'Snow scenes: exploring the role of place in weather memories"

Research background/ context
The concept of place has been seen as providing more meaning to a spatial location by "endowing it with value" (Tuan, 1977 : 6), not only through naming (Edwardes, 2009) but by attempting to understand the place values used by people in appreciating, enjoying, and valuing the environment (Kruger and Jakes, 2003; Norton and Hannon, 1997; Ehrenfeld, 1993). Capturing a richer picture of a person's in-field experience involves measurement of physical properties of a spatial location as only the first step, the next challenge being to acknowledge a greater 'sense of place' and to represent "the memories, experiences and patterns of behaviour we associate with that locale" (Ciolfi, 2004). Moving or walking through a place, however, is thought be significant in helping to build a multi sensual experience of that place while novel technologies are opening up new opportunities for people to narrate, layer, intervene in and contribute to these experiences of places as they move through them (Butler, 2007). In this project, we are interested in developing innovative public engagement methodologies, including locative media technology, that will allow us to gain a better understanding of how a sense of place informs, and is informed by, popular understanding of local climate and weather.
Place has been pivotal to the production, reception and circulation of climate knowledge in the past (Naylor, 2006) and continues to inform how contemporary climate debates are framed. Recent surveys are also suggesting that discourses about climate change need necessarily to be situated within people's locality, as a means of increasing its saliency. Local circumstances, the "everyday experiences and locality", or the situated nature of climate are increasingly being recognised as fundamental to understanding how the public perceives, responds and adapts to climate change (Lorenzoni and Pigeon, 2006: 80; Palutikoff et al., 2004). Particular relational contexts - the places people live and work, their histories, cultures or values - have been identified as critical for understanding how different groups of people in different cultural contexts comprehend weather and climate (Slocum, 2004). Place can also make scientific histories of weather and climate more meaningful to wider publics, by situating knowledge and the work and ideas of particular actors within their geographical, social and cultural contexts (Elwood and Martin, 2000). There have been recent calls for reconsidering "what climate means for people and places and the relationships between people and places over time" (Hulme 2008: 7), with emphasis being placed on particularizing experiences of climate change through investigations of the impacts of weather at the local level (Livingstone, 2012). The proposed collaborative project seeks to address this imperative by exploring innovative ways in which public understanding and experiences of local weather, and specifically experiences and impacts of snow and unusually severe winters, can be captured, represented and shared. One of our specific goals is to develop multimedia based mobile phone applications to test how stories and experiences (based on archive/oral history material) can mix with participants' own thoughts and experiences while in the field and moving through a particular space. These methodologies will help to capture the way in which people, and communities value places (Hein et al., 2008), something that is of increasing value to policy makers, planners and designers in the environmental and tourism sectors.

Work to date
The proposed work capitalises on research conducted as part of two projects funded under the Enhancing the Role of Arts and Humanities Perspectives on Environmental Values and Change initiative. Both projects have investigated records, accounts and memories of past weather and climate in remote areas of upland Britain created during the twentieth century. 'Snows of Yesteryear' has gathered memories of extreme weather in Wales from the general public, through a presence at public events, an online blog (http://eira.llgc.org.uk/), twitter account and local/regional media, the project receiving publicity through BBC news and on local BBC radio. In addition, hundreds of pages of archival material has been digitised and made freely available online through the photo-sharing site Flickr. These materials (journals, diaries, almanacs and literary works) are all housed in the National Library of Wales, and all contain valuable documentary evidence relating to experiences of past winters in Wales. The public memories from the archival research have been developed into a performance work which provides historical context and understanding of the ways that communities have experienced, responded to, and survived extreme events through resilience and adaptability. 'Weather Walks, Weather Talks' has similarly collected popular memories and opinions on weather and climate change through interviews with members of the general public (Weather Talks,(http://www.talkingjobs.net/player/poweredby.cfm?brandLink=climate&key=qwerty), and, in its second part (Weather Walks), has focused on experiences and records of the weather at Great Dun Fell in the north Pennines, particularly focusing on the archival and published materials of climatologist Gordon Manley (1902-1980). The creative output of this project is a narrated walk for the RGS-IBG 'Discovering Britain' series (http://www.discoveringbritain.org/) which is accompanied by an experimental mobile phone application that incorporates a route map with a variety of media including audio, text, image and video, all inspired by the archival materials consulted.

Reasons for collaboration
Both projects have used archival materials relating to weather and climate to engage with the general public on environmental change and related issues. For 'Snows of Yesteryear' through social media channels and public performance, and, for 'Weather Walks, Weather Talks' in the form of interviews, a narrated walk and mobile phone application). Identifying the most effective methods of translation of archival materials into digital resources is a key focus of the proposed collaboration. Here there is a strong case to be made for comparing and sharing resources, expertise and methods between the two teams, in order to expand regional pictures of past weather and climate, and to maximise the dissemination and impact of the research already completed. The geographical locations chosen by both teams have resulted in cold winter weather, particularly snow, dominating the narratives in the research materials utilised by both projects. The present projects thus share an interest in severe winters and snow falls in upland Britain during the twentieth century and the 'snow champions' that have observed, recorded, and tackled them. Recent harsh winters (from 2008-2009 and 2009-2010) experienced in Britain have resulted in snow re-entering both the public imagination and the policy and planning spheres of local and national government. 2011 saw community snow wardens (equipped with salt, shovels and vests) recruited in York, Devon, North Lincolnshire, Sandwell and other places, with similar initiatives in place for the coming winter at a growing number of local councils, including a widely reported appeal for 'Snow Champions' in Cumbria, and a government campaign 'Get ready for winter'. Although predictions indicate that snow falls across Britain will be reduced as a result of global climatic change, snow presently remains a weather phenomenon that is loved and enjoyed, yet also feared for the disruption it causes, particularly in regard to mobility and transport.
Gordon Manley, the central figure of 'Weather Walks, Weather Talks' project conducted extensive research into snow in Britain utilising the records of early weather observers (often in the form of diaries and journals similar to those used by 'Snows of Yesteryear'), as well as making his own observations in the north Pennines. He believed that Wales lacked early records for such 'snow histories', and the research conducted by the 'Snows of Yesteryear' team may make a case for challenging that belief. The Central England Temperature series that Manley developed remains the longest continual record of temperature anywhere in the world, and remains a tool by which to judge the severity of our winters. Manley was also a founder member of The Association for the Study of Snow and Ice (later the British and then International Glaciological Society), established 1938 with the aim, 'to encourage research on the practical and scientific problems of snow and ice, and generally to stimulate interest in the subject.' He was also instrumental in establishing the Snow Survey of Great Britain which gathered data from December 1937 using a network of volunteer, amateur observers through a system of daily observations recorded on postcards. Reporting stations in Cumbria (Garrigill) and Wales (Crickhowell) were a key part of the reporting network from the outset. The Meteorological Office assumed responsibility for the survey in 1953 and maintained the survey until 1992.

Proposed activities
The collaborative project will be focussed on the sharing and dissemination of the research already completed, looking at and experimenting with new forms of translating historical materials into publicly accessible forms, alongside the collation of further memories of snow in the communities of the two case study areas of Cumbria (Appleby in Westmorland/ Great Dun Fell) and mid Wales (Soar y Mynydd on the Cambrian Mountains).

Our specific objectives are:
1.) to draw on the archival documents, oral history testaments and personal recollections of extreme winters/ snow events collected as part of both the existing projects to develop, trial and unfold innovative public engagement tools, including locative media technology;
2.) to develop place based mobile technologies to allow community groups (and tourists/ visitors) to record, represent, and share experiences of local weather and to visualize the impacts of future snow events through multimedia applications
3.) to explore through these media how experiences and understandings of local weather inform, and are informed by, a sense of place.
These objectives will be met through the following activities:

i) Appeal for snow memories
The intention is to use advertisements in local newspapers and magazines, as well as continuing the social media presence already in place (Blogs, Flickr; Weather Memory Bank), to gather memories and experiences of winter weather in Cumbria and mid Wales. This activity will prioritise the community as a focus, speaking to the AHRC led cross council Connected Communities programme.
ii) Production of mobile phone application/visualisation tools uniting both projects
This application will focus on the importance of place in written and verbal accounts of wintery weather (both in English and Welsh). This will build on work begin as part of the 'Weather Walks, Weather Talks' project and GP's contribution to the 'Placebooks' project (www.placebooks.org) and 'Bridging the Rural Divide', combining community mapping with community experiences, memories and narratives of resilience. The first stage is to develop a set of narratives based on the material collected as part of the existing research and further snow memories, including archival and oral history testimony. These narratives will form the basis of a set of reconstructions of the impacts of past weather events and visualizations of the implications of future events. These reconstructions and visualisations will be fed into a proptotype app. This will be designed to allow the reconstructions/ visualisations to be triggered at key points on case study specific walks identified through field trials by the team.
iii) Feedback Workshop
A one-day workshop will bring together the two project teams with groups of volunteers drawn from the case study areas who will be invited to trial the apps in the field. Others working on the translation of archival materials into engaging new forms which bring the past to life, including digitised documents, narrated walks, mobile applications, animations will also be invited. The day will involve short demonstrations of different technologies, engaging with the AHRC's Digital Transformations theme as well as feedback on the locative media technologies developed for the project.
iv) Academic journal papers/ popular pieces
The collaboration will result in at least three academic papers, one exploring digital methodologies and public engagement, one linking archives and locative media technologies and one on narratives of snow, comparing work conducted in both case studies. Articles will also be prepared for more popular journals, including the Royal Meteorological Society's journal, Weather and the RGS-IBG's Geographical magazine.

Value added
The additional time and resources will ensure further dissemination of the research already produced by both project teams, and for an assessment of each method's effectiveness to be conducted. It will allow the connections between the two projects to be fully explored, and for the archival resources already identified and consulted to be used to greater potential (beyond the performance and narrated walk). The additional time will allow relationships between the researchers and the communities of the study sites to continue. The work will be of benefit to the two project teams involved, other researchers working on translating archival materials into new and digital forms in a number of AHRC priority themes (Connected Communities, Digital Transformations, Science in Culture), partner organisations, and local communities and their councils currently investing in snow initiatives.

Project management
The new collaborative project will be led by GE at the University of Nottingham who will co-ordinate the project activities with named PDRA, LV. They will organise the workshop in which all members of the team will participate. GP will lead the development of the mobile application with technical support from an existing pool of expertise based in the School of Geography at Nottingham, utilising archival materials provided by both teams. SN, GE and LV will all be involved in developing archival narratives, with CJ specialising in Welsh language based materials. LH will be responsible for exploring opportunities for further public engagement with digitised documents, including transfer of selected documents onto the prototype apps.

Project milestones
The project will begin in March (1st) 2013 and end Jan (31st) 2014. Appeals for snow memories will be set in motion as soon as the project begins, facilitated through local media channels including local radio. Field Excursions, development and testing of walks and locative media tools will be planned between July and September with a view to completing and trialling the final products towards the end of the project. The feedback workshop is scheduled for the end of 2013.