Water and Wastewater Infrastructure Management for Tented, Informal and Non-Permanent Settlements

Nearly 1.5 million refugees from Palestine and Syria can be found in Lebanon, which has the largest refugee per capita population in the world. For over seventy years, people have lived in twelve official emergency settlements in Lebanon; these not only have deteriorated over time but also cannot provide the necessary water and sanitation infrastructure for the influx of new inhabitants. However, Lebanon, with its mountains and aquafers has the capacity to increase its clean water supply, but limited resources in implementing new technologies. Furthermore, lack of sanitation facilities is known to increase mortality rates, cases of diseases such as cholera, and decrease in livelihood such as education and economic opportunities. On the island of Lesbos, in Greece, 9,000 refugees are housed in a capacity for just over 3,000 in the Moria camp. This not only poses the issue of over-crowding, but lack of water and sanitation facilities, with clean water being scarce and water sources stagnant. Considering that the UN 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development aims to "ensure access to water and sanitation for all," it is imperative that refugees within these settlements (either on a long-term or short-term basis) are also provided with these amenities. The technological (due to the water and energy needs of the location and wants of the stakeholders), economic (the cost of the technology and funding available) and political (due to political resistance to permanent infrastructure) resilience of the water and sanitation infrastructure will be looked at in refugee camps, with an emphasis on case studies (such as Greece and Lebanon).
Information including a baseline assessment, the creation of a WASH questionnaire, and the opinions of Afghan refugees on their (current and potential future) wastewater facilities in the refugee settlement in Moria, Lesbos, Greece already exists from the researcher's previous work. Whilst frameworks, SPHERE Guidelines, other advice for humanitarian aid, infrastructure and water and sanitation exist, the need is evident from the lack of enforcement and deployment of the water and sanitation infrastructure.

The primary impact of the FIBE2 CDT will be the benefit to society that will accrue from the transformative effect that FIBE2 graduates will have upon current and future infrastructure. The current FIBE CDT has already demonstrated significant impact and FIBE2 will extend this substantially and with particular focus on infrastructure resilience. There will be further impacts across academic research, postgraduate teaching, industry-academia partnering and wider society. Our CDT students are excellent ambassadors and their skills and career trajectories are inspirational. Their outputs so far include >40 journal and conference papers, contributions to a CIRIA report, a book chapter and >15 prizes (e.g. Cambridge Carbon Challenge, EPSRC Doctoral Prizes, best presentation awards). Our students' outreach activities have had far reaching impacts including: Science Festival activities and engineering workshops for school girls. Our innovative CDT training approaches have shifted the culture and priorities in academia and industry towards co-creation for innovation. Our FIBE CDT features in the EPSRC document 'Building Skills for a Prosperous Nation'. Our attention to E&D has resulted in 50% female students with the inspirational ethos attracting students from wide ranging educational backgrounds.

FIBE2 CDT will build on this momentum and expand the scope and reach of our impact. We will capitalise on our major research and training initiatives and strategic collaborations within academia, industry and government to train future infrastructure leaders to address UK and global challenges and this will have direct and significant technical, economic and social impacts for UK infrastructure, its associated stakeholders and civil society at large.

As well as the creation of cohorts of highly skilled research cohorts with cross-disciplinary technical skills, further specific impacts include:

-a transformational cross-disciplinary graduate training and research approach in infrastructure with depth and breadth.

-new forms of Industry-University partnerships. Co-creation with industry of our training and research initiatives has already led to new forms of partnerships such as the I+ scheme, and FIBE2 will further extend this with the 'employer model' variant and others.

-skilled research-minded challenge-focused graduates for UK employers who will derive significant benefit from employing them as catalysts for enterprise, knowledge exchange and innovation, and thus to business growth opportunities.

-enhanced global competitiveness for industrial partners. With our extensive network of 27 industry partners from across all infrastructure sectors who will actively shape the centre with us, we will deliver significant impact and will embrace the cross-disciplinary research emergeing from the CDT to gain competitive advantage.

-support for policy makers at the highest levels of national and local government. The research outcomes and graduates will contribute to an evidence-based foundation for improved decision-making for the efficient management, maintenance and design of infrastructure.

-world-class research outcomes that address national needs, via the direct engagement of our key industrial partners. Other academic institutions will benefit from working with the Centre to collectively advance knowledge.

-wider professional engagement via the creation of powerful informal professional networks between researchers, practitioners, CDT alumni and CDT students, working nationally and internationally, including some hosted by FIBE2 CDT industry partners.

-future generations of infrastructure professional inspired by the FIBE2 CDT's outreach activities whereby pupils, teachers and parents gain insight into the importance of infrastructure engineering.

-the generation of public awareness of the importance of a resilient infrastructure to address inevitable and often unexpected challenges.