Comics in the time of COVID-19: Tracking data on web-based comics and evaluating their potential for communicating public health messages
Lead Research Organisation:
Bournemouth University
Department Name: Faculty of Media and Communication
Abstract
Our pandemic lives are deeply entwined with visual, web-based public health messages, from instructional hand-washing pictograms to infographics about physical activity during lockdowns. Alongside these official public health communications, people are creating thousands of web-based comics conveying public health messages.
It is critical that we collect and code these comics now. As ephemeral, web-based artefacts we risk losing access to thousands of these creations and their specific circulation contexts. Capturing and coding this data now will allow us to rapidly track their messages, reach and engagement. In particular, focusing on web-comics from the first 6 months of the pandemic, we will be able to evaluate the impacts and potentials of producing and circualting time-sensitive public health messages via the comics medium across social media platforms.
Capturing these web-comics' reach and engagement on digital platforms will also yield insight into how public health messages are shared and interpretted on social media, as well as into how behavioral change is championed and resisted. Coding will be done through a qualitative content analysis of comics' narratives and visuals, as well as an analysis of social media comments, allowing us to evaluate for evidence of behavioural change and real-time resilience-building in relation to public health guidelines.
To maximise the impact of this resource on beneficiaries, key stakeholders from the Graphic Medicine Collective, Information Literacy Group, and Public Health Dorset will help shape data collection and analysis.
Research data will be stored on BU's secure cloud service and on external hard drives. The final, deliverable dataset will be in Excel and CSV formats, compatible with web interface, database and digital cataloguing for ease of adaptation for future activities.
It is critical that we collect and code these comics now. As ephemeral, web-based artefacts we risk losing access to thousands of these creations and their specific circulation contexts. Capturing and coding this data now will allow us to rapidly track their messages, reach and engagement. In particular, focusing on web-comics from the first 6 months of the pandemic, we will be able to evaluate the impacts and potentials of producing and circualting time-sensitive public health messages via the comics medium across social media platforms.
Capturing these web-comics' reach and engagement on digital platforms will also yield insight into how public health messages are shared and interpretted on social media, as well as into how behavioral change is championed and resisted. Coding will be done through a qualitative content analysis of comics' narratives and visuals, as well as an analysis of social media comments, allowing us to evaluate for evidence of behavioural change and real-time resilience-building in relation to public health guidelines.
To maximise the impact of this resource on beneficiaries, key stakeholders from the Graphic Medicine Collective, Information Literacy Group, and Public Health Dorset will help shape data collection and analysis.
Research data will be stored on BU's secure cloud service and on external hard drives. The final, deliverable dataset will be in Excel and CSV formats, compatible with web interface, database and digital cataloguing for ease of adaptation for future activities.
Publications
Zhao X
(2021)
Feasibility of comics in health communication: Public responses to graphic medicine on Instagram during the COVID-19 pandemic
in Journal of Visual Political Communication
| Title | A Comic Guide to Best Practice |
| Description | A comic style zine covering best practice for public health and science comic creators that is focused on building health, information and digital literacy for both practitioners and audiences. |
| Type Of Art | Artefact (including digital) |
| Year Produced | 2021 |
| Impact | We distributed 200 comic guides at the Lakes International Comics Arts Festival. We were invited for a further talk and are in discussion about future collaborations. |
| URL | https://www.covidcomics.org/best-practice-guidelines/ |
| Description | Comics can provide a platform to visualise and prioritise mental health, reaching people through emotional storytelling. Comics can tackle issues of health equity and foster empathy by humanising illness and health experiences. On social media, colour makes for more engagement and can be used to promote inclusivity and better target specific demographics. Visual metaphors can help build health literacy - particularly around complex scientific concepts that are difficult to visualise. Source referencing is key for improving evidence-based comics and creating verified 'influencer networks' of trusted social media health and science communicators. Hashtags can widen and diversify audiences, allowing messages to better target communities prone to misinformation. Digital optimisation can help drive engagement with public health messages on social media. Artists are navigating algorithmic constraints as Instagram flags and supresses all COVID-19 material for misinformation. Interactive web comics can foster participatory culture in online health messaging, promoting resource sharing and wellness. Communicating uncertainty in comics can help cultivate information literacy, wellbeing, and resilience. |
| Exploitation Route | Best practice in public health messaging should combine visual storytelling and referencing techniques that acknowledge the existing literacy practices of their audiences. Communities of practice should be further developed to investigate and enhance creative, evidence-based communications on social media. This includes bringing visual metaphor, resonant icons, gesture, experiential scales, and internal emotional worlds into the visual communication of scientific and statistical reporting, as well as training in data referencing and social media optimisation skills. Public Health bodies should work with comics artists on the creation and distribution of public health messaging campaigns. These collaborations are often most successful when artists can tap into their existing reader networks and retain ownership over their creative work. Social Media platform regulation should focus not only on supressing and flagging dis/misinformation, but also on helping to tag and amplify evidence-based posts. For example, a "green tick", similar to the "blue tick" used for verified public figures, could be used to verify the credibility of science communicators. Platform regulation should be combined with strategies to strengthen people's resilience to health misinformation through digital literacy, taking the transferable principles from how comics combine accessibility, relatability and interactivity to support the conversion of existing digital literacies into information capabilities. More work at policy level needs to be done to achieve free access to social media data. Corporations like Facebook (now Meta) have failed to preserve visual archives. They do not make data easily searchable or accessible to researchers, limiting our ability to study social phenomena and preserve digital cultural heritage. |
| Sectors | Creative Economy Digital/Communication/Information Technologies (including Software) Education Healthcare Culture Heritage Museums and Collections |
| URL | https://www.covidcomics.org/ahrc-project/ |
| Description | Since our project ended we have delivered a number of public engagement trainings, talks and engagements. Those that have most directly contributed to impact is our work with University Hospitals Dorset, NHS. We have trained their communications team (July 2022) leading to implementation of some of the best practices and techniques from our reports and findings. We are now running a multi-year CPD scheme with UHD in Data and Digital Leadership. The first cohort started in September 2023. We are gathering testimonial evidence of impacts from training and have a skillset improved evaluation from our first CPD. Also working from project findings in the area of data literacy, we are collaborating with University Hospital Southampton NHS on the Wessex Secure Data Environment. We are building a data literacy and informational toolkit for PPIE that is currently being tested and evaluated. This project will directly impact PPIE groups in the UK, as well as influencing and shaping the practice and guidance policy production of the Wessex SDE. |
| First Year Of Impact | 2023 |
| Sector | Communities and Social Services/Policy,Digital/Communication/Information Technologies (including Software),Education,Healthcare |
| Impact Types | Policy & public services |
| Description | Influence on NHS policy and public |
| Geographic Reach | Local/Municipal/Regional |
| Policy Influence Type | Participation in a guidance/advisory committee |
| Impact | We have delivered and are about to receive testing feedback for a PPIE toolkit that shares information and builds literacy around the NHS Secure Data Environment project |
| Description | influence on health professionals |
| Geographic Reach | National |
| Policy Influence Type | Influenced training of practitioners or researchers |
| Impact | NHS communications team and health professionals who have undertook our training have feedback, via testimony, about its influence on their practice. In particular, advancing skills in the use of narrative, representational imagery and tone for social media communications. |
| Description | UKRI COVID-19 impacts on research funding |
| Amount | £3,000 (GBP) |
| Organisation | Bournemouth University |
| Sector | Academic/University |
| Country | United Kingdom |
| Start | 07/2021 |
| End | 09/2021 |
| Title | Covid Comics Database |
| Description | 15,000 entry database of comics sampled using hashtag queries from Instagram between Jan 2020 and March 2021. Coded for public health content, with sub-sample of 3000 comics coded in detail. |
| Type Of Material | Database/Collection of data |
| Year Produced | 2021 |
| Provided To Others? | Yes |
| Impact | impacts pending |
| URL | https://www.covidcomics.org/ahrc-project/project-database/ |
| Description | Public Health Dorset |
| Organisation | Public Health Dorset |
| Country | United Kingdom |
| Sector | Public |
| PI Contribution | Helped inform on role comics can play in public health communications |
| Collaborator Contribution | Helped shape definitions of public health and public health coding frame |
| Impact | pending |
| Start Year | 2020 |
| Description | Understanding Patient Data |
| Organisation | Wellcome Trust |
| Department | Understanding Patient Data |
| Country | United Kingdom |
| Sector | Charity/Non Profit |
| PI Contribution | Sharing PPIE and data literacy resources |
| Collaborator Contribution | Sharing PPIE and data literacy resources |
| Impact | Working on public engagement and PPIE materials for the NHS Secure Data Environment project |
| Start Year | 2023 |
| Description | Data Comics workshop |
| Form Of Engagement Activity | Participation in an activity, workshop or similar |
| Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
| Geographic Reach | National |
| Primary Audience | Public/other audiences |
| Results and Impact | Interactive workshop for general public on data comics using COVID-19 as the case study. Led to greater public awareness of role comics can play in communicating scientific data. |
| Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2020 |
| URL | https://www.bournemouth.ac.uk/research/get-involved/esrc-festival-social-science-2020 |
| Description | Interview for national radio |
| Form Of Engagement Activity | A press release, press conference or response to a media enquiry/interview |
| Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
| Geographic Reach | National |
| Primary Audience | Public/other audiences |
| Results and Impact | Spoke on BBC Radio 3 about key project findings around potential for evidence-based comics to spread public health comms messages and combat misinformation |
| Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2021 |
| URL | https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/m0011d1v |
| Description | Policy conference |
| Form Of Engagement Activity | Participation in an activity, workshop or similar |
| Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
| Geographic Reach | National |
| Primary Audience | Policymakers/politicians |
| Results and Impact | We spoke on comics for health and digital literacy to an audience of policymakers and researchers. We were invited to submit a book chapter on our talk to the forthcoming open access collection arising from the event. |
| Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2021 |
| URL | https://easychair.org/cfp/DIPRC2021 |
| Description | international public talk |
| Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
| Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
| Geographic Reach | International |
| Primary Audience | Policymakers/politicians |
| Results and Impact | I gave a virtual, live streamed talk on a panel of politicians and political researchers about the potential of evidence-based comics for fighting infodemics on social media |
| Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2021 |
| Description | keynote talk |
| Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
| Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
| Geographic Reach | International |
| Primary Audience | Professional Practitioners |
| Results and Impact | Delivered a live and livestreamed talk on our AHRC project reporting findings around comics and public health communication |
| Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2021 |
| URL | https://www.comicartfestival.com/ |
| Description | national science festival workshop |
| Form Of Engagement Activity | Participation in an activity, workshop or similar |
| Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
| Geographic Reach | National |
| Primary Audience | Public/other audiences |
| Results and Impact | 50+ people attended an exhibition and 'pop-up' storytelling booth on evidence-based social media storytelling called #InstaScience at the British Science Festival in 2022. The aim was to (1) share out research findings (2) deliver practical skills training in how to create evidence-based social media content |
| Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2022 |
| URL | https://britishsciencefestival.org/event/instascience/ |
| Description | national science festival workshop |
| Form Of Engagement Activity | Participation in an activity, workshop or similar |
| Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
| Geographic Reach | National |
| Primary Audience | Public/other audiences |
| Results and Impact | 50+ people attended an exhibition and 'pop-up' storytelling booth on evidence-based social media storytelling called #InstaScience at the British Science Festival in 2022. The aim was to (1) share out research findings (2) deliver practical skills training in how to create evidence-based social media content |
| Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2022 |
| URL | https://britishsciencefestival.org/event/instascience/ |
| Description | workshop at Being Human Festival |
| Form Of Engagement Activity | Participation in an activity, workshop or similar |
| Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
| Geographic Reach | National |
| Primary Audience | Public/other audiences |
| Results and Impact | We ran an interactive workshop with 10 participants for the Being Human Festival. I was invited to speak on BBC Radio 3 about the project |
| Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2021 |
| URL | https://beinghumanfestival.org/events/covidcomics-and-me |