Development of a multi-pulse laser wakefield electron accelerator operating at kHz rep-rate

Laser-driven plasma accelerators can already accelerate electrons to GeV-scale energies in accelerator stages only a few centimetres long. However, the driving lasers used to date can only operate at best at a few pulses per second, and have very low wall-plug efficiencies. The laser-plasma accelerator group at Oxford has pioneered a novel approach for overcoming these limitations: the multi-pulse laser wakefield accelerator (MP-LWFA). In this approach the plasma wakefield is driven by a train of low energy laser pulses. If these pulses are spaced by the plasma period then the wakefields driven by the pulses add coherently, yielding a plasma wave which grows towards the back of the pulse train. The Oxford team recently demonstrated this approach for the first time in experiments performed at the Rutherford Appleton Laboratory (RAL). In that work it was shown that plasma wakefields could indeed be resonantly excited by a train of laser pulses, confirming this validity of this approach. However, to date electrons have not been accelerated by this method since the wakefields driven by MP-LWFA are linear, and as such do not self-trap electrons from the background plasma. The aim of this project is to develop techniques for controlling the injection of electrons into the quasi-linear wakefields driven by a MP-LWFA. Two approaches will be studied. In the first, the use of additional laser pulses to ionize a dopant species will be explored. If a short laser pulse (the "injection" pulse) is focused in the wake driven by the pulse train, then electrons ionized by the second laser pulse can be trapped into the wakefield, and then accelerated. The second approach to be explored will be down-ramp injection. In this method the density of the plasma decreases rapidly with longitudinal position; this slows the wakefield as it moves down the ramp, making it easier for electrons to be trapped, and then accelerated. These injection techniques will be studied through experiments performed in Oxford, at RAL, and, potentially, at other laser facilities, backed up by numerical simulations with particle-in-cell (PIC) codes. If successful this work will open the route to a new generation of very compact plasma accelerators operating at multi-kilohertz pulse repetition rates. These would immediately find applications in driving very compact X-ray sources, with widespread utility in ultrafast science, technology, and medicine.