numbers and their interpretation and use. The research called for more detailed research into the modelling processes and the exercise of discretion and greater transparency around the assumptions informing modelling outputs-in-use and A study of the impact of NZC-in-action on the system of professions. More specifically, the research documented how firms are gearing up to meet these new demands by acquiring new competencies and restructuring. This was found to occur across the range of stakeholders identified, including architects, consultants quantity surveyors and clients and development managers. That said, some disciplines were proving better at laying claim to carbon expertise than others. Structural engineers and Sustainability Consultants were found to be particularly good at using the new opportunities to better position themselves. While the focus on jurisdictional claims drew attention to competition for a voice in carbon design, the Sociology of Expertise offered a novel theoretical approach which highlighted the opportunities which a focus on decarbonisation introduced for greater integration and generosity within project teams. The research also found certain key stakeholders to be excluded from design discussions, despite their essential contributions. These included notably occupants, insurers and suppliers. |
Exploitation Route | Key findings can be used to support clients, management developers and construction project teams (including consultants, project managers, quantity surveyors and architects) to develop and deliver NZC buildings, including ongoing retrofit. The research offers particular insights into how to navigate the multiplicity of current standards and frameworks and prepares professionals for the types of tensions between multiple agenda and between operational and embodied carbon that they can expect to encounter. Finally, it points the way to more integrated holistic NZC design by exploring the types of competencies, issues and visualization techniques needed to engage in negotiations around carbon relevant building features. The research can also be used by firms developing strategies (including upskilling) to meet emerging client demands. |
Sectors | Construction Energy |
URL | https://research.reading.ac.uk/carbon-artifacts/ |
Description | BSI Showcase |
Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | International |
Primary Audience | Professional Practitioners |
Results and Impact | Presentation of research findings regarding the role of standards in delivering NZC buildings at the BSI Showcase Day 4: Enabling a Net Zero Future' at the IEC GM 2024 |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2024 |
URL | https://www.bsigroup.com/en-GB/insights-and-media/media/webinars/iec-gm-bsi-showcase-days/ |
Description | Workshop on NZC buildings |
Form Of Engagement Activity | Participation in an activity, workshop or similar |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | Regional |
Primary Audience | Professional Practitioners |
Results and Impact | Workshop entitled: 'NZC buildings: challenges, opportunities and future developments' Over 80 people registered, including construction professionals, local authorities, community stakeholders, researchers and others interested in the implementation of NZC building policies and in future developments. Discussion ranged from the experience of experienced professionals such as Oliver Hall, Make Architects and Jennifer Pollard, Hoare Lea, to academic reflections by Prof. John Connaughton on the strengths and limits of standards and Martin Green on pathways to NZC, to a presentation on the new UK NZC standard from Chriss Twinn, TwinnInnovation. Reflection on future directions included insights from Michael Beavan on community energy initiatives, from Ben Burfoot on the work of the Reading Council and from Prof. Jacopo Torriti on the development of flexible demand certificates. |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2024 |
URL | https://research.reading.ac.uk/carbon-artifacts/events/ |