ETHICOBOTS 2 - One Health Research for Impact
Lead Research Organisation:
University of Cambridge
Department Name: Veterinary Medicine
Abstract
Ethiopia is the second most populous sub Saharan African country. It is also a predominantly agrarian country struggling to emerge from extreme poverty through an ambitious national growth and transformation plan, aiming to achieve middle income status by 2025. Livestock contributes to a high proportion of national income and is a pillars of economic development. Traditional extensive farming systems are being supplemented and replaced with intensive farming, in the case of dairy production using imported Holstein-Friesian crosses to meet high demand for dairy products in the rapidly growing urban population. Bovine tuberculosis (bTB) is endemic in Ethiopia and the prevalence is high in the emerging intensive dairy population, but currently low in local Zebu cattle. Periurban expansion of dairy farms has created hotspots of TB infection and there are no statutory controls in Ethiopia. Consequently, the potential for spread of bTB through trade is an emerging risk.
Our ongoing ZELS research in Ethiopia, Ethiopian Control of Bovine Tuberculosis Strategies (ETHICOBOTS) aims to provide a scientific understanding for the development of sustainable control strategies for bTB in Ethiopia, to reduce the high rate of bTB and its zoonotic transfer in the expanding dairy sector, especially to more disadvantaged population sectors. This Supplementary proposal 'ETHICOBOTS 2 - One Health with Impact' focusses on ensuring maximal impact of the research undertaken to date. It will improve the scientific base established in ETHICOBOTS and will provide clear, evidence-based tools to tackle the high burden of bTB in different sectors of the dairy industry and any zoonotic transmission. We will deliver this work through three specific work-packages, addressing critical evidence gaps to maximise impact:
- Develop a pathway for the Elimination of bovine TB infection from a sub-set of national herds, working closely with the Ministry of Agriculture and Livestock to clear Government farms of bTB. These farms will provide a clear local exemplar of how disease control based surveillance programmes can be successfully implemented. This will generate additional data on disease control and explore the prevalence of anergy, or test-insensitivity, in bovine TB infected cattle.
- Explore new tools to communicate disease control to farmers. We will work with innovators in this field who have established new ways to communicate with farmers in other parts of Africa and in a collaboration with Farmerline, we will test their methods in Ethiopian dairies.
- Address the major evidence gap regarding the cause of tuberculous disease in humans at high risk of exposure to infected cattle. Working with patients and health care facilities in areas with a high prevalence of bTB infection in cattle, we will markedly improve the diagnostic rate in TB patients by improving culture methods and by using modern molecular test to identify the causative disease agent (M. tuberculosis and M. bovis) in a range of samples, including testing for dual infections
The results will provide practical and effective bTB control strategies, targeted at the disease and its zoonotic transmission to humans. Delivering impact through close collaboration with key government and industry stakeholders, we aim to prevent further geographic spread of the disease and to minimise the risks of further transmission to national zebu herd, to protect the livelihood of poor farmers. The project will be carried out with the active participation of the relevant government units and local communities in the field to maximize the likelihood of implementation of results into policy and practice.
Our ongoing ZELS research in Ethiopia, Ethiopian Control of Bovine Tuberculosis Strategies (ETHICOBOTS) aims to provide a scientific understanding for the development of sustainable control strategies for bTB in Ethiopia, to reduce the high rate of bTB and its zoonotic transfer in the expanding dairy sector, especially to more disadvantaged population sectors. This Supplementary proposal 'ETHICOBOTS 2 - One Health with Impact' focusses on ensuring maximal impact of the research undertaken to date. It will improve the scientific base established in ETHICOBOTS and will provide clear, evidence-based tools to tackle the high burden of bTB in different sectors of the dairy industry and any zoonotic transmission. We will deliver this work through three specific work-packages, addressing critical evidence gaps to maximise impact:
- Develop a pathway for the Elimination of bovine TB infection from a sub-set of national herds, working closely with the Ministry of Agriculture and Livestock to clear Government farms of bTB. These farms will provide a clear local exemplar of how disease control based surveillance programmes can be successfully implemented. This will generate additional data on disease control and explore the prevalence of anergy, or test-insensitivity, in bovine TB infected cattle.
- Explore new tools to communicate disease control to farmers. We will work with innovators in this field who have established new ways to communicate with farmers in other parts of Africa and in a collaboration with Farmerline, we will test their methods in Ethiopian dairies.
- Address the major evidence gap regarding the cause of tuberculous disease in humans at high risk of exposure to infected cattle. Working with patients and health care facilities in areas with a high prevalence of bTB infection in cattle, we will markedly improve the diagnostic rate in TB patients by improving culture methods and by using modern molecular test to identify the causative disease agent (M. tuberculosis and M. bovis) in a range of samples, including testing for dual infections
The results will provide practical and effective bTB control strategies, targeted at the disease and its zoonotic transmission to humans. Delivering impact through close collaboration with key government and industry stakeholders, we aim to prevent further geographic spread of the disease and to minimise the risks of further transmission to national zebu herd, to protect the livelihood of poor farmers. The project will be carried out with the active participation of the relevant government units and local communities in the field to maximize the likelihood of implementation of results into policy and practice.
Technical Summary
Working within the One Health framework established in the ETHICOBOTS (Ethiopian Control of Bovine Tuberculosis Strategies) Programme, we will deliver multidisciplinary research conducted by our Ethiopian partner organisations, supported from the UK, that will:
Determine rates of anergy (unresponsiveness of infected animals in immunological tests) in Ethiopian dairy cattle held in larger, well managed herds. This has been described to be caused by progressive disease, or alternatively, skin test desensitisation can also occur when cattle are repeatedly skin tested. Having determined this, we will use models to estimate true prevalence in these herds and use the data deliver optimal elimination of disease in these large, centrally managed herds.
We will work closely with owners of medium and small scale dairy farms, developing focus groups and community support groups to deliver improved control. We will use innovative mobile communication approaches to share disease control and biosecurity information, to aid controls in these individually owned herds. We will then use the mobile platforms developed above to provide farmers with other information that will help them improve profitability and hence health.
Working with patients and health care facilities in areas with a high prevalence of bTB infection in cattle, we will markedly improve the diagnostic rate in TB patients. We will achieve this by improving culture (enhancing the specimen cold chain and further improving media, including MGIT) and by using established RT-PCR assays, including on mixed cultures as well as actual clinical samples, to identify the causative disease agent (M. tuberculosis complex and M. bovis) in culture negative samples and in some culture positive samples, to check for mixed infections.
Determine rates of anergy (unresponsiveness of infected animals in immunological tests) in Ethiopian dairy cattle held in larger, well managed herds. This has been described to be caused by progressive disease, or alternatively, skin test desensitisation can also occur when cattle are repeatedly skin tested. Having determined this, we will use models to estimate true prevalence in these herds and use the data deliver optimal elimination of disease in these large, centrally managed herds.
We will work closely with owners of medium and small scale dairy farms, developing focus groups and community support groups to deliver improved control. We will use innovative mobile communication approaches to share disease control and biosecurity information, to aid controls in these individually owned herds. We will then use the mobile platforms developed above to provide farmers with other information that will help them improve profitability and hence health.
Working with patients and health care facilities in areas with a high prevalence of bTB infection in cattle, we will markedly improve the diagnostic rate in TB patients. We will achieve this by improving culture (enhancing the specimen cold chain and further improving media, including MGIT) and by using established RT-PCR assays, including on mixed cultures as well as actual clinical samples, to identify the causative disease agent (M. tuberculosis complex and M. bovis) in culture negative samples and in some culture positive samples, to check for mixed infections.
Planned Impact
Impact Summary
This supplementary programme (ETHICOBOTS 2 - One Health Research for Impact) will address specific scientific research gaps to ensure maximal impact of the research from the research undertaken in ETHICOBOTS. The Ethiopian dairy industry is a major emerging livestock system, concentrated around growing urban centres. This industry depends on 'exotic', imported Holstein-Friesian (HF) cattle and their crosses with local Zebu cattle. These animals suffer a high prevalence of Mycobacterium bovis infection, the cause of bovine tuberculosis (bTB), >40% in infected herds. We hypothesise that the poor workers in this industry and their families are at particular risk of zoonotic exposure and transmission.
The traditional Zebu industry is not heavily infected with M. bovis, the increasing cross breeding of Zebu animals with HF cattle runs the risk of the infection spreading into more extensive, lower value traditional farms, typically managed in smallholdings. In common with most countries in sub-Saharan Africa, there are no control programmes for bTB. Furthermore, given that 90% or more of dairy products are sold direct to consumers, unpasteurised, there is a risk, as the dairy industry emerges further in peri-urban areas, of widespread zoonotic transmission of M. bovis in here - and also if any significant spread to the traditional husbandry systems occurs. It is vital that the disease be controlled before it spreads more to Zebus.
During the past 4 years the multi-disciplinary ETHICOBOTS project has generated significant scientific results/outputs and that will now be considered in year 5 when we will explore and propose bTB control strategies for Ethiopia. During the cause of this project, several research gaps and new concepts have been identified that could boost the outcomes of the original aims of ETHICOBOTS. This proposal (ETHICOBOTS 2) focuses on subjects that we believe will have the largest impact on bTB control, both short-term and long-term.
The outputs of ETHICOBOTS-2, involving senior scientists from both Ethiopian and UK government research institutes, will feed directly into policy making in both countries, as well as to key international agencies. This work is of direct relevance for other emerging dairy industries in LMICs, especially in sub-Saharan Africa, as well as for the UK industry. The desire to eradicate bovine TB from the National herd is the Eradication Strategies for England and Wales. Therefore work as proposed here to assess diagnostic tests that could unmask cryptic infection, i.e. animals that escape detection by the tuberculin skin test is relevant as leaving such animals in herds would at least prolong the eradication process.
Stakeholder meetings on bovine TB arranged by ETHICOBOTS have had a direct impact; the Ethiopian government is now planning for bTB control, initially by testing animals on their own Government farms. Here, we will further strengthen our interaction with the Government, including with a workshop early in the programme to engage between government, veterinary, medical, industry and farming stakeholders, to ensure that all key issues are being considered and covered.
Through our interaction in the field with individual farmers, farm-workers, community health workers and vets, we will develop targeted information about bTB with the aim of changing attitudes and practices relating to animal husbandry, consumption practices, and health seeking behaviour, in order to reduce the zoonotic impact on the health and economic burden of low-income farm workers and their families.
In all, the impact of the research will be to improve bTB control in Ethiopia and thus lead to significantly better human and animal health that will eventually translate itself into a significant input to accelerated economic development in Ethiopia and in other regions with emerging dairy systems.
This supplementary programme (ETHICOBOTS 2 - One Health Research for Impact) will address specific scientific research gaps to ensure maximal impact of the research from the research undertaken in ETHICOBOTS. The Ethiopian dairy industry is a major emerging livestock system, concentrated around growing urban centres. This industry depends on 'exotic', imported Holstein-Friesian (HF) cattle and their crosses with local Zebu cattle. These animals suffer a high prevalence of Mycobacterium bovis infection, the cause of bovine tuberculosis (bTB), >40% in infected herds. We hypothesise that the poor workers in this industry and their families are at particular risk of zoonotic exposure and transmission.
The traditional Zebu industry is not heavily infected with M. bovis, the increasing cross breeding of Zebu animals with HF cattle runs the risk of the infection spreading into more extensive, lower value traditional farms, typically managed in smallholdings. In common with most countries in sub-Saharan Africa, there are no control programmes for bTB. Furthermore, given that 90% or more of dairy products are sold direct to consumers, unpasteurised, there is a risk, as the dairy industry emerges further in peri-urban areas, of widespread zoonotic transmission of M. bovis in here - and also if any significant spread to the traditional husbandry systems occurs. It is vital that the disease be controlled before it spreads more to Zebus.
During the past 4 years the multi-disciplinary ETHICOBOTS project has generated significant scientific results/outputs and that will now be considered in year 5 when we will explore and propose bTB control strategies for Ethiopia. During the cause of this project, several research gaps and new concepts have been identified that could boost the outcomes of the original aims of ETHICOBOTS. This proposal (ETHICOBOTS 2) focuses on subjects that we believe will have the largest impact on bTB control, both short-term and long-term.
The outputs of ETHICOBOTS-2, involving senior scientists from both Ethiopian and UK government research institutes, will feed directly into policy making in both countries, as well as to key international agencies. This work is of direct relevance for other emerging dairy industries in LMICs, especially in sub-Saharan Africa, as well as for the UK industry. The desire to eradicate bovine TB from the National herd is the Eradication Strategies for England and Wales. Therefore work as proposed here to assess diagnostic tests that could unmask cryptic infection, i.e. animals that escape detection by the tuberculin skin test is relevant as leaving such animals in herds would at least prolong the eradication process.
Stakeholder meetings on bovine TB arranged by ETHICOBOTS have had a direct impact; the Ethiopian government is now planning for bTB control, initially by testing animals on their own Government farms. Here, we will further strengthen our interaction with the Government, including with a workshop early in the programme to engage between government, veterinary, medical, industry and farming stakeholders, to ensure that all key issues are being considered and covered.
Through our interaction in the field with individual farmers, farm-workers, community health workers and vets, we will develop targeted information about bTB with the aim of changing attitudes and practices relating to animal husbandry, consumption practices, and health seeking behaviour, in order to reduce the zoonotic impact on the health and economic burden of low-income farm workers and their families.
In all, the impact of the research will be to improve bTB control in Ethiopia and thus lead to significantly better human and animal health that will eventually translate itself into a significant input to accelerated economic development in Ethiopia and in other regions with emerging dairy systems.
Publications
Mekonnen G
(2021)
A case of early neonate bovine tuberculosis in Ethiopia.
Mekonnen GA
(2021)
A case of early neonate bovine tuberculosis in Ethiopia.
in Clinical case reports
Tschopp R
(2021)
A Longitudinal Study of Cattle Productivity in Intensive Dairy Farms in Central Ethiopia
in Frontiers in Veterinary Science
Sirak A
(2021)
Cellular and Cytokine Responses in Lymph Node Granulomas of Bacillus Calmette Guérin (BCG)-Vaccinated and Non-vaccinated Cross-Breed Calves Naturally Infected With Mycobacterium bovis.
in Frontiers in veterinary science
Mamo, T
(2021)
Determinants of Milk Marketing Channel Selection by Urban and Peri-Urban Commercial Dairy Producers in Ethiopia
in Ethiop. J. Agric. Sci.
Ayalew S
(2021)
Drug Resistance Conferring Mutation and Genetic Diversity of Mycobacterium tuberculosis Isolates in Tuberculosis Lymphadenitis Patients; Ethiopia.
in Infection and drug resistance
Mekonnen GA
(2021)
Dynamics and risk of transmission of bovine tuberculosis in the emerging dairy regions of Ethiopia.
in Epidemiology and infection
Tschopp R
(2021)
Effect of Bovine Tuberculosis on Selected Productivity Parameters and Trading in Dairy Cattle Kept Under Intensive Husbandry in Central Ethiopia.
in Frontiers in veterinary science
Bayissa B
(2021)
Evaluation of the Efficacy of BCG in Protecting Against Contact Challenge With Bovine Tuberculosis in Holstein-Friesian and Zebu Crossbred Calves in Ethiopia.
in Frontiers in veterinary science
Taye H
(2021)
Factors associated with localization of tuberculosis disease among patients in a high burden country: A health facility-based comparative study in Ethiopia.
in Journal of clinical tuberculosis and other mycobacterial diseases
Bayissa B
(2022)
Field evaluation of specific mycobacterial protein-based skin test for the differentiation of Mycobacterium bovis-infected and Bacillus Calmette Guerin-vaccinated crossbred cattle in Ethiopia.
in Transboundary and emerging diseases
Mekonnen GA
(2020)
Genotype Diversity of Mycobacterium bovis and Pathology of Bovine Tuberculosis in Selected Emerging Dairy Regions of Ethiopia.
in Frontiers in veterinary science
Taye H
(2021)
Global prevalence of Mycobacterium bovis infections among human tuberculosis cases: Systematic review and meta-analysis.
in Zoonoses and public health
Almaw G
(2021)
Population structure and transmission of Mycobacterium bovis in Ethiopia.
in Microbial genomics
Description | Does anergy exist in cattle infected with M. bovis infection in uncontrolled herds? Detailed analysis of animals tested in 12 highly infected herds as part of Ethicobots2 and the parallel Gates funded ABCTB programme have failed to find any direct evidence of anergy, where infection overloads the cellular immune response to infection. Our longitudinal work has demonstrated rather that test and removal programmes, where we advise that infected animals should be slaughtered can lead to a substantial reduction in herd -level prevalence of disease. Our social science studies have revealed a number of key findings including, understanding the motivations and drivers of adoption of improved production and biosecurity measures in small dairy systems using a positive deviance approach; improved operationalising improved adoption of Biosecurity measures, 'One Health' and antimicrobial resistance among key stakeholders; this work extends through greater understanding of the governance of milk- and meat- value chains in Ethiopia. Our studies of zoonotic bovine TB have demonstrated that, although not commonly detected, M. bovis infection in humans does occur and does contribute to the burden of disease in humans. The civil war in Ethiopia, combined with the COVID-19 pandemic interfered with the delivery of a number of outcomes and it is anticipated that further findings will come from analysis and write up of investigations over the course of 2022. |
Exploitation Route | These findings generally are being taken forward through the Ethiopian national bovine tuberculosis steering committee |
Sectors | Agriculture Food and Drink Government Democracy and Justice |
URL | https://ethicobots.com/ |
Description | Workshops were held, chaired by the Ethiopian State Minister Dr Gebregziabher G/yohannes, the first on 'Pathway towards bTB control' in January 2019 and subsequently online in 2021 (due to the pandemic). These workshops discussed and agreed the establishment of a bTB working group, the development of a National Control Strategy and the need to implement a BGC vaccine trial. Interim Ministry of Agriculture (MoA) meetings agreed on Terms of Reference for a Bovine TB steering committee in Ethiopia that is led by the State Minister for Livestock. A technical working group was also agreed and will be established to execute decisions taken by the steering committee, such as to develop a National control strategy. On September 7th 2021, we organised an Online meeting (Title: Bovine TB in Ethiopia: 'Where we are and where we want to go') with the aim to re-establish the strong Research-Policy link on Bovine TB that had been created up to February 2020. In this meeting, around 15 delegates from the Ethiopian MoA, NAHDIC and collaborating institutions were present. ETHICOBOTS and the Gates ABtbC projects gave updates on their outputs and the meeting agreed to update the new Ethiopian State Minister for livestock (H.E. Dr Fikru Regassa; appointed June 2020) on the status of the Steering committee and the relevance of its establishment. The State Minister has now agreed to re-establish and chair the BTB steering committee. |
First Year Of Impact | 2021 |
Sector | Agriculture, Food and Drink |
Impact Types | Policy & public services |
Description | Case Study for BBSRC Website and publication |
Form Of Engagement Activity | Engagement focused website, blog or social media channel |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | International |
Primary Audience | Public/other audiences |
Results and Impact | The case study aimed to explain to a lay audience how ETHICOTS is contributing to greater knowledge and understanding of Bovine Tuberculosis in Ethiopia and the tangible benefits to all - i.e. Safer milk for everyone. |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2021 |
URL | https://bbsrc.ukri.org/research/international/engagement/global-challenges/zels/ |