What are the roles of oomycete RXLR effectors in the establishment of plant disease?

All microbes trigger immune responses in plants. Successful pathogens suppress these defences by secretion of effectors, which act either outside or inside host cells and are presumed, in many cases, to interact directly with host defence-associated protein targets. Bacteria use a type III secretion system (T3SS) to deliver effectors inside host cells. The identification of their target proteins in the host has provided considerable insights into the evolution of bacterial pathogenesis and the host mimicry employed by bacteria to interfere with host defence processes. One of the most significant questions in plant pathology is: how do microbial eukaryotic pathogens, such as fungi and oomycetes, manipulate host metabolism and defences to establish disease? Oomycetes include more than 70 Phytophthora and 90 Pythium species which are amongst the most economically important pathogens of dicotyledenous plants. Recently, we have shown that oomycete effectors containing the motif RXLR are delivered inside host plant cells where they manipulate host defences to establish disease. The RXLR 'signature', in combination with the timely sequencing of several oomycete genomes, has presented an unparalleled opportunity to reveal the effector complements in these oomycetes and to use the effectors as 'probes' to identify and characterize the key host defence proteins with which they interact. We will identify and compare the host proteins targeted by the RXLR effector complements of two distantly related oomycetes, the potato late blight pathogen, Phytophthora infestans, and the Arabidopsis pathogen, Hyaloperonospora arabidopsidis. This comparative approach is vital to reveal host proteins that are targeted by effectors from each pathogen; thus revealing the likely crucial plant defence targets of pathogenic oomycetes in general. We anticipate this will also reveal targets that are manipulated by other pathogens, such as bacteria, fungi and nematodes, thus informing the development of novel, broad-spectrum, durable disease resistance strategies. We will also identify effectors within each pathogen that target the same host protein. This will reveal the level of functional redundancy within oomycete effector complements, indicating which effectors, if recognized by a host resistance protein, may be readily shed to evade detection, without compromising pathogenic fitness. This knowledge will inform breeders, allowing them to eliminate such resistances from crop breeding programmes. Our searches for host targets of RXLR effectors will involve conventional and high throughput yeast-2-hybrid (Y2H) methods. The latter exploits the recent development of a Y2H matrix of >12000 Arabidopsis proteins in Marc Vidal's world leading Y2H lab at The Dana-Faber Institute, with whom we will collaborate. Using complementary cell biological and molecular analyses at Warwick and Dundee we will verify and localize effector-target interactions that are common to the two pathosystems. Using RNAi, we will knock down expression of corresponding RXLR effectors to assess their importance in virulence and contribution to functional redundancy. Again, using different approaches in the collaborating groups, we will characterise the contributions of host target proteins to a range of defence mechanisms. We will draw on complementary data from a BBSRC Systems Approaches to Biological Research (SABR) initiative project, coordinated by the Warwick group, which aims, to use mathematical modeling approaches to identify key host regulatory nodes and pathways important in biotic stress responses. We suspect that common targets of effectors will include such regulatory 'pressure points', allowing information on stress response pathways revealed in SABR to be exploited in this proposal. Finally, we will over-express key host target proteins in Brassica and potato crops, seeking to disrupt the normal activity of corresponding effectors and promote disease resistance.

Pathogens suppress plant defences by secretion of effectors which often interact directly with host defence proteins. Knowledge of the host targets of bacterial type III delivered effectors has revolutionized our understanding of bacterial pathogenesis. However, we know little about how effectors from eukaryotic pathogens, such as fungi and oomycetes, establish disease. Oomycete RXLR effectors are delivered inside plant cells, presumably to suppress defences. The RXLR 'signature', in combination with the timely genome sequencing of the potato pathogen, Phytophthora infestans and Arabidopsis pathogen, Hyaloperonospora arabidopsidis, has revealed the effector complements in these distantly related oomycetes. We will identify and compare the host proteins targeted by these RXLR effector complements using high-throughput yeast-2-hybrid methods, in collaboration with the Dana-Faber Institute, USA. This comparative approach will indicate host proteins targeted by effectors from both pathogens; thus revealing likely crucial plant defence targets of oomycetes in general. Moreover, multiple effectors within each pathogen may target the same host protein, to reveal functional redundancy. Using complementary cell and molecular analyses we will: verify and localize effector-target interactions common to the pathosystems; assess the importance of RXLRs to virulence and functional redundancy; and characterise the roles of common host target proteins in plant defence. Importantly, we will draw on transcriptomic data from a BBSRC SABR project, coordinated by the Warwick group, which aims to identify host regulatory nodes crucial to biotic stress responses. We suspect that effector targets will include such regulatory 'pressure points', allowing systems models of stress pathways to benefit this proposal. We will over-express key host target proteins in Brassica and potato, seeking to disrupt the normal activity of corresponding effectors and promote disease resistance.