Dons, yardies and posses: representations of Jamaican organised crime
Lead Research Organisation:
University of Leicester
Department Name: English
Abstract
Focusing on representations of Jamaican organised crime, this project aims to connect arts and humanities approaches with social science and policy-oriented perspectives on transnational criminal organisations. The accelerated flows of capital, goods and people facilitated by globalisation have allowed criminal organisations to expand and develop into transnational networks. Rooted in political violence and electoral turf wars, Jamaican gangs played a central role in the growth of the international illegal drug trade in the 1980s. Jamaican organised crime remains a pressing concern of the Jamaican government, and also presents a significant security threat to the US and the UK, which are major consumer markets for cocaine and key locations in the transnational movement of Jamaican gangs.
A deeper understanding of Jamaican organised crime is necessary in order for the problem to be effectively addressed. Existing academic debate in this area has been contained within the social sciences. There has been no sustained focus on the question of representation, despite the fact that Jamaican gangs have since the 1980s acquired global notoriety through the media, film, music and popular fiction, and also increasingly feature in literary fiction and criminal autobiography. There is therefore a need for enquiry into the complex relationship of cultural and media narratives to social science and policy perspectives on Jamaican organised crime in the Caribbean, Europe and North America.
This network will advance research on Jamaican organised crime by exploring the multidirectional relationships between a.) literary, visual, cinematic, popular music and media representations of Jamaican organised crime; b) social science research on Jamaican organised crime; and c.) policies aimed at combating Jamaican organised crime. It will contribute to the AHRC highlight notice's emphasis on innovative areas of cross-council enquiry by bringing together arts, humanities and social science researchers to collaboratively address the following key questions:
- How do literary and visual texts, films, popular music and media reports frame the causes, consequences and control of Jamaican organised crime?
- How do cultural and media representations of Jamaican criminal gangs engage with, popularise, contest and complicate social science and policy perspectives?
- How do social science analyses of Jamaican organised crime and related policies in Jamaica, Europe and North America reflect the influence of these various kinds of representations?
As well as crossing disciplinary boundaries, the network will initiate cross-sector conversations between academics, writers, artists, a filmmaker, creative industry professionals, and public and voluntary sector representatives. In doing so it will generate new perspectives on representations of Jamaican organised crime relevant for academics, policy-makers and practitioners. It will also cross national boundaries through its concern with the global circulation of cultural and media narratives, academic theories and policies, and through its focus on connections between key urban sites in Jamaica, the US and the UK, such as downtown Kingston, Brooklyn, Brixton and Handsworth. An international range of participants is a necessary basis for the network's investigation of the transnational dimensions of Jamaican criminal gangs and their representation.
Networking activities will consist of three two-day workshops in Leicester, Amsterdam and Kingston focusing on the following themes:
'gangsta culture';
gangs and governance;
urban spaces and transnational connections;
Each workshop will incorporate a public-facing event relevant to the workshop theme involving writers, a filmmaker and artists. The network's findings will also be communicated via peer reviewed publications, a project webpage hosted by the University of Leicester, an online exhibition, a blog, and social media platforms.
A deeper understanding of Jamaican organised crime is necessary in order for the problem to be effectively addressed. Existing academic debate in this area has been contained within the social sciences. There has been no sustained focus on the question of representation, despite the fact that Jamaican gangs have since the 1980s acquired global notoriety through the media, film, music and popular fiction, and also increasingly feature in literary fiction and criminal autobiography. There is therefore a need for enquiry into the complex relationship of cultural and media narratives to social science and policy perspectives on Jamaican organised crime in the Caribbean, Europe and North America.
This network will advance research on Jamaican organised crime by exploring the multidirectional relationships between a.) literary, visual, cinematic, popular music and media representations of Jamaican organised crime; b) social science research on Jamaican organised crime; and c.) policies aimed at combating Jamaican organised crime. It will contribute to the AHRC highlight notice's emphasis on innovative areas of cross-council enquiry by bringing together arts, humanities and social science researchers to collaboratively address the following key questions:
- How do literary and visual texts, films, popular music and media reports frame the causes, consequences and control of Jamaican organised crime?
- How do cultural and media representations of Jamaican criminal gangs engage with, popularise, contest and complicate social science and policy perspectives?
- How do social science analyses of Jamaican organised crime and related policies in Jamaica, Europe and North America reflect the influence of these various kinds of representations?
As well as crossing disciplinary boundaries, the network will initiate cross-sector conversations between academics, writers, artists, a filmmaker, creative industry professionals, and public and voluntary sector representatives. In doing so it will generate new perspectives on representations of Jamaican organised crime relevant for academics, policy-makers and practitioners. It will also cross national boundaries through its concern with the global circulation of cultural and media narratives, academic theories and policies, and through its focus on connections between key urban sites in Jamaica, the US and the UK, such as downtown Kingston, Brooklyn, Brixton and Handsworth. An international range of participants is a necessary basis for the network's investigation of the transnational dimensions of Jamaican criminal gangs and their representation.
Networking activities will consist of three two-day workshops in Leicester, Amsterdam and Kingston focusing on the following themes:
'gangsta culture';
gangs and governance;
urban spaces and transnational connections;
Each workshop will incorporate a public-facing event relevant to the workshop theme involving writers, a filmmaker and artists. The network's findings will also be communicated via peer reviewed publications, a project webpage hosted by the University of Leicester, an online exhibition, a blog, and social media platforms.
Planned Impact
Beneficiaries outside academia include:
1. Inter-governmental organisations, government agencies and NGOs
Network participants from inter-governmental organisations (the UK Department for International Development / Jamaica and the United States Agency for International Development / Jamaica), government agencies (Jamaica Ministry of National Security's Citizen Security and Justice Programme) and Jamaica-based NGOs (the Peace Management Initiative and Crime Stop Jamaica) will benefit from the opportunity to engage in cross-sector conversations on transnational criminal organisations. Through their attendance of the Jamaica-based workshop and their active participation in a round table session, representatives of these organisations will have the chance both to learn more about academic research on this issue, and to contribute to current scholarly debates by offering their own practice-based perspectives to an academic audience. The network activities and outputs will also be promoted to other relevant organisations at a local and regional level with the help of one of the project partners, the University of the West Indies Institute for Criminal Justice and Security. By developing innovative approaches to transnational organised crime that connect policy and academic perspectives to cultural and media narratives, the network has the potential to inform policy and practice in the field of crime control in Jamaica while also contributing to international debates on organised crime as a global phenomenon. This has UK-based ramifications since in the last decade the UK has significantly increased its allocation of law enforcement resources and personnel to the Caribbean region.
2. Writers, artists, filmmakers and creative industry professionals
The writers, artists and filmmaker participating in this network will benefit in three ways: a.) attending a workshop will enable them to draw on the perspectives of academic researchers in the development of their creative practice; b.) they will have an opportunity to contribute to the interdisciplinary and cross-sector conversations initiated by the network, since their active participation in the public-facing events will shape the critical, theoretical and policy-based discussions at the workshops; c.) their involvement in the network will expose their work to new audiences and raise their profile both locally and internationally. Renaissance One and the Literary Leicester Festival will also benefit from their participation in the network as project partners, since the proposed events will expand their repertoire.
3. The wider public in Europe and the Caribbean
The prominence of the Jamaican gangster figure in globally circulating media and popular texts since the 1980s indicates the potential appeal of the project theme to international audiences. Films, television documentaries and journalism produced in the global North for non-Caribbean audiences have stigmatised Jamaicans in the region and the diaspora. This has damaged Jamaica's public image, with adverse effects on the country's tourism industry and on attitudes to Jamaicans abroad. The main aim of the public-facing events at the UK-based and Netherlands-based workshops is to enable both non-Caribbean and Caribbean diasporic audiences to reflect critically on the problems with mass-media representations and to situate these representations in a wider context, while also introducing them to literary and cinematic texts which contest stereotypical portrayals of Jamaican criminal gangs and associated policies. The public-facing panel discussion at the Jamaica-based workshop focusing on artistic engagements with the 2010 Tivoli Incursion (the violent conflict between the Shower Posse and Jamaica's military and police forces) will offer members of the wider public in Jamaica the opportunity to engage in debates on local and international strategies for controlling transnational organised crime.
1. Inter-governmental organisations, government agencies and NGOs
Network participants from inter-governmental organisations (the UK Department for International Development / Jamaica and the United States Agency for International Development / Jamaica), government agencies (Jamaica Ministry of National Security's Citizen Security and Justice Programme) and Jamaica-based NGOs (the Peace Management Initiative and Crime Stop Jamaica) will benefit from the opportunity to engage in cross-sector conversations on transnational criminal organisations. Through their attendance of the Jamaica-based workshop and their active participation in a round table session, representatives of these organisations will have the chance both to learn more about academic research on this issue, and to contribute to current scholarly debates by offering their own practice-based perspectives to an academic audience. The network activities and outputs will also be promoted to other relevant organisations at a local and regional level with the help of one of the project partners, the University of the West Indies Institute for Criminal Justice and Security. By developing innovative approaches to transnational organised crime that connect policy and academic perspectives to cultural and media narratives, the network has the potential to inform policy and practice in the field of crime control in Jamaica while also contributing to international debates on organised crime as a global phenomenon. This has UK-based ramifications since in the last decade the UK has significantly increased its allocation of law enforcement resources and personnel to the Caribbean region.
2. Writers, artists, filmmakers and creative industry professionals
The writers, artists and filmmaker participating in this network will benefit in three ways: a.) attending a workshop will enable them to draw on the perspectives of academic researchers in the development of their creative practice; b.) they will have an opportunity to contribute to the interdisciplinary and cross-sector conversations initiated by the network, since their active participation in the public-facing events will shape the critical, theoretical and policy-based discussions at the workshops; c.) their involvement in the network will expose their work to new audiences and raise their profile both locally and internationally. Renaissance One and the Literary Leicester Festival will also benefit from their participation in the network as project partners, since the proposed events will expand their repertoire.
3. The wider public in Europe and the Caribbean
The prominence of the Jamaican gangster figure in globally circulating media and popular texts since the 1980s indicates the potential appeal of the project theme to international audiences. Films, television documentaries and journalism produced in the global North for non-Caribbean audiences have stigmatised Jamaicans in the region and the diaspora. This has damaged Jamaica's public image, with adverse effects on the country's tourism industry and on attitudes to Jamaicans abroad. The main aim of the public-facing events at the UK-based and Netherlands-based workshops is to enable both non-Caribbean and Caribbean diasporic audiences to reflect critically on the problems with mass-media representations and to situate these representations in a wider context, while also introducing them to literary and cinematic texts which contest stereotypical portrayals of Jamaican criminal gangs and associated policies. The public-facing panel discussion at the Jamaica-based workshop focusing on artistic engagements with the 2010 Tivoli Incursion (the violent conflict between the Shower Posse and Jamaica's military and police forces) will offer members of the wider public in Jamaica the opportunity to engage in debates on local and international strategies for controlling transnational organised crime.
People |
ORCID iD |
Lucy Evans (Principal Investigator) | |
Rivke Jaffe (Co-Investigator) |
Publications
D. Howard
(2018)
Discourses of resilience and myth: urban and 'green' crime in the Caribbean
in Caribbean Geography
Jaffe R
(2021)
Imagining Infrastructure in Urban Jamaica
in GeoHumanities
Title | Author reading and Q&A on 'Representing Kingston' |
Description | Jamaican writers Kei Miller and Kerry Young read from and talked about their fiction in a public-facing event called 'Representing Kingston' on 17 November 2018 which ran as part of the University of Leicester's annual Literary Leicester festival. The readings and discussion focused on Miller's Augustown (2016) and Young's Pao (2011, the first in a trilogy), two novels which convey Jamaica's past and present through their portrayal of particular Kingston neighbourhoods. After I had introduced both writers, each writer in turn read from these novels and talked about Kingston and its significance in their work. My Co-Investigator Rivke Jaffe and I then chaired a discussion with both writers, initially asking questions ourselves and then opening the discussion up to the audience. A film of the event is currently being edited by project partner Renaissance One. |
Type Of Art | Performance (Music, Dance, Drama, etc) |
Year Produced | 2018 |
Impact | See 'public engagement' section |
URL | https://www2.le.ac.uk/departments/arts/news-events/soa-events/past-events/representing-kingston |
Title | Online art exhibition on 'Visualising "Criminal" Spaces and Bodies' |
Description | Network members Petrina Dacres, Tracian Meikle and Kelsi Delaney worked together to create an online art exhibition on the theme of 'Visualising "Criminal" Spaces and Bodies'. This exhibition offers a lasting record of the discussion panel on this topic which took place at UWI Mona, Jamaica, in June 2017 as part of one of the network's three workshops. It features the work of four Kingston-based visual artists: Michael Elliott, Dwight Larmond, Petrona Morrison and Cleaver Cunningham. There is an overall introduction to the exhibition theme, and a series of digital versions of works by each artist. There is also an introduction to each writer's work and engagement with the exhibition theme. For each artist, several images are provided and some of these are accompanied with a description. |
Type Of Art | Artistic/Creative Exhibition |
Year Produced | 2019 |
Impact | See 'public engagement' section |
URL | https://visualisingcriminalspacesandbodies.omeka.net/exhibits/show/exhibit/about |
Description | We met our primary objective of establishing an international network of researchers, creative practitioners and stakeholders by holding three two day workshops in Jamaica (June 2017), the Netherlands (June 2018) and the UK (November 2018). Each workshop involved roughly 20 participants, and while some core participants attended all three, each workshop involved a different group of participants whose interests related to the specific theme of the workshop. Researchers with backgrounds in various disciplines across the arts, humanities and social sciences participated in these workshops along with three literary writers, four visual artists, a filmmaker, and NGO and governmental agency representatives. One of the most significant achievements from the workshop was generating conversations and knowledge exchange across national and disciplinary boundaries and between academic and non-academic participants. The workshops involved participants from Jamaica, the US, the Netherlands and the UK, and included panels of academic papers, interactive sessions, and roundtable discussions. In order to increase the potential for knowledge exchange and cross-disciplinary dialogue, up to three of the sessions at each workshop were structured as interactive sessions where materials were circulated to all participants in advance and discussed during the sessions. In these interactive sessions we covered representations of organised crime in academic writing, film, dancehall, music videos, nonfiction, fiction, and visual art. The two public-facing events in Kingston and Leicester - a discussion panel featuring four Kingston-based visual artists on 'visualising "criminal" bodies and spaces' and an author reading and discussion on 'representing Kingston' featuring two UK-based Jamaican writers - enabled us to meet our objective of engaging broader academic and non-academic audiences in the UK and Jamaica. The online outputs relating to these two events - an online art exhibition and a film of the author readings and discussion - have enabled us to extend the scope of this engagement. Furthermore, a roundtable discussion on policy approaches to organised crime at the Jamaica-based workshop allowed us to bring NGO and government agency representatives into the discussions and in doing so achieve our objective of exploring the relationship between representations of organised crime and policy contexts. We achieved our objective of building capacity in the research area by involving PhD students in the project by offering bursaries for one PhD student to attend each of the workshops in exchange for writing a review of the workshop for the project webpage. As it turned out, we were able to involve a number of additional PhD students in all three workshops by advertising the event to PhD students at each institution. We also recruited a Leicester-based PhD student as the Network Administrator for the duration of the project, and in doing so contributed to her professional development. In line with our projected outputs, the project's Principal Investigator and Co-Investigator have edited a special issue of Interventions: International Journal of Postcolonial Studies, which was published in January 2020. The title of the special is 'Crime, Violence and Jamaica', and it contains seven contributions by network participants. These include academic articles on Jamaican literary fiction, popular fiction and biography, film, popular music and street art, an article on the making of a documentary film about the Tivoli Incursion, and an interview with Michael Elliott, a Jamaica-based fine artist. The special issue reflects the range of modes of representation and the range of disciplinary perspectives explored in the project's three workshops. The PI also contributed an article on Marlon James' A Brief History of Seven Killings to this special issue and the Co-I contributed the interview with Michael Elliott. The PI and Co-I have also submitted a co-authored article on imagining infrastructure in Kingston to the journal Cultural Studies. Finally, a co-authored article has been published in Caribbean Geography by three network participants who collaboratively chaired a roundtable discussion on 'crime, resilience and myth' at the Jamaica-based workshop. The article offers a lasting record of that discussion, a recording of which is also available online via the project website. Other network members have since published articles based on the papers they presented at workshops. The project webpages contain information about the project and each event, podcasts or videos of selected presentations and discussions, photographs of each event, participants' comments on the networking activities, and a link to the online exhibition. Beyond these immediate outputs, discussions at each of the networking events have generated the possibility of future collaborations of various kinds. For example, the editor of the Caribbean Quarterly, who participated in two of the workshops, has commissioned a special issue on 'representing crime in the Anglophone Caribbean' which was inspired by her involvement in the network. Additionally, the PI recently worked with one of the Jamaica-based network members on an AHRC Research Grant application, which has been successful; they have been awarded just under £250,000 for a larger collaborative project related to the network theme, which will run between 2020 and 2022. |
Exploitation Route | The project's activities and outputs have already inspired, and have the potential to further inspire, future interdisciplinary work on crime in Jamaica. This project brought together arts, humanities and social science researchers with a shared interest in the project theme, in a context where previously the topic of organised crime in Jamaica had involved very little conversation across these subject areas. The involvement of NGO and government agency representatives in the networking events has also created the possibility for those participants' future work on organised crime to be informed by the research presented at the workshops and the discussions they were part of. In addition, the project has raised the profile of literary writers, visual artists and a filmmaker whose work engages with the issue of organised crime in Jamaica through public-facing events at the workshops, through the creation of an online art exhibition, and through a published interview with one of the visual artists. |
Sectors | Creative Economy Government Democracy and Justice Culture Heritage Museums and Collections |
URL | https://www2.le.ac.uk/departments/english/research/dons-yardies-and-posses-representations-of-jamaican-organised-crime |
Description | Representing Gender-Based Violence: Literature, Performance and Activism in the Anglophone Caribbean |
Amount | £210,168 (GBP) |
Funding ID | AH/T006951/1 |
Organisation | Arts & Humanities Research Council (AHRC) |
Sector | Public |
Country | United Kingdom |
Start | 08/2021 |
End | 06/2024 |
Description | Partnership with the Institute of Criminal Justice and Security, University of the West Indies, Mona, Jamaica |
Organisation | University of the West Indies |
Department | Institute of Criminal Justice and Security |
Country | Jamaica |
Sector | Academic/University |
PI Contribution | Working with academic and administrative staff at the Institute of Criminal Justice and Security, UWI, Mona, I took the lead in the planning and running of a two-day workshop at the University of the West Indies, Mona, Jamaica on 15th/16th June 2017. |
Collaborator Contribution | As a Project Partner on this research networking project, the Institute for Criminal Justice and Security hosted the two-day workshop which was the launch event of this networking project. Academic and administrative staff at the Institute provided a free venue and facilities for the event, and made arrangements for catering. They also provided assistance with the logistics, and helped to promote the public-facing sessions. The Institute's Director, Professor Anthony Harriott, also put us in touch with NGO representatives who we invited to participate in the workshop, as a way of generating cross-sector dialogue. |
Impact | Following the workshop, the Director of the Institute for Criminal Justice and Security, Professor Anthony Harriott, recommended that I submit a proposal for a special issue of the Caribbean Journal of Criminology, a peer-reviewed journal associated with the Institute of which he is the editor. I submitted a proposal and am currently in the process of editing the special issue. |
Start Year | 2017 |
Description | Discussion panel on 'policy approaches to organised crime' |
Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | International |
Primary Audience | Third sector organisations |
Results and Impact | Within the two-day workshop at UWI, Mona, Jamaica on the 15th and 16th June 2017, we included a roundtable discussion on 'policy approaches to organised crime', featuring representatives of relevant NGOs and governmental organisations. The purpose of the discussion was to consider ways in which academics researching organised crime could work productively with people working in relevant areas outside academia. We also invited the speakers and audience to consider how and to what extent texts of various kinds (literary and visual texts, film, street art, popular music and media narratives) contribute to the ways in which we understand and respond to organised crime. |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2017 |
Description | Film screening and Q&A with filmmaker |
Form Of Engagement Activity | Participation in an activity, workshop or similar |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | International |
Primary Audience | Public/other audiences |
Results and Impact | On 11 June 2019, Jamaican filmmaker Storm Saulter participated virtually in a Q&A about his film, Better Mus' Come, which we screened at the research network's Amsterdam-based workshop. Saulter was supposed to attend in person and we were going to make the screening and Q&A public facing. However, due to a clash with the Miami preview of another of his films, Storm had to cancel a few weeks before the event. He participated virtually, and as a result of this we made it a smaller event with an audience of around 20, including network participants and Amsterdam-based postgraduate students. In order to ensure the Q&A reached a larger audience, we recorded it and made the recording available on the project website. We then publicised this to academic and non-academic audiences via email and social media. |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2018 |
URL | https://www2.le.ac.uk/departments/english/research/dons-yardies-and-posses-representations-of-jamaic... |
Description | Online art exhibition: Visualising 'Criminal' Spaces and Bodies |
Form Of Engagement Activity | Engagement focused website, blog or social media channel |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | International |
Primary Audience | Public/other audiences |
Results and Impact | Network members Petrina Dacres, Tracian Meikle and Kelsi Delaney worked together to create an online art exhibition on the theme of 'Visualising "Criminal" Spaces and Bodies'. This exhibition offers a lasting record of the discussion panel on this topic which took place at UWI Mona, Jamaica, in June 2017 as part of one of the network's three workhshops. It features the work of four Kingston-based visual artists: Michael Elliott, Dwight Larmond, Petrona Morrison and Cleaver Cunningham. There is an overall introduction to the exhibition theme, and a series of digital versions of works by each artist. There is also an introduction to each writer's work and engagement with the exhibition theme. For each artist, several images are provided and some of these are accompanied with a description. The event that this exhibition is drawn from was attended by academics working in various disciplines, undergraduate and postgraduate students, artists, writers, activists, NGO reps and members of the general public. Some of these were part of the network and others attended just this event which was advertised broadly. We have circulated the online exhibition link to those who attended the event and more widely to academic and non-academic audiences in the UK and the Caribbean. We have used a combination of email and social media channels, and we have made use of our two project partners' networks in the UK and the Caribbean. We have had requests for more information and for the recording of the panel discussion. |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2019 |
URL | https://visualisingcriminalspacesandbodies.omeka.net/exhibits/show/exhibit/about |
Description | Public-facing author readings and Q&A |
Form Of Engagement Activity | Participation in an activity, workshop or similar |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | International |
Primary Audience | Public/other audiences |
Results and Impact | On Saturday 17th November 2018, along with project partner Renaissance One, my co-I Rivke Jaffe and I organised a public-facing author reading and Q&A with Jamaican writers Kei Miller and Kerry Young as part of the annual Literary Leicester festival. The focus was on 'representing Kingston' and on their novels Augustown (Miller) and Pao (Young). We advertised the event at the University of Leicester and other universities, and also to non-academic audiences across the city using various channels, including those of Renaissance One. We also involved the Jamaica-based participants who were at the University of Leicester for one of the network's two-day workshops of which this event was part. The event ran successfully with an audience of 60. We distributed feedback forms and the scores and comments were consistently positive. Audience members expressed their appreciation of a literary event with a focus on space and place, said the event made them consider the writers and the city in a new light, described the author readings and discussion as both informative and entertaining, and expressed a desire for similar events at the University of Leicester in future. |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2018 |
URL | https://www2.le.ac.uk/departments/arts/news-events/soa-events/past-events/representing-kingston |
Description | Visual artists' discussion panel |
Form Of Engagement Activity | Participation in an activity, workshop or similar |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | International |
Primary Audience | Public/other audiences |
Results and Impact | We included a discussion panel, 'Visualising "Criminal" Spaces and Bodies', within our two-day workshop held at the University of the West Indies, Mona, on 15-16th June 2017, as an evening event that was open to a wider audience across the university and beyond. We had an audience of 55 which included academics, students, writers, artists, activists, and members of the public. The event featured four Kingston-based visual artists: Michael Elliott, Dwight Larmond, Petrona Morrison and Cleaver Cunningham. The artists offered brief presentations on their work followed by a discussion chaired by Petrina Dacres, an Art Historian and Lecturer at the Edna Manley College of the Visual and Performing Arts, Kingston, Jamaica. The event's intended purpose was to generate an opportunity for knowledge exchange and to invite audience members to contemplate how visual art frames the causes, consequences and control of organised crime in Jamaica. As a record of this event, we have created an online exhibition featuring the work of the same four artists. |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2017 |
URL | https://visualisingcriminalspacesandbodies.omeka.net/exhibits/show/exhibit/about |