Investigation into the mechanisms by which maternal diet impacts on offspring health the role of programmed changes in the leptin axis
Lead Research Organisation:
University of Cambridge
Department Name: Clinical Biochemistry
Abstract
The diet of an individual has important health issues at any stage of life. However there is evidence to suggest that the diet of pregnant and lactating women is particularly important as it has major long-term implications on the health of their babies. It has been shown that individuals with a low birth weight are not only less likely to survive delivery but are also at substantially increased risk of developing obesity as adults. In contrast breast-fed infants, who are known to grow more slowly than bottle-fed infants, are less likely to become obese later in life. The underlying causes of the relationship between early growth and later obesity are not known but we believe that the quality of the diet of women during pregnancy and during breast-feeding is critically important. We have shown in a rodent model that if pregnant animals have too little protein during pregnancy their babies are small at birth and are more likely to become obese in adulthood. We think this is because these animals eat more and exercise less. In contrast in our rodent model where animals grow slowly during lactation because their mothers are eating a diet low in protein, the animals do not get fat even when offered a highly palatable diet. We have identified an important gene in the brain that is expressed at higher levels in animals that are resistant to obesity. We think this makes these animals more responsive to a protein leptin. This protein is produced by fat cells and signals to the brain to suppress appetite and to increase energy expenditure. In this proposal we will test this idea by giving obesity-prone and obesity-resistant animals leptin and then measuring their food intake and energy expenditure. We will also study the brains of these animals further to identify other genes that are expressed at different levels. We will study the DNA from the brains of our animals to determine why particular genes are not expressed properly. Understanding these processes will enable us to both identify at risk individuals and to develop intervention strategies to improve the health of both pregnant and breast-feeding women and their offspring.
Technical Summary
Fetal and early life nutrition has long-term effects on adult health. Poor fetal nutrition leads to a 'thrifty' phenotype that appears beneficial when postnatal nutrition is poor, but maladaptive, increasing susceptibility to obesity, when postnatal nutrition is adequate or excessive. In contrast reduced nutrition during the lactation period is protective against subsequent obesity risk. We have developed models in which rats are cross-fostered between mothers fed normal (20 %) or low (8%) protein diets. Control rats are the offspring of dams fed a normal diet. Offspring of low protein fed dams that are cross-fostered to normally fed dams during lactation ('recuperated') are more susceptible to obesity. In contrast control offspring that are suckled by low protein fed dams ('postnatal low protein' or PNLP rats) are less susceptible to diet-induced obesity. Preliminary data suggests that PNLP rats have increased expression of the leptin receptor in the arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus and increased energy expenditure, whereas recuperated rats have decreased energy expenditure. We aim to establish the molecular mechanisms that link maternal diet with susceptibility to obesity in later life by investigating programmed changes in leptin sensitivity. We shall measure food intake and energy expenditure following peripheral and central administration of leptin in the rat models. We will compare the effects of leptin on the expression of genes involved in its signalling in the arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus in these three groups by in situ hybridisation and immunohistochemistry. We shall identify genes that are differentially expressed in the arcuate nucleus of control, recuperated and PNLP rats, using laser capture microscopy and microarrays and use bioinformatic tools to identify novel drug targets among these genes. Finally, we shall assess DNA methylation profiles of six of these genes to see whether this contributes to their differential expression. (Joint with Arch BB/E007821/1)
People |
ORCID iD |
| Susan Ozanne (Principal Investigator) |
Publications
Aiken C
(2013)
Sex differences in developmental programming models
in REPRODUCTION
Ainge H
(2011)
A systematic review on animal models of maternal high fat feeding and offspring glycaemic control.
in International journal of obesity (2005)
Berends LM
(2013)
Catch-up growth following intra-uterine growth-restriction programmes an insulin-resistant phenotype in adipose tissue.
in International journal of obesity (2005)
Chen JH
(2010)
Early growth and ageing.
in Nestle Nutrition workshop series. Paediatric programme
Chen JH
(2009)
Early-life nutrition influences thymic growth in male mice that may be related to the regulation of longevity.
in Clinical science (London, England : 1979)
Chen JH
(2008)
Adverse effects of reduced oxygen tension on the proliferative capacity of rat kidney and insulin-secreting cell lines involve DNA damage and stress responses.
in Experimental cell research
Chen JH
(2010)
Maternal protein restriction affects gene expression profiles in the kidney at weaning with implications for the regulation of renal function and lifespan.
in Clinical science (London, England : 1979)
Chen JH
(2007)
DNA damage, cellular senescence and organismal ageing: causal or correlative?
in Nucleic acids research
Cottrell EC
(2010)
Postnatal development of hypothalamic leptin receptors.
in Vitamins and hormones
Cottrell EC
(2009)
Developmental changes in hypothalamic leptin receptor: relationship with the postnatal leptin surge and energy balance neuropeptides in the postnatal rat.
in American journal of physiology. Regulatory, integrative and comparative physiology
Cottrell EC
(2008)
Early life programming of obesity and metabolic disease.
in Physiology & behavior
Cottrell EC
(2011)
Leptin-independent programming of adult body weight and adiposity in mice.
in Endocrinology
Cottrell EC
(2007)
Developmental programming of energy balance and the metabolic syndrome.
in The Proceedings of the Nutrition Society
Cripps RL
(2009)
Programming of hypothalamic neuropeptide gene expression in rats by maternal dietary protein content during pregnancy and lactation.
in Clinical science (London, England : 1979)
Cripps RL
(2007)
Early life programming of energy balance.
in Biochemical Society transactions
Fernandez-Twinn DS
(2010)
Early life nutrition and metabolic programming.
in Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
Gardner DS
(2009)
Effect of the early-life nutritional environment on fecundity and fertility of mammals.
in Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences
Jensen CB
(2008)
Altered PI3-kinase/Akt signalling in skeletal muscle of young men with low birth weight.
in PloS one
Jones RH
(2009)
Fetal programming of glucose-insulin metabolism.
in Molecular and cellular endocrinology
Jones RH
(2007)
Intra-uterine origins of type 2 diabetes.
in Archives of physiology and biochemistry
Leff, Todd A.; Granneman, James G.
(2010)
Adipose Tissue in Health and Disease
Martin-Gronert M
(2016)
5-HT2A and 5-HT2C receptors as hypothalamic targets of developmental programming in male rats
in Development
Martin-Gronert MS
(2016)
5-HT2A and 5-HT2C receptors as hypothalamic targets of developmental programming in male rats.
in Disease models & mechanisms
Martin-Gronert MS
(2008)
Maternal protein restriction leads to early life alterations in the expression of key molecules involved in the aging process in rat offspring.
in American journal of physiology. Regulatory, integrative and comparative physiology
Martin-Gronert MS
(2010)
Mechanisms linking suboptimal early nutrition and increased risk of type 2 diabetes and obesity.
in The Journal of nutrition
Martin-Gronert MS
(2012)
Metabolic programming of insulin action and secretion.
in Diabetes, obesity & metabolism
Martin-Gronert MS
(2012)
Mechanisms underlying the developmental origins of disease.
in Reviews in endocrine & metabolic disorders
Ozanne SE
(2009)
The long term effects of early postnatal diet on adult health.
in Advances in experimental medicine and biology
Ozanne SE
(2011)
Sugaring appetite development: mechanisms of neuroendocrine programming.
in Endocrinology
Ozanne SE
(2007)
Mechanisms of disease: the developmental origins of disease and the role of the epigenotype.
in Nature clinical practice. Endocrinology & metabolism
Reusens B
(2007)
Fetal determinants of type 2 diabetes.
in Current drug targets
Sandovici I
(2011)
Maternal diet and aging alter the epigenetic control of a promoter-enhancer interaction at the Hnf4a gene in rat pancreatic islets.
in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
Stocker CJ
(2012)
Leanness in postnatally nutritionally programmed rats is associated with increased sensitivity to leptin and a melanocortin receptor agonist and decreased sensitivity to neuropeptide Y.
in International journal of obesity (2005)
Tarry-Adkins JL
(2010)
Poor maternal nutrition leads to alterations in oxidative stress, antioxidant defense capacity, and markers of fibrosis in rat islets: potential underlying mechanisms for development of the diabetic phenotype in later life.
in FASEB journal : official publication of the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology
Tarry-Adkins JL
(2008)
Maternal diet influences DNA damage, aortic telomere length, oxidative stress, and antioxidant defense capacity in rats.
in FASEB journal : official publication of the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology
Tarry-Adkins JL
(2009)
Poor maternal nutrition followed by accelerated postnatal growth leads to telomere shortening and increased markers of cell senescence in rat islets.
in FASEB journal : official publication of the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology
Tarry-Adkins JL
(2007)
Protein restriction in lactation confers nephroprotective effects in the male rat and is associated with increased antioxidant expression.
in American journal of physiology. Regulatory, integrative and comparative physiology
Wargent ET
(2020)
Developmental programming of appetite and growth in male rats increases hypothalamic serotonin (5-HT)5A receptor expression and sensitivity.
in International journal of obesity (2005)
Warner MJ
(2010)
Mechanisms involved in the developmental programming of adulthood disease.
in The Biochemical journal
| Description | Diet is important for an individual's health at any stage of life. However, the diet of pregnant and lactating women is particularly important as it has long-term effects on the health of their babies. Individuals with a low birth weight are not only less likely to survive delivery but are also at substantially increased risk of developing obesity later on in childhood and when they are adults. In contrast, breast-fed infants, who are known to grow more slowly than bottle-fed infants, are less likely to become obese as children and later in life. The underlying causes of the relationship between early growth and later obesity are not known. However nutrition plays an important role in regulating early growth so we believe that the quality of the diet of women during pregnancy and breast-feeding is critically important. We have developed a rodent model that mimics what happens in humans who grow at different rates during fetal and early postnatal life and allows us to investigate the underlying mechanisms. If pregnant animals have too little protein during pregnancy their babies are small at birth, undergo postnatal catch-up growth and are more likely to become obese in adulthood. In contrast, if animals grow slowly while they are suckling because their mothers are eating a diet low in protein, they do not get fat even when offered a highly palatable diet. We have identified an important gene in the brain that is expressed at higher levels in animals that are resistant to obesity. This makes the animals more responsive to the protein leptin. This protein is produced by fat cells enters the blood and signals to the brain to reduce food intake and to increase energy expenditure. In very early life leptin also promotes growth of neurons in the brain. We have found, as predicted, that animals that grew slowly during suckling and become resistant to obesity are more sensitive to leptin both as babies and in adulthood. However, this is not only because they have more of the protein that leptin binds to: they also respond differently to small proteins that are released from nerves in the brain in response to leptin. This raised the question of why they responded differently to leptin and the small peptides. We addressed this problem by investigating whether gene activity is the same in animals that are sensitive and resistant to obesity and whether the small peptides have the same effect on gene activity. Since there are thousands of genes and many were found to differ in activity between our experimental groups, special computer-based methods were needed to interpret the results. We have developed such a method and identified genes that are present at different levels in the brain because of alteration of their mother's diet during pregnancy or lactation. Some of these are already known to be involved in the regulation of body weight, but many are not. Understanding what these genes do will enable us to develop intervention strategies to improve the health of both pregnant and breast-feeding women and their offspring. They also provide novel targets to help the pharmaceutical industry develop anti-obesity drugs. These findings are very important in light of the growing epidemic of obesity in society today. |
| Exploitation Route | The identification of molecules in the brain that are altered as a consequence of maternal diet has provide novel candidates that could be important therapeutic targets. |
| Sectors | Pharmaceuticals and Medical Biotechnology,Other |
| Description | NIH meeting on Body Weight, Adiposity, Energetics and Longevity, St Simons Island, Georgia, USA, 2007 |
| Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
| Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
| Type Of Presentation | paper presentation |
| Geographic Reach | International |
| Primary Audience | Other audiences |
| Results and Impact | Talk given: The role of rapid catch-up growth or intense positive energy balance in early life no actual impacts realised to date |
| Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2007 |
| Description | 13th Insulin receptor and insulin action meeting. Programming by maternal over-nutrition: a developing obesity crisis. Nice France 20-22nd April 2017 |
| Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
| Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
| Geographic Reach | International |
| Primary Audience | Other audiences |
| Results and Impact | Invited speaker. 13th Insulin receptor and insulin action meeting. Programming by maternal over-nutrition: a developing obesity crisis. Nice France 20-22nd April 2017 |
| Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2017 |
| Description | 2019 Sino-UK Cardiovascular Diseases Symposium Nanjing, China 24th May 2019 |
| Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
| Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
| Geographic Reach | International |
| Primary Audience | Other audiences |
| Results and Impact | Invited speaker. Talk title: Programming of cardiometabolic disease by maternal diet-induced obesity: a developing problem |
| Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2019 |
| Description | 65th Nestle Workshop, Malaysia |
| Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
| Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
| Type Of Presentation | keynote/invited speaker |
| Geographic Reach | International |
| Primary Audience | Professional Practitioners |
| Results and Impact | 65th Nestle Nutrition Institution Workshop on the Importance of Growth for Health and Development, 29 March - 2nd April 2009, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia "Early growth and ageing" NA |
| Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2009 |
| Description | 6th International Achieving Improved Outcomes in Neonatology and Academic Association Joint Conference. Cardiff Wales 13-15th March 2019 |
| Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
| Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
| Geographic Reach | International |
| Primary Audience | Other audiences |
| Results and Impact | Invited speaker. Talk title: Short and long-term impact of maternal obesity on offspring. |
| Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2019 |
| Description | 7th Mediterranean Neuroscience Conference Marrakech, Morocco 23rd-27th June 2019 |
| Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
| Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
| Geographic Reach | International |
| Primary Audience | Other audiences |
| Results and Impact | Invited speaker. Talk title: Nutritional programming of cardio-metabolic disease by maternal obesity |
| Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2019 |
| Description | American Heart Association Scientific Sessions 2019 Transforming the Cardiovascular Health of Youth for Generations to come. Philadelphia USA 16th -19th November 2019 |
| Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
| Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
| Geographic Reach | International |
| Primary Audience | Other audiences |
| Results and Impact | Invited speaker. Talk title: Cardiovascular health and Risk - Molecular Mechanisms |
| Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2019 |
| Description | Angers annual summer school 2019, Angers France 27th June 2019 |
| Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
| Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
| Geographic Reach | International |
| Primary Audience | Undergraduate students |
| Results and Impact | Invited lecture. Title: What is fetal programming? |
| Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2019 |
| Description | Annual Dutch Diabetes Research Meeting 2019, Oosterbeek 28th-29th November 2019 |
| Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
| Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
| Geographic Reach | International |
| Primary Audience | Other audiences |
| Results and Impact | Invited speaker. Talk title: Programming of cardio-metabolic health by maternal obesity: a developing problem |
| Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2019 |
| Description | Annual meeting of the European Society for Pediatric Endocrinology, Istanbul, Turkey, 2008 |
| Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
| Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
| Type Of Presentation | paper presentation |
| Geographic Reach | International |
| Primary Audience | Professional Practitioners |
| Results and Impact | Talk given: Long-term consequences of early nutrition no actual impacts realised to date |
| Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2008 |
| Description | BHF CRE Annual Symposium 2019 Cambridge UK 9th May 2019 |
| Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
| Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
| Geographic Reach | National |
| Primary Audience | Other audiences |
| Results and Impact | Invited speaker. Talk title: Programming of cardio-metabolic disease by maternal diet-induced obesity: a developing problem |
| Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2019 |
| Description | Biocenter Oulu Day 'Fifty Shades of Fat' conference, Oulu, Finland 23rd March 2017 |
| Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
| Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
| Geographic Reach | International |
| Primary Audience | Other audiences |
| Results and Impact | Invited speaker, Biocenter Oulu Day 'Fifty Shades of Fat' conference, 23rd March 2017, Oulu, Finland. |
| Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2017 |
| Description | CUDOS conference on understanding molecular mechanisms underlying cardiovascular disease, diabetes, obesity and stroke, Doha, Qatar 10-12 April 2017 |
| Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
| Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
| Geographic Reach | International |
| Primary Audience | Other audiences |
| Results and Impact | Invited speaker. CUDOS conference on understanding molecular mechanisms underlying cardiovascular disease, diabetes, obesity and stroke. Nutritional programming of health and disease: are we ready to intervene? Doha, Qatar 10-12 April 2017 |
| Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2017 |
| Description | Cardiovascular Division Seminar, Kings College London, UK |
| Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
| Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
| Type Of Presentation | Paper Presentation |
| Geographic Reach | Local |
| Primary Audience | Other academic audiences (collaborators, peers etc.) |
| Results and Impact | Cardiovascular Division Seminar at Kings College London, 1 November 2010, Kings College London "Developmental programming of type 2 diabetes and the metabolic syndrome" NA |
| Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2010 |
| Description | Consequences of experimetnal IUGR on body weight and glucose homeostasis. |
| Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
| Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
| Geographic Reach | International |
| Primary Audience | Other academic audiences (collaborators, peers etc.) |
| Results and Impact | Talk given at the ' Perinatal Programming the state of the art' meeting, Berlin, Germany no actual impacts realised to date |
| Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2010 |
| Description | Consequences of maternal over-nutrition: mechanisms of hyperphagia and insulin resistance |
| Form Of Engagement Activity | Participation in an activity, workshop or similar |
| Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
| Geographic Reach | International |
| Primary Audience | Other academic audiences (collaborators, peers etc.) |
| Results and Impact | Talk given at the ILSI Europe roundtable Workshop on the effects of pre- and postnatal nutrition of infants of obese mothers: metabolic imprinting and later health outcomes, Brussels, Belgium no actual impacts realised to date |
| Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2009 |
| Description | DNA damage, repair and lifespan: the influence of the early environment |
| Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
| Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
| Geographic Reach | International |
| Primary Audience | Other academic audiences (collaborators, peers etc.) |
| Results and Impact | Talk given at the biennial colloquium series, nutrition, metabolism and the brain on " Energy regulation from conception to old age", Groningen, The Netherlands no actual impacts realised to date |
| Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2011 |
| Description | DOHaD Conference, Santiago, Chile (Poster) |
| Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
| Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
| Type Of Presentation | Poster Presentation |
| Geographic Reach | International |
| Primary Audience | Other academic audiences (collaborators, peers etc.) |
| Results and Impact | DOHaD Conference, 19-22 November 2009, Santiago, Chile "Poor postnatal nutrition alters the effects of leptin, neuropeptide Y and the melanocortin receptor agonist on food consumption in later life" NA |
| Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2009 |
| Description | Dept of Women's Health, Kings College London. |
| Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
| Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
| Geographic Reach | National |
| Primary Audience | Other academic audiences (collaborators, peers etc.) |
| Results and Impact | Department of Women's Health, KCL, 11 March 2010, Kings College London "You are what your mother ate: the developmental origins of type 2 diabetes and the metabolic syndrome" NA |
| Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2010 |
| Description | Developmental Origins of Health and Disease 11th World Congress. Picking apart obesity and diabetes in pregnancy, Melbourne Australia 20th-23rd October 2019 |
| Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
| Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
| Geographic Reach | International |
| Primary Audience | Other audiences |
| Results and Impact | Invited speaker and Council Member. Talk title: Is it maternal hyperglycaemia or is it obesity that affects offspring health? |
| Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2019 |
| Description | Developmental programming of metabolism-from global diabetes epidemiology to molecular mechanisms in animals and humans. |
| Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
| Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
| Geographic Reach | International |
| Primary Audience | Postgraduate students |
| Results and Impact | Taught PhD course in Copenhagen ;Programming of metabolism in rodents; no actual impacts realised to date |
| Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2009 |
| Description | Diogenes Satellite Mtg ECO09, Noordwijkerhout, The Netherlands |
| Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
| Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
| Type Of Presentation | keynote/invited speaker |
| Geographic Reach | International |
| Primary Audience | Other audiences |
| Results and Impact | Diogenes Satellite ECO09, 4 - 5 May 2009, Noordwijkerhout, The Netherlands "Programming of the appetite regulatory system" NA |
| Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2009 |
| Description | Early growth and ageing |
| Form Of Engagement Activity | Participation in an activity, workshop or similar |
| Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
| Geographic Reach | International |
| Primary Audience | Professional Practitioners |
| Results and Impact | Talk given at teh 65th Nestle Nutrition Institute Workshop on the importance of growth for the health and development, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia no actual impacts realised to date |
| Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2009 |
| Description | Early nutrition and long term health - the role of epigenetic programming |
| Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
| Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
| Geographic Reach | International |
| Primary Audience | Other academic audiences (collaborators, peers etc.) |
| Results and Impact | Talk given at the ESRC International Symposium on social science and epigenetics: opportunities and challenges, Edinburgh, Scotland no actual impacts realised to date |
| Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2012 |
| Description | Epigenetics, neonatal environment and nutrition |
| Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
| Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
| Geographic Reach | International |
| Primary Audience | Other academic audiences (collaborators, peers etc.) |
| Results and Impact | Talk given a the 10th Agricultural Biotechnology International Conference, Saskatoon, Canada no actual impacts realised to date |
| Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2010 |
| Description | Experimental Biology conference 2017, Chicago, USA 22nd - 26th April 2017 |
| Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
| Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
| Geographic Reach | International |
| Primary Audience | Other audiences |
| Results and Impact | Invited speaker. Experimental Biology 2017 Epigenetics and the developmental origins of obesity, type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease: knowns, unknowns and possibilities. Chicago USA 22nd-26th April 2017 |
| Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2017 |
| Description | FASEB Summer Research Conference on Obesity, Energy balance and disease, Indian wells, California, USA 4-9 August 2007. |
| Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
| Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
| Type Of Presentation | paper presentation |
| Geographic Reach | International |
| Primary Audience | Other audiences |
| Results and Impact | Talk given: Foetal and perinatal programming of energy balance no actual impacts realised to date |
| Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2007 |
| Description | Human Nutrition Research Center (CRNH) Mtg, Clermont Ferrand, France |
| Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
| Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
| Type Of Presentation | Paper Presentation |
| Geographic Reach | International |
| Primary Audience | Other academic audiences (collaborators, peers etc.) |
| Results and Impact | Human Nutrition Research Center (CRNH), 28-29 May 2009, Clermont Ferrand, France "Nutritional programming of type 2 diabetes, obesity and longevity" NA |
| Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2009 |
| Description | In-Utero MRI 2020 Queen Anne's College Oxford, UK 8th - 10th January 2020 |
| Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
| Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
| Geographic Reach | International |
| Primary Audience | Other audiences |
| Results and Impact | Invited speaker. Talk title: Early Programming |
| Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2019 |
| Description | International Diabetes Federation meeting. Montreal, Canada, 18-22 October 2009 |
| Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
| Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
| Type Of Presentation | keynote/invited speaker |
| Geographic Reach | International |
| Primary Audience | Other audiences |
| Results and Impact | Talk given: The role of the intrauterine environment in the aetiology of Type 2 diabetes. no actual impacts realised to date |
| Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2009 |
| Description | Keystone Islet Biology/Diabetes joint symposium |
| Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
| Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
| Type Of Presentation | keynote/invited speaker |
| Geographic Reach | International |
| Primary Audience | Other audiences |
| Results and Impact | Talk given: Early life programming of Type 2 diabetes no actual impacts realised to date |
| Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2010 |
| Description | MRC Symposium, MRC Centre for Reproductive Health, Edinburgh 24th February 2020 |
| Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
| Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
| Geographic Reach | National |
| Primary Audience | Other audiences |
| Results and Impact | Invited speaker. Talk title: Mechanisms underlying the programming of cardio-metabolic health by maternal obesity |
| Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2020 |
| Description | MSD Merck Diabetes Mtg, Seattle, USA |
| Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
| Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
| Type Of Presentation | Paper Presentation |
| Geographic Reach | International |
| Primary Audience | Other academic audiences (collaborators, peers etc.) |
| Results and Impact | MSD Merck Meeting, 17-19 April 2010, Seattle, USA "Type 2 diabetes: Emerging Science" NA |
| Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2010 |
| Description | Mechanisms and evolution of intergenerational change 2019, Wellcome Genome Campus. Hinxton UK 24th -26th September 2019 |
| Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
| Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
| Geographic Reach | International |
| Primary Audience | Other audiences |
| Results and Impact | Invited speaker. Talk title: Programming by maternal over-nutrition - a plentiful problem |
| Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2019 |
| Description | Mechanisms of early life programming |
| Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
| Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
| Geographic Reach | International |
| Primary Audience | Other academic audiences (collaborators, peers etc.) |
| Results and Impact | Talk given at the Gordon Research Conference on Ageing, Ventura, USA no actual impacts realised to date |
| Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2012 |
| Description | Nutricia Research Scientific Symposium Mechanisms of metabolic programming: what can we learn from translational research? Groningen, The Netherlands. 31st January 2017 |
| Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
| Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
| Geographic Reach | International |
| Primary Audience | Other audiences |
| Results and Impact | Invited speaker. |
| Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2017 |
| Description | Nutritionally programmed influences on gene expression - a mechanism underlying the developmental origins of health and disease. |
| Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
| Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
| Geographic Reach | International |
| Primary Audience | Other academic audiences (collaborators, peers etc.) |
| Results and Impact | Talk given at the 6th Congress of the International Society of Nutrigenetics and Nutrigenomics (ISNN), Sao Paulo, Brazil no actual impacts realised to date |
| Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2012 |
| Description | OCDEM Seminar, Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism Oxford UK 20th November 2019 |
| Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
| Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
| Geographic Reach | National |
| Primary Audience | Postgraduate students |
| Results and Impact | Invited speaker. Talk title: Programming of cardio-metabolic disease by maternal over-nutrition: a developing crisis |
| Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2019 |
| Description | OHSU Heart Research Center's Annual Lecture, Portland, Oregon, USA |
| Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
| Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
| Geographic Reach | International |
| Primary Audience | Other academic audiences (collaborators, peers etc.) |
| Results and Impact | OHSU Heart Research Center's Annual Lecture, 1 April 2012, Portland, Oregon, USA You are what your mother ate: The developmental origins of type 2 diabetes and obesity" NA |
| Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2010 |
| Description | Obesity Week 2019 Las Vegas, USA 3rd-7th November 2019 |
| Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
| Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
| Geographic Reach | International |
| Primary Audience | Other audiences |
| Results and Impact | Invited speaker. Talk title? Is sugar an epigenetic trigger for obesity? |
| Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2019 |
| Description | Oxidative Stress and Disease Gordon Conference, Ventura USA 17th - 21st March 2019 |
| Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
| Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
| Geographic Reach | International |
| Primary Audience | Other audiences |
| Results and Impact | Invited speaker. Talk title: Redox metabolomics and transcriptomics in metabolic disease phenotyping. |
| Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2019 |
| Description | Programming of the appetite regulatory system |
| Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
| Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
| Type Of Presentation | keynote/invited speaker |
| Geographic Reach | International |
| Primary Audience | Other audiences |
| Results and Impact | Talk given at the Diogenes Satellite ECO09, Noordwijkerhout, The Netherlands no actual impacts realised to date |
| Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2009 |
| Description | Rank Prize Funds Mini Symposium on Obesity: from prevention to molecular mechanisms. Grasmere UK 15th-18th July 2019 |
| Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
| Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
| Geographic Reach | International |
| Primary Audience | Other audiences |
| Results and Impact | Invited speaker. Talk title: Programming by maternal over-nutrition: a developing obesity crisis |
| Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2019 |
| Description | Seminar Series MRI, Cambridge, UK |
| Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
| Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
| Type Of Presentation | Paper Presentation |
| Geographic Reach | Local |
| Primary Audience | Other academic audiences (collaborators, peers etc.) |
| Results and Impact | Seminar Series 2010 MRI, 12 May 2010, Cambridge "Developmental programming and ageing" NA |
| Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2010 |
| Description | Society for Maternal and Fetal Medicine 40th Annual Pregnancy Meeting Texas, USA 3rd - 8th February 2020 |
| Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
| Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
| Geographic Reach | International |
| Primary Audience | Other audiences |
| Results and Impact | Invited speaker. Talk title: Comparative impact of pharmacological treatments for gestational diabetes on neonatal anthropometry: systematic review and meta-analysis |
| Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2020 |
| Description | Summer School, University of Angers. What is fetal programming? Angers, France 29th June 2017 |
| Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
| Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
| Geographic Reach | International |
| Primary Audience | Undergraduate students |
| Results and Impact | University of Angers summer school. What is fetal programming? Angers, France 26th June - 7th July 2017 |
| Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2017 |
| Description | Tea Talk Series, Dept of Zoology, Cambridge, UK |
| Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
| Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
| Type Of Presentation | Paper Presentation |
| Geographic Reach | Local |
| Primary Audience | Other academic audiences (collaborators, peers etc.) |
| Results and Impact | Tea Talk Series, Dept of Zoology, 21 January 2010, Cambridge "The developmental origins of type 2 diabetes and the metabolic syndrome" NA |
| Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2010 |
| Description | The influence of early diet on the ageing trajectory |
| Form Of Engagement Activity | Participation in an activity, workshop or similar |
| Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
| Geographic Reach | International |
| Primary Audience | Other academic audiences (collaborators, peers etc.) |
| Results and Impact | Talk given at the China/UK Joint Workshop on Healthy Ageing - Diet and nutrition across the life course, Beijing, China no actual impacts realised to date |
| Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2010 |