Biophysical basis for the chain termination in the enacyloxin polyketide synthase
Lead Research Organisation:
University of Warwick
Department Name: Chemistry
Abstract
We face many health related challenges in our everyday life. One of the major challenges is the emergence of multidrug resistant bacteria, which progressively render our arsenal of antibiotics ineffective against them. This rapidly growing problem may eventually lead to a situation where even the smallest infections, e.g. from a scratch, can become lethal as it was common in the pre-antibiotic era.
In order to avoid such a situation, there is an urgent need to develop new antibiotics that are effective against disease-causing microorganisms with resistance to the currently available drugs.
Enacyloxin IIa has been shown to possess antibacterial activity against the multidrug resistant bacteria Acinetobacter baumannii that is an increasing cause for hospital-acquired infections around the world. Enacyloxin is not stable enough for direct clinical applications but with a number of modifications it could be possibly turned into an effective drug. However, due to its complex structure enacyloxin is difficult to synthesise from scratch. At the same time, the polyketide synthetic biology field has progressed over last 30 years to the point where producing and modifying enacyloxin biosynthetically is a viable alternative.
Synthetic biology strives to construct new molecules by exploiting and modifying the biosynthetic machineries available in nature. In particular, polyketide synthases (PKSs) are nature's very large modular enzymatic assembly lines for a wide range of natural products with medicinal properties, ranging from antitumor agents through cholesterol-lowering agents to antibiotics. Polyketide-derived molecules comprise 20% of the top-selling drugs, with the combined worldwide revenues of over £10 billion per year. Due to their modular nature PKSs can be effectively modified to synthesise new compounds. The approach based on mixing and matching components from different assembly lines is very successful with a few hundred new molecules being synthesised to date. Yet, in order to harness these systems for rational production of new compounds, such as enacyloxin analogues, we need to understand the molecular structures and dynamics responsible for specificity and directionality of biosynthesis.
In this project we shall obtain such insights about biosynthesis of enacyloxin. To achieve that we propose to study molecular details of enacyloxin PKS and in particular, atomic resolution structures, motions and interactions of the components involved in controlling the crucial step of chain release where two separately assembled molecules are joined together through an ester bond. To obtain the required structural and dynamical insights, we propose employing a combination of highly complementary solution and solid-state magic angle spinning NMR spectroscopies. The proposed approach will enable us, for the first time, to learn how the structure of the proteins evolve on the time scale in the full relevant range from picoseconds to milliseconds. It will also enable us to access direct structural and dynamical information on the large complex of the chain-releasing enzyme and substrate-carrying protein. The solid-state NMR studies on this type of system will be the first of its kind.
This project will result in better understanding of enacyloxin biosynthesis and will enable deployment of the studied molecular machinery as a general tool for synthetic biology and synthesis of other compounds. This proposed approach is highly complementary to other structural biology approaches, such as x-ray crystallography and cryo-EM.
In order to avoid such a situation, there is an urgent need to develop new antibiotics that are effective against disease-causing microorganisms with resistance to the currently available drugs.
Enacyloxin IIa has been shown to possess antibacterial activity against the multidrug resistant bacteria Acinetobacter baumannii that is an increasing cause for hospital-acquired infections around the world. Enacyloxin is not stable enough for direct clinical applications but with a number of modifications it could be possibly turned into an effective drug. However, due to its complex structure enacyloxin is difficult to synthesise from scratch. At the same time, the polyketide synthetic biology field has progressed over last 30 years to the point where producing and modifying enacyloxin biosynthetically is a viable alternative.
Synthetic biology strives to construct new molecules by exploiting and modifying the biosynthetic machineries available in nature. In particular, polyketide synthases (PKSs) are nature's very large modular enzymatic assembly lines for a wide range of natural products with medicinal properties, ranging from antitumor agents through cholesterol-lowering agents to antibiotics. Polyketide-derived molecules comprise 20% of the top-selling drugs, with the combined worldwide revenues of over £10 billion per year. Due to their modular nature PKSs can be effectively modified to synthesise new compounds. The approach based on mixing and matching components from different assembly lines is very successful with a few hundred new molecules being synthesised to date. Yet, in order to harness these systems for rational production of new compounds, such as enacyloxin analogues, we need to understand the molecular structures and dynamics responsible for specificity and directionality of biosynthesis.
In this project we shall obtain such insights about biosynthesis of enacyloxin. To achieve that we propose to study molecular details of enacyloxin PKS and in particular, atomic resolution structures, motions and interactions of the components involved in controlling the crucial step of chain release where two separately assembled molecules are joined together through an ester bond. To obtain the required structural and dynamical insights, we propose employing a combination of highly complementary solution and solid-state magic angle spinning NMR spectroscopies. The proposed approach will enable us, for the first time, to learn how the structure of the proteins evolve on the time scale in the full relevant range from picoseconds to milliseconds. It will also enable us to access direct structural and dynamical information on the large complex of the chain-releasing enzyme and substrate-carrying protein. The solid-state NMR studies on this type of system will be the first of its kind.
This project will result in better understanding of enacyloxin biosynthesis and will enable deployment of the studied molecular machinery as a general tool for synthetic biology and synthesis of other compounds. This proposed approach is highly complementary to other structural biology approaches, such as x-ray crystallography and cryo-EM.
Technical Summary
Enacyloxin IIa is an antibiotic with activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. In particular, it has been shown to have clinically relevant activity against Acinetobacter baumanii, which is a multidrug resistant Gram-negative pathogen responsible for an increasing number of hospital-derived infections. However, enacyloxin has not been used in a clinical setting, presumably due its lack of stability caused by an ester group that can be easily hydrolysed in vivo. It is difficult to synthesise enacyloxin and enacyloxin analogues, which could address the above issue, from scratch because of their structural complexity. However, synthetic biology approaches exploiting modularity of enacyloxin polyketide synthase (PKS) provide a viable way of biosynthesising the required molecules.
A key step in enacyloxin biosynthesis is unusual chain release involving intermolecular condensation of a polyketide chain bound to an acyl carrier protein (ACP17) and (1S, 3R, 4S)-3,4-dihydroxycyclohexane carboxylic acid (DHCCA). This reaction is catalysed by an enzyme (C15) similar to nonribosomal peptide synthase condensation domains. A detailed molecular level knowledge of structures, dynamics and interactions of proteins responsible for the specificity and directionality of this process would greatly facilitate both rational engineering of PKSs to produce more therapeutically suitable enacyloxin analogues and the incorporation of C15 into the synthetic biology toolbox.
In this project, we propose to use a synergistic approach combining solution and solid-state magic angle spinning NMR spectroscopies aided by molecular modelling to obtain structures and picosecond to millisecond dynamics of ACP17 alone and in a complex with C15. Direct structural and dynamical studies of ACP17:C15 complexes by solid-state NMR will be the first of their kind.
A key step in enacyloxin biosynthesis is unusual chain release involving intermolecular condensation of a polyketide chain bound to an acyl carrier protein (ACP17) and (1S, 3R, 4S)-3,4-dihydroxycyclohexane carboxylic acid (DHCCA). This reaction is catalysed by an enzyme (C15) similar to nonribosomal peptide synthase condensation domains. A detailed molecular level knowledge of structures, dynamics and interactions of proteins responsible for the specificity and directionality of this process would greatly facilitate both rational engineering of PKSs to produce more therapeutically suitable enacyloxin analogues and the incorporation of C15 into the synthetic biology toolbox.
In this project, we propose to use a synergistic approach combining solution and solid-state magic angle spinning NMR spectroscopies aided by molecular modelling to obtain structures and picosecond to millisecond dynamics of ACP17 alone and in a complex with C15. Direct structural and dynamical studies of ACP17:C15 complexes by solid-state NMR will be the first of their kind.
Planned Impact
Impact through outreach
Over the past 6 years, Warwick Chemistry has established an innovative and extensive programme for the engagement of children in science managed by Mr. Nick Barker (supported initially, 2007-08, as an RSC Outreach Fellow and subsequently by the Chemistry Department). The programme has involved all members of staff and researchers and many PhD students and has reached 3,500 children in the past year alone. Activities are run in the Department and in schools.
The PI and PDRA will work together with Mr Barker in organising activities to help educating children in local schools about the importance of antibiotics for human health, problem of antibiotic resistance and about protein motions and why they are important in biology. Such activities will help children to understand problems associated with excessive use of prescription drugs and possibly inspire some of them to pursue a scientific career.
Impact through training
The PDRA working on this project will obtain high quality training with a unique set of interdisciplinary skills including experimental NMR, modelling and molecular biology. The practical skills acquired by the PDRA during the project will be useful for his employment in either academic or industrial setting. The transferrable skills developed by PDRA, including planning and project management, working in a team, and engaging with the public, will also be very valuable for non-research based careers.
Impact through collaborations with industry
Polyketide-derived molecules comprise 20% of the top-selling drugs, with the combined worldwide revenues of over £10 billion per year. Enacyloxin serves as a useful starting point for development of novel antibiotics to combat multidrug resistant Gram-negative pathogens. Consequently, this work will benefit the biotechnology and pharmaceutical companies that search for new antibiotics. In particular, a decision by any such company to actively develop enacyloxin into a drug would result in easily perceivable economic benefits, such as creation of jobs for scientists involved in the development. Significant long-term benefits to the UK economy will be obtained if such research results in a marketable drug.
The PI has established an industrial collaboration with Pfizer that will be used as a platform to transfer the methodology developed in the context of fundamental biomolecular studies to practical industrial applications, including drug development.
Over the past 6 years, Warwick Chemistry has established an innovative and extensive programme for the engagement of children in science managed by Mr. Nick Barker (supported initially, 2007-08, as an RSC Outreach Fellow and subsequently by the Chemistry Department). The programme has involved all members of staff and researchers and many PhD students and has reached 3,500 children in the past year alone. Activities are run in the Department and in schools.
The PI and PDRA will work together with Mr Barker in organising activities to help educating children in local schools about the importance of antibiotics for human health, problem of antibiotic resistance and about protein motions and why they are important in biology. Such activities will help children to understand problems associated with excessive use of prescription drugs and possibly inspire some of them to pursue a scientific career.
Impact through training
The PDRA working on this project will obtain high quality training with a unique set of interdisciplinary skills including experimental NMR, modelling and molecular biology. The practical skills acquired by the PDRA during the project will be useful for his employment in either academic or industrial setting. The transferrable skills developed by PDRA, including planning and project management, working in a team, and engaging with the public, will also be very valuable for non-research based careers.
Impact through collaborations with industry
Polyketide-derived molecules comprise 20% of the top-selling drugs, with the combined worldwide revenues of over £10 billion per year. Enacyloxin serves as a useful starting point for development of novel antibiotics to combat multidrug resistant Gram-negative pathogens. Consequently, this work will benefit the biotechnology and pharmaceutical companies that search for new antibiotics. In particular, a decision by any such company to actively develop enacyloxin into a drug would result in easily perceivable economic benefits, such as creation of jobs for scientists involved in the development. Significant long-term benefits to the UK economy will be obtained if such research results in a marketable drug.
The PI has established an industrial collaboration with Pfizer that will be used as a platform to transfer the methodology developed in the context of fundamental biomolecular studies to practical industrial applications, including drug development.
Organisations
- University of Warwick (Lead Research Organisation)
- Tallinn University of Technology (Collaboration)
- University of Basel (Collaboration)
- Technical University of Munich (Collaboration)
- Medicines Discovery Catapult (Collaboration)
- University of Warwick (Collaboration)
- University of Patras (Collaboration)
Publications
Öster C
(2019)
Quantifying Microsecond Exchange in Large Protein Complexes with Accelerated Relaxation Dispersion Experiments in the Solid State.
in Scientific reports
Öster C
(2018)
Structural studies suggest aggregation as one of the modes of action for teixobactin.
in Chemical science
Öster C
(2017)
Characterization of Protein-Protein Interfaces in Large Complexes by Solid-State NMR Solvent Paramagnetic Relaxation Enhancements.
in Journal of the American Chemical Society
Sternberg U
(2018)
1H line width dependence on MAS speed in solid state NMR - Comparison of experiment and simulation.
in Journal of magnetic resonance (San Diego, Calif. : 1997)
Smith HG
(2021)
Docking domain-mediated subunit interactions in natural product megasynth(et)ases.
in Journal of industrial microbiology & biotechnology
Page SJ
(2020)
Simultaneous MQMAS NMR Experiments for Two Half-Integer Quadrupolar Nuclei.
in Journal of magnetic resonance (San Diego, Calif. : 1997)
Lewandowski JR
(2015)
Protein dynamics. Direct observation of hierarchical protein dynamics.
in Science (New York, N.Y.)
Lamley JM
(2015)
Unraveling the complexity of protein backbone dynamics with combined (13)C and (15)N solid-state NMR relaxation measurements.
in Physical chemistry chemical physics : PCCP
Lamley JM
(2015)
Intermolecular Interactions and Protein Dynamics by Solid-State NMR Spectroscopy.
in Angewandte Chemie (International ed. in English)
Lamley JM
(2015)
Intermolecular Interactions and Protein Dynamics by Solid-State NMR Spectroscopy.
in Angewandte Chemie (Weinheim an der Bergstrasse, Germany)
Description | In this project we have uncovered molecular basis for how one of the important steps in biosynthesis of antibiotic enacyloxin, chain termination, is accomplished in a multienzymatic assembly line called polyketide synthase. We have characterised different proteins that take part in the project and discovered factors contribute to control of the biosynthetic process. Importantly, we have characterised portable parts of the proteins responsible for controlling the protein-protein interactions required for reactions to happen, so called docking domains. Using bioninformatic tools we have discovered that these kind of portable docking domains are a very wide spread phenomenon and provide fantastic opportunities for engineering new hybrid assembly lines for making new molecules. Using biochemical tools we have shown that we can make component parts from different assmebly lines communicate with each other and make molecules. These findings provide a venue to effective rational engineering strategies for sythetic biology to make new molecules such as anbtibiotics. |
Exploitation Route | The discovered principles of communication between different domains in molecular assembly lines provide basis for synthetic biologists to create new hybrid molecular assembly lines and make new molecules. We collaborate closely with such groups to ensure that this knowledge is carried forward to practical applications. We also intend at some point to approach pharmaceutical companies who are interested in synthetic biology approaches. |
Sectors | Agriculture Food and Drink Chemicals Healthcare Manufacturing including Industrial Biotechology Pharmaceuticals and Medical Biotechnology |
Description | The research findings from these project was used in a number of outreach activities to make young people aware of the growing problem of antibiotic resistance and what are the ways we can tackle it. We intend to disseminate the approaches developed as a part of this project to industry through different means. For example, we got involved into Medicines Discovery Catapult where we will provide to both academic and industrial users in the UK access to expertise acquired during this project to tackle the challenge of making new drugs. |
First Year Of Impact | 2017 |
Sector | Chemicals,Healthcare,Manufacturing, including Industrial Biotechology,Pharmaceuticals and Medical Biotechnology |
Description | An integrated solution and solid-state NMR roadmap to serve the Physical and Life Sciences community |
Geographic Reach | National |
Policy Influence Type | Citation in other policy documents |
Description | (PANACEA) - A Pan-European Solid-State NMR Infrastructure for Chemistry-Enabling Access |
Amount | € 4,998,891 (EUR) |
Funding ID | 101008500 |
Organisation | European Commission |
Sector | Public |
Country | European Union (EU) |
Start | 08/2021 |
End | 08/2025 |
Description | BBSRC Responsive Mode |
Amount | £730,455 (GBP) |
Funding ID | BB/R010218/1 |
Organisation | Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (BBSRC) |
Sector | Public |
Country | United Kingdom |
Start | 03/2018 |
End | 02/2021 |
Description | Bridging the Gaps between the Engineering and Physical Sciences and Antimicrobial Resistance |
Amount | £495,412 (GBP) |
Funding ID | EP/M027503/1 |
Organisation | Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EPSRC) |
Sector | Public |
Country | United Kingdom |
Start | 08/2015 |
End | 08/2017 |
Description | ERC Starting Grant |
Amount | € 1,999,044 (EUR) |
Funding ID | 639907 |
Organisation | European Research Council (ERC) |
Sector | Public |
Country | Belgium |
Start | 04/2015 |
End | 04/2020 |
Description | Elucidating and exploiting docking domain-mediated carrier protein recognition in natural product megasynthetases |
Amount | £742,035 (GBP) |
Funding ID | BB/R010218/1 |
Organisation | Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (BBSRC) |
Sector | Public |
Country | United Kingdom |
Start | 03/2018 |
End | 02/2021 |
Description | Enabling new characterisation methods for dynamic systems through the upgrade of 700 MHz solution NMR spectrometer |
Amount | £799,374 (GBP) |
Funding ID | BB/W020297/1 |
Organisation | Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (BBSRC) |
Sector | Public |
Country | United Kingdom |
Start | 07/2022 |
End | 07/2023 |
Description | Gates Foundation Grant |
Amount | $750,000 (USD) |
Funding ID | OPP1160394 |
Organisation | Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation |
Sector | Charity/Non Profit |
Country | United States |
Start | 09/2016 |
End | 12/2017 |
Description | INTEGRATE AMR Pump Priming Fund |
Amount | £13,000 (GBP) |
Organisation | Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EPSRC) |
Sector | Public |
Country | United Kingdom |
Start | 03/2017 |
End | 06/2017 |
Description | Illuminating and exploiting programmed O-methylation in trans-AT polyketide synthases |
Amount | £795,019 (GBP) |
Funding ID | BB/W003171/1 |
Organisation | Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (BBSRC) |
Sector | Public |
Country | United Kingdom |
Start | 09/2021 |
End | 09/2024 |
Description | NMR at 1.2 GHz: A World-Leading UK Facility to Deliver Advances in Biology, Chemistry, and Materials Science |
Amount | £16,836,161 (GBP) |
Funding ID | EP/X019640/1 |
Organisation | Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EPSRC) |
Sector | Public |
Country | United Kingdom |
Start | 01/2023 |
End | 12/2028 |
Description | Renewal of the 600 MHz solid-state NMR console for biological applications |
Amount | £278,812 (GBP) |
Funding ID | BB/T018119/1 |
Organisation | Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (BBSRC) |
Sector | Public |
Country | United Kingdom |
Start | 11/2020 |
End | 04/2021 |
Description | The UK High-Field Solid-State NMR National Research Facility |
Amount | £2,431,377 (GBP) |
Funding ID | EP/T015063/1 |
Organisation | Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EPSRC) |
Sector | Public |
Country | United Kingdom |
Start | 01/2020 |
End | 01/2025 |
Description | Access to fast spinning methodology for SMEs in drug discovery |
Organisation | Medicines Discovery Catapult |
Country | United Kingdom |
Sector | Private |
PI Contribution | We provide access and expertise in fast magic angle spinning solid-state NMR to SMEs in the context of drug discovery projects. |
Collaborator Contribution | Purchased a 0.7mm magic angle spinning NMR probe to be used for the projects. Provide project management. |
Impact | Pilot project on characterisation of a docking domain in non-ribosomal peptide synthesase involved in biosynthesis of antibiotic tyrocidine. https://md.catapult.org.uk/case-studies/protein-interactions-in-non-ribosomal-peptide-synthetases-nrpss/ |
Start Year | 2017 |
Description | Development of fast magic angle spinning instrumentation |
Organisation | Tallinn University of Technology |
Department | Technomedicum |
Country | Estonia |
Sector | Academic/University |
PI Contribution | Evaluated and provided feedback about various generations of 0.8 mm MAS probe for application on biomolecules. |
Collaborator Contribution | Provide experimental 0.8mm MAS probe. |
Impact | (1) Lamley, J. M.; Iuga, D.; Öster, C.; Sass, H.-J.; Rogowski, M.; Oss, A.; Past, J.; Reinhold, A.; Grzesiek, S.; Samoson, A.; Lewandowski, J. R. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2014, 136 (48), 16800. |
Start Year | 2012 |
Description | Medicines Discovery Catapult |
Organisation | Medicines Discovery Catapult |
Country | United Kingdom |
Sector | Private |
PI Contribution | Established a collaborative facility with Medicines Discovery Catapult providing expertise on solid-state NMR to facilitate R&D for SMEs. |
Collaborator Contribution | Purchased a 0.7 mm probe. Funded a facility manager partially embedded in Lewandowski group. |
Impact | Establishing the facility with one call for collaborations so far. |
Start Year | 2017 |
Description | Molecular modeling of systems involved in biosynthesis of natural products |
Organisation | University of Warwick |
Country | United Kingdom |
Sector | Academic/University |
PI Contribution | Performed and analysed molecular dynamics simulations of various enzymes involved in natural products biosynthesis. |
Collaborator Contribution | Experimental data to contrast against the simulations. |
Impact | https://doi.org/10.1039/D1SC03478B |
Start Year | 2021 |
Description | Solid-state NMR of multidomain proteins |
Organisation | University of Patras |
Department | Department of Environmental & Natural Resources Management |
Country | Greece |
Sector | Academic/University |
PI Contribution | Solid-state NMR of a multidomain protein |
Collaborator Contribution | Supply samples. |
Impact | No outputs yet. |
Start Year | 2016 |
Description | Structural studies of RANTES:CCR5 complex |
Organisation | University of Basel |
Department | Biozentrum Basel |
Country | Switzerland |
Sector | Academic/University |
PI Contribution | We applied the solid-state NMR methodology developed in our laboratory to study structure of RANTES in complex with CCR5. |
Collaborator Contribution | Our partner provided isotopically labeled samples for the study and assisted in optimising conditions for sample preparation. |
Impact | Update |
Start Year | 2015 |
Description | Structures of antibiotic-lipid II complexes |
Organisation | University of Warwick |
Country | United Kingdom |
Sector | Academic/University |
PI Contribution | We have used combination of solution and solid-state NMR (including 100 kHz spinning methodology) to solve structures of antibiotics in complexes with lipid II to inform rational drug development efforts. |
Collaborator Contribution | Synthesize lipid II. |
Impact | No outcomes yet. Publication in preparation. |
Start Year | 2015 |
Description | Using of solvent Paramagnetic Relaxation Enhancements (PREs) in solid state |
Organisation | Technical University of Munich |
Country | Germany |
Sector | Academic/University |
PI Contribution | Designed and performed NMR measurements on a range of systems. |
Collaborator Contribution | Provided expertise on computational protocols for using PREs for structure calculation. |
Impact | 10.1021/jacs.7b03875 |
Start Year | 2015 |
Description | ZapA |
Organisation | University of Warwick |
Department | School of Life Sciences |
Country | United Kingdom |
Sector | Academic/University |
PI Contribution | Started investigation of protein involved in bacterial wall biosynthesis by solution and solid-state NMR. |
Collaborator Contribution | Help with protein production and background data and expertise. |
Impact | no outputs yet |
Start Year | 2016 |
Description | Analytical Science Networking and Partnership |
Form Of Engagement Activity | Participation in an activity, workshop or similar |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | National |
Primary Audience | Industry/Business |
Results and Impact | We were involved in a workshop involving representatives from several companies (e.g. AstraZeneca, JEOL, Bruker, Syngenta, Pfizer, Unilever, Lubrizol, Linear Diagnostics etc.) to explore potential collaborations. One of the purposes of these workshops was to familiarize the representatives of the industry with our scientific capabilities and for the representatives of the industry to present us with problems they would like to tackle. |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2015,2016 |
URL | http://www2.warwick.ac.uk/fac/sci/mas/aboutmascdt/ |
Description | Chemistry outreach for Year 6 children from Thornton Junior School, Birmingham |
Form Of Engagement Activity | Participation in an activity, workshop or similar |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | Regional |
Primary Audience | Schools |
Results and Impact | Chemistry outreach for Year 6 children from Thornton Junior School, Birmingham. The 50 pupils visiting the chemistry department as part of the outreach program showed great interest and participated with enthusiasm in the program and especially the practical experiments, which inspired discussions and curiosity among the children. |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2015 |
Description | Info session with Mahidol University representatives |
Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | International |
Primary Audience | Schools |
Results and Impact | A group of the representatives from Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand met with a number researchers to explore possibility of establishing links between Mahidol University and University of Warwick. We have presented our work and participated in a discussion about potential collaborations. |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2015 |
Description | Organisation of an Alpine Conference on Magnetic Resonance in Solids |
Form Of Engagement Activity | Participation in an activity, workshop or similar |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | International |
Primary Audience | Professional Practitioners |
Results and Impact | About 200 scientists at different stages of their careers participated in this conference leading to exchange of expertise. |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2019 |
URL | https://alpine-conference.org/ |
Description | Think Science - lecture |
Form Of Engagement Activity | Participation in an activity, workshop or similar |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | Regional |
Primary Audience | Schools |
Results and Impact | 150 students participated in a lecture about science and encouraging them to go into science. 4 high school teachers participated in discussion on UCAS admissions process. |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2016 |