An effective vaccination programme for the eradication of foot-and-mouth disease from India
Lead Research Organisation:
The Pirbright Institute
Department Name: Livestock Viral Diseases
Abstract
Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is a global social and economic burden. Worldwide, ~3 billion doses of vaccine are used. The Indian Government plans to use ~800 million doses of trivalent vaccine annually and the UK has a policy encompassing emergency vaccination in case of FMD outbreaks. However, vaccination is constrained by lack of or incomplete inter and intra serotype cross-protection and by cost and vaccine production capacity.
Our scientific aims address (1) the problems of narrow-spectrum antigenic protection elicited by FMD vaccines and (2) the need to monitor the effectiveness of vaccination programmes and to target vaccine use.
Our objectives are to develop new approaches to (a) improve predictions of the need for and value of new vaccine strains; (b) produce more broadly cross-reactive vaccines; (c) monitor viral circulation in vaccinated areas, and (d) evaluate vaccine performance in the field and target vaccine use.
This will be delivered by bringing together FMD research and control expertise in India and the UK. The Project Directorate on FMD (PDFMD) is responsible for surveillance, diagnosis and epidemiology of FMD in India and Indian Immunologicals (IIL) is the largest Indian FMD vaccine producer. The Pirbright Institute (PIR) is a leading centre for FMD research and diagnosis and collaborates extensively with the University of Glasgow (UoG) to benefit from expertise in quantitative epidemiology and antigenic modelling, and with the Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale in Brescia (IZSLER) who have renowned monoclonal antibody (mAb) collections.
1. Overcoming the problems of narrow-spectrum antigenic protection elicited by FMD vaccines. The antigenic determinants of FMDV that elicit protective antibodies are on the virus surface. We hypothesise that as with other antigenically variable viruses, the dominant epitopes here act as decoys, subverting the immune response from recognition of conserved features. We will generate a model to understand the dominance of antigenic sites, and infer antigenic relationships between viruses for vaccine strain selection. Secondly, we will use cross-reactive mAbs to help identify conserved epitopes for incorporation into new, more broadly protective vaccines. PDFMD will undertake serological and sequencing studies of their extensive virus collections with help from UoG for data modelling. IZSLER will provide existing mAbs augmented by new ones prepared and selected with automated hybridoma screening technology at IIL. PIR will provide reverse genetics to test epitope findings and will quantify antibody-virus cross-protection.
2. Monitoring the effectiveness of the vaccination programme and evaluating targeted vaccine use. We will develop systems to accurately measure virus circulation in the field and identify the impact that vaccination is having on this. Systems for detecting antibodies and for detecting and characterising viral RNA in milk using type/strain-specific assays will be established along with methodologies to infer the extent of continuing virus circulation from the genetic diversity that is revealed from sequencing these viruses. Longitudinal field studies and sample collections will be targeted to areas at different stages of FMD control. These unbiased approaches will be combined with existing and new field data to inform future models to identify the spatial and temporal distribution of specific serotypes of FMDV in the country. This work will be carried out by PDFMD with technical support from PIR and UoG.
Our scientific aims address (1) the problems of narrow-spectrum antigenic protection elicited by FMD vaccines and (2) the need to monitor the effectiveness of vaccination programmes and to target vaccine use.
Our objectives are to develop new approaches to (a) improve predictions of the need for and value of new vaccine strains; (b) produce more broadly cross-reactive vaccines; (c) monitor viral circulation in vaccinated areas, and (d) evaluate vaccine performance in the field and target vaccine use.
This will be delivered by bringing together FMD research and control expertise in India and the UK. The Project Directorate on FMD (PDFMD) is responsible for surveillance, diagnosis and epidemiology of FMD in India and Indian Immunologicals (IIL) is the largest Indian FMD vaccine producer. The Pirbright Institute (PIR) is a leading centre for FMD research and diagnosis and collaborates extensively with the University of Glasgow (UoG) to benefit from expertise in quantitative epidemiology and antigenic modelling, and with the Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale in Brescia (IZSLER) who have renowned monoclonal antibody (mAb) collections.
1. Overcoming the problems of narrow-spectrum antigenic protection elicited by FMD vaccines. The antigenic determinants of FMDV that elicit protective antibodies are on the virus surface. We hypothesise that as with other antigenically variable viruses, the dominant epitopes here act as decoys, subverting the immune response from recognition of conserved features. We will generate a model to understand the dominance of antigenic sites, and infer antigenic relationships between viruses for vaccine strain selection. Secondly, we will use cross-reactive mAbs to help identify conserved epitopes for incorporation into new, more broadly protective vaccines. PDFMD will undertake serological and sequencing studies of their extensive virus collections with help from UoG for data modelling. IZSLER will provide existing mAbs augmented by new ones prepared and selected with automated hybridoma screening technology at IIL. PIR will provide reverse genetics to test epitope findings and will quantify antibody-virus cross-protection.
2. Monitoring the effectiveness of the vaccination programme and evaluating targeted vaccine use. We will develop systems to accurately measure virus circulation in the field and identify the impact that vaccination is having on this. Systems for detecting antibodies and for detecting and characterising viral RNA in milk using type/strain-specific assays will be established along with methodologies to infer the extent of continuing virus circulation from the genetic diversity that is revealed from sequencing these viruses. Longitudinal field studies and sample collections will be targeted to areas at different stages of FMD control. These unbiased approaches will be combined with existing and new field data to inform future models to identify the spatial and temporal distribution of specific serotypes of FMDV in the country. This work will be carried out by PDFMD with technical support from PIR and UoG.
Technical Summary
A reverse genetics approach will be used to establish the relative immunodominance of established and putative capsid surface epitopes of serotype A viruses which exhibit the highest antigenic diversity of FMDV in Europe and Asia. Preliminary data obtained from modelling the correlation between capsid variability and serological cross-reactivity for 56 serotype A viruses and 7 virus-specific antisera will inform the design of capsid protein substitutions and mutations. Incorporation of additional sequence and serological data from India will focus the model on the current situation there. The impact of the changes made on seroreactivity will build up a more detailed understanding of the antigenic relationships between residues across the virus surface and provide the basis for an improved antigenic prediction model and more effective vaccine strain selection.
Work with influenza and human immunodeficiency viruses has led to the hypothesis that even antigenically variable viruses possess conserved, antibody eliciting epitopes, but that they are weakly immunogenic. Such cross-reactive mAbs have already been developed for FMDV and we will focus on characterising the binding sites of those that target the external virus surface, and on investigating their protective capabilities.
We will establish tests for FMDV antibodies and genomes in individual and bulk milk samples and investigate their application to detection and characterisation of virus circulation within vaccinated populations. Pilot field studies in India will investigate the use of these techniques and the efficacy of vaccination.
Work with influenza and human immunodeficiency viruses has led to the hypothesis that even antigenically variable viruses possess conserved, antibody eliciting epitopes, but that they are weakly immunogenic. Such cross-reactive mAbs have already been developed for FMDV and we will focus on characterising the binding sites of those that target the external virus surface, and on investigating their protective capabilities.
We will establish tests for FMDV antibodies and genomes in individual and bulk milk samples and investigate their application to detection and characterisation of virus circulation within vaccinated populations. Pilot field studies in India will investigate the use of these techniques and the efficacy of vaccination.
Planned Impact
Summary - this project will contribute to major priorities of disease control and scientific research. Improved FMD control is a top animal health, food security and national and international socioeconomic priority. Meanwhile, developing broadly protective vaccines against highly mutable pathogens is a major, unfulfilled research goal in biological sciences. This and approaches to measure the burden of unrecognised infection through detection and characterisation of virus in milk have applicability beyond FMD.
Details - Better tools to control foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) are needed. FMD remains endemic in developing countries that do not control borders and animal movements, nor vaccinate systematically on a large scale. It is often the biggest constraint to trade in livestock and their products, limiting access to markets and stunting livestock sector investment. FMD may be reintroduced, costing billions of pounds (e.g. UK, 2001; Japan, 2010; Korea 2011). A progressive FMD control strategy has been designated a global public good, benefiting rich and poor countries[1]. At the launch of this initiative, the PI of this proposal gave the plenary talk on research needs[2].
Antigenic diversity is a feature of several highly significant pathogens affecting man and livestock. This flexibility helps them avoid elimination by adaptive arms of the immune response including antibodies. Influenza and FMDV are prominent examples where vaccination is of great importance. The need to adapt vaccines to emerging threats contributes to the resource intensive requirement to monitor for emergence of new variants and for the spread of known variants into new regions. Vaccination is key to FMD contingency plans for the UK and those for control and eventual eradication in India. It is predicated by growing aversion to large-scale slaughtering to control disease spread, something doubly unacceptable in India where cattle are sacred. Better vaccines and their use will assist the global FMD control strategy; e.g. Africa has great diversity of FMDV but few tailored vaccine strains, making vaccine strain selection a priority. Better prediction of vaccine efficacy will help decide whether and where to apply emergency vaccination in the face of new FMD incursions. More broadly protective vaccines would greatly simplify vaccine development, production and delivery.
Huge sums are invested in vaccine production and implementation of vaccination. Little is often dedicated to monitoring vaccination programmes. This can result in failure to correct and identify problems that would have saved resources (e.g. better targeting of vaccination) and/or improved programme effectiveness (e.g. use of inappropriate vaccine strains). Monitoring is also essential to demonstrate the success of vaccination to trading partners.
Therefore the research in this proposal will have impact at a number of levels.
1. Improvements in the way that vaccine strains are selected leading to more optimal vaccines, developing new vaccine strains in a timely fashion when needed and contributing to informed decisions on when and where to vaccinate.
2. Improvements in the way that vaccination programmes are monitored so that failure to control virus circulation can be detected and quantified, improved strategies implemented and trading partners reassured.
3. A better scientific understanding of how mutable viruses avoid elimination by host antibody responses.
4. Candidate epitopes that can be evaluated as a basis for development of vaccines to better protect against a wider diversity of FMD serotypes and strains.
5. Improved capability of scientists in UK and India to conduct research, diagnosis and surveillance and to advise policy makers on optimal disease control strategies.
[1]:http://www.fao.org/docrep/015/an390e/an390e.pdf
[2]: http://www.ars.usda.gov/GFRA/files/Paton%20Research%20Paraguay%20240609.pdf
Details - Better tools to control foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) are needed. FMD remains endemic in developing countries that do not control borders and animal movements, nor vaccinate systematically on a large scale. It is often the biggest constraint to trade in livestock and their products, limiting access to markets and stunting livestock sector investment. FMD may be reintroduced, costing billions of pounds (e.g. UK, 2001; Japan, 2010; Korea 2011). A progressive FMD control strategy has been designated a global public good, benefiting rich and poor countries[1]. At the launch of this initiative, the PI of this proposal gave the plenary talk on research needs[2].
Antigenic diversity is a feature of several highly significant pathogens affecting man and livestock. This flexibility helps them avoid elimination by adaptive arms of the immune response including antibodies. Influenza and FMDV are prominent examples where vaccination is of great importance. The need to adapt vaccines to emerging threats contributes to the resource intensive requirement to monitor for emergence of new variants and for the spread of known variants into new regions. Vaccination is key to FMD contingency plans for the UK and those for control and eventual eradication in India. It is predicated by growing aversion to large-scale slaughtering to control disease spread, something doubly unacceptable in India where cattle are sacred. Better vaccines and their use will assist the global FMD control strategy; e.g. Africa has great diversity of FMDV but few tailored vaccine strains, making vaccine strain selection a priority. Better prediction of vaccine efficacy will help decide whether and where to apply emergency vaccination in the face of new FMD incursions. More broadly protective vaccines would greatly simplify vaccine development, production and delivery.
Huge sums are invested in vaccine production and implementation of vaccination. Little is often dedicated to monitoring vaccination programmes. This can result in failure to correct and identify problems that would have saved resources (e.g. better targeting of vaccination) and/or improved programme effectiveness (e.g. use of inappropriate vaccine strains). Monitoring is also essential to demonstrate the success of vaccination to trading partners.
Therefore the research in this proposal will have impact at a number of levels.
1. Improvements in the way that vaccine strains are selected leading to more optimal vaccines, developing new vaccine strains in a timely fashion when needed and contributing to informed decisions on when and where to vaccinate.
2. Improvements in the way that vaccination programmes are monitored so that failure to control virus circulation can be detected and quantified, improved strategies implemented and trading partners reassured.
3. A better scientific understanding of how mutable viruses avoid elimination by host antibody responses.
4. Candidate epitopes that can be evaluated as a basis for development of vaccines to better protect against a wider diversity of FMD serotypes and strains.
5. Improved capability of scientists in UK and India to conduct research, diagnosis and surveillance and to advise policy makers on optimal disease control strategies.
[1]:http://www.fao.org/docrep/015/an390e/an390e.pdf
[2]: http://www.ars.usda.gov/GFRA/files/Paton%20Research%20Paraguay%20240609.pdf
Organisations
- The Pirbright Institute (Lead Research Organisation)
- Botswana Vaccine Institute (Botswana) (Collaboration)
- FGBI Federal Centre for Animal Health (Collaboration)
- French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety (ANSES) (Collaboration)
- National Agri-Food Quality and Health Service (SENASA) (Collaboration)
- Lombardy and Emilia Romagna Experimental Zootechnic Institute (IZSLER) (Collaboration)
- Onderstepoort Veterinary Institute (Collaboration)
- Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute (Collaboration)
- Project Directorate on Foot and Mouth Disease (Collaboration)
- Department of Livestock Development (Collaboration)
- U.S. Department of Agriculture USDA (Collaboration)
- Indian Council of Agricultural Research (Collaboration)
- Veterinary and Agrochemical Research Centre (Collaboration)
- National Centre for Foreign Animal Diseases (NCFAD) (Collaboration)
- Pan American Foot-and-Mouth Disease Center (Panaftosa) (Collaboration)
Publications
Harvey WT
(2023)
A Bayesian approach to incorporate structural data into the mapping of genotype to antigenic phenotype of influenza A(H3N2) viruses.
in PLoS computational biology
Logan G
(2018)
Deep Sequencing of Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus Reveals RNA Sequences Involved in Genome Packaging.
in Journal of virology
Asfor AS
(2020)
Detection of Bovine Antibodies against a Conserved Capsid Epitope as the Basis of a Novel Universal Serological Test for Foot-and-Mouth Disease.
in Journal of clinical microbiology
Mahapatra M
(2018)
Foot and mouth disease vaccine strain selection: current approaches and future perspectives.
in Expert review of vaccines
Lloyd-Jones K
(2017)
Genetic and antigenic characterization of serotype O FMD viruses from East Africa for the selection of suitable vaccine strain.
in Vaccine
Peacock TP
(2021)
Genetic determinants of receptor-binding preference and zoonotic potential of H9N2 avian influenza viruses.
in Journal of virology
Harvey WT
(2016)
Identification of Low- and High-Impact Hemagglutinin Amino Acid Substitutions That Drive Antigenic Drift of Influenza A(H1N1) Viruses.
in PLoS pathogens
| Description | Discoveries The use of next generation deep sequencing has recently become established as a powerful, unbiased approach to investigate the evolution of viral populations. Since the project was first proposed, the use of next generation deep sequencing to investigate sub-consensus level variation in viral populations has become firmly established at Pirbright. Our initial studies have therefore used these approaches to inform objective 1 (Testing the immunodominance of antigenic sites) and objective 2 (To investigate whether or not cross-serotype reactive antibodies to the capsid surface can be found). In brief, we have developed experimental protocols for growth of FMDV in the presence of sub-neutralising concentrations of monoclonal antibodies and homologous polyclonal antisera, and have developed NGS deep sequencing protocols to analyse the effect of such antibody pressure on the evolution of antigenic sites on the FMDV capsid. We have applied these approaches to a previously characterised virus and matching panel of sera and mAbs. This work has identified a panel of amino acid substitutions which the virus appears to sample at sub-consensus level in the viral population before some substitutions become dominant and fixed. This approach is therefore already providing novel fundamental information to inform models of how viruses evolve in the face of immune pressure. Interestingly, some of the amino acids have not been previously reported to be involved in immune escape and may therefore represent novel antigenic sites. Experiments are underway to characterise these amino acid substitutions by conventional virus reverse genetics and neutralisation testing. Work is also underway to further investigate the immunodominance and cross-reactive nature of these novel antigenic sites using accelerated evolution experiments in which adapted viruses are grown in escalating concentrations of neutralising antisera and analysed by deep sequencing at each passage. Our work has also used specific peptide ELISAs to further characterise the epitopes of cross-reactive antibodies that target the virus surface. In addition, antibodies against conserved epitopes have been identified and purified from the serum of vaccinated animals and characterised. An unexpected finding from this project was the identification of a monoclonal antibody that has reactivity against a conserved epitope which has potential to be used in a new assays to assess FMDV vaccine quality (i.e., intact viral particles) during manufacture and before administration. This work forms the basis of a new project funded by Genomia that will be undertaken at Pirbright by the project investigators. |
| Exploitation Route | Further characterisation of antibody binding sites and the ability to generate immunogenic responses in animals to these sites is underway and is the focus of several ongoing projects at Pirbright. |
| Sectors | Agriculture, Food and Drink |
| Description | The overall aim of this project was to improve the effectiveness of vaccination programmes specifically for the control of FMD in India. These findings are relevant for India, where there are ~450 million FMD susceptible cattle and buffalo. The results from this study also have wider potential for application upon the control of FMD in other endemic countries in Asia and Africa. Work with other viruses such as influenza and human immunodeficiency viruses has led to the hypothesis that viruses with high degrees of antigenic variability possess conserved, antibody eliciting epitopes, but that they are weakly immunogenic. During the course of this project, we have identified and characterised the binding sites of cross-reactive antibodies that target domains (epitopes) that are present on the external virus surface, as well as new sites that are present on "internal" proteins of the FMD virus capsid that were previously thought to be hidden from the host immune system. These novel findings have direct relevance for the rational design/selection of new vaccine master-seed strains and also raise the possibility to develop new serological tests that have defined inter and intra-serotypic reactivity. Progress made within this project laid the foundations for a wider partnership with three Indian Institutions (ICAR-Directorate of Foot and Mouth Disease (ICAR-DFMD), ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute (ICAR-IVRI) and National Institute of Animal Health (NIAH)) to develop new tools to improve the quality of FMD vaccines used in India. A new collaborative project that started in April 2021 which is funded by the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation and the Government of India). |
| First Year Of Impact | 2015 |
| Sector | Agriculture, Food and Drink,Pharmaceuticals and Medical Biotechnology |
| Impact Types | Economic,Policy & public services |
| Description | BBSRC IAA The Pirbright Institute |
| Amount | £300,000 (GBP) |
| Funding ID | BB/S506680/1 |
| Organisation | Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (BBSRC) |
| Sector | Public |
| Country | United Kingdom |
| Start | 03/2018 |
| End | 03/2021 |
| Description | Genomia Project Grant |
| Amount | £174,052 (GBP) |
| Organisation | Genomia fund |
| Sector | Charity/Non Profit |
| Country | United Kingdom |
| Start | 02/2019 |
| End | 01/2020 |
| Description | OIE/FAO Laboratory Network for FMD |
| Organisation | Botswana Vaccine Institute |
| Country | Botswana |
| Sector | Public |
| PI Contribution | The Pirbright Institute currently coordinates a global network of fourteen International Reference Laboratories for FMD. |
| Collaborator Contribution | The Network of OIE/FAO FMD Reference Laboratories has been established with two principal goals: 1) To understand global virus distribution patterns and use these data to inform vaccine recommendations and 2) To harmonise and improve the quality of laboratory testing carried out by international and national reference laboratories. These activities require sharing and joint evaluation of surveillance information from laboratory diagnosis, serotyping, genetic characterisation and vaccine matching tests and harmonisation of standards for diagnostic procedures. |
| Impact | Outputs from the network provide vital information to international organisations involved in the control of FMD (such as OIE and FAO), as well as specific regional and national programmes to control FMD |
| Start Year | 2006 |
| Description | OIE/FAO Laboratory Network for FMD |
| Organisation | Department of Livestock Development |
| Country | Thailand |
| Sector | Public |
| PI Contribution | The Pirbright Institute currently coordinates a global network of fourteen International Reference Laboratories for FMD. |
| Collaborator Contribution | The Network of OIE/FAO FMD Reference Laboratories has been established with two principal goals: 1) To understand global virus distribution patterns and use these data to inform vaccine recommendations and 2) To harmonise and improve the quality of laboratory testing carried out by international and national reference laboratories. These activities require sharing and joint evaluation of surveillance information from laboratory diagnosis, serotyping, genetic characterisation and vaccine matching tests and harmonisation of standards for diagnostic procedures. |
| Impact | Outputs from the network provide vital information to international organisations involved in the control of FMD (such as OIE and FAO), as well as specific regional and national programmes to control FMD |
| Start Year | 2006 |
| Description | OIE/FAO Laboratory Network for FMD |
| Organisation | FGBI Federal Centre for Animal Health |
| Country | Russian Federation |
| Sector | Public |
| PI Contribution | The Pirbright Institute currently coordinates a global network of fourteen International Reference Laboratories for FMD. |
| Collaborator Contribution | The Network of OIE/FAO FMD Reference Laboratories has been established with two principal goals: 1) To understand global virus distribution patterns and use these data to inform vaccine recommendations and 2) To harmonise and improve the quality of laboratory testing carried out by international and national reference laboratories. These activities require sharing and joint evaluation of surveillance information from laboratory diagnosis, serotyping, genetic characterisation and vaccine matching tests and harmonisation of standards for diagnostic procedures. |
| Impact | Outputs from the network provide vital information to international organisations involved in the control of FMD (such as OIE and FAO), as well as specific regional and national programmes to control FMD |
| Start Year | 2006 |
| Description | OIE/FAO Laboratory Network for FMD |
| Organisation | French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety (ANSES) |
| Country | France |
| Sector | Public |
| PI Contribution | The Pirbright Institute currently coordinates a global network of fourteen International Reference Laboratories for FMD. |
| Collaborator Contribution | The Network of OIE/FAO FMD Reference Laboratories has been established with two principal goals: 1) To understand global virus distribution patterns and use these data to inform vaccine recommendations and 2) To harmonise and improve the quality of laboratory testing carried out by international and national reference laboratories. These activities require sharing and joint evaluation of surveillance information from laboratory diagnosis, serotyping, genetic characterisation and vaccine matching tests and harmonisation of standards for diagnostic procedures. |
| Impact | Outputs from the network provide vital information to international organisations involved in the control of FMD (such as OIE and FAO), as well as specific regional and national programmes to control FMD |
| Start Year | 2006 |
| Description | OIE/FAO Laboratory Network for FMD |
| Organisation | Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute |
| Country | China |
| Sector | Learned Society |
| PI Contribution | The Pirbright Institute currently coordinates a global network of fourteen International Reference Laboratories for FMD. |
| Collaborator Contribution | The Network of OIE/FAO FMD Reference Laboratories has been established with two principal goals: 1) To understand global virus distribution patterns and use these data to inform vaccine recommendations and 2) To harmonise and improve the quality of laboratory testing carried out by international and national reference laboratories. These activities require sharing and joint evaluation of surveillance information from laboratory diagnosis, serotyping, genetic characterisation and vaccine matching tests and harmonisation of standards for diagnostic procedures. |
| Impact | Outputs from the network provide vital information to international organisations involved in the control of FMD (such as OIE and FAO), as well as specific regional and national programmes to control FMD |
| Start Year | 2006 |
| Description | OIE/FAO Laboratory Network for FMD |
| Organisation | Lombardy and Emilia Romagna Experimental Zootechnic Institute (IZSLER) |
| Country | Italy |
| Sector | Public |
| PI Contribution | The Pirbright Institute currently coordinates a global network of fourteen International Reference Laboratories for FMD. |
| Collaborator Contribution | The Network of OIE/FAO FMD Reference Laboratories has been established with two principal goals: 1) To understand global virus distribution patterns and use these data to inform vaccine recommendations and 2) To harmonise and improve the quality of laboratory testing carried out by international and national reference laboratories. These activities require sharing and joint evaluation of surveillance information from laboratory diagnosis, serotyping, genetic characterisation and vaccine matching tests and harmonisation of standards for diagnostic procedures. |
| Impact | Outputs from the network provide vital information to international organisations involved in the control of FMD (such as OIE and FAO), as well as specific regional and national programmes to control FMD |
| Start Year | 2006 |
| Description | OIE/FAO Laboratory Network for FMD |
| Organisation | National Agri-Food Quality and Health Service (SENASA) |
| Country | Argentina |
| Sector | Public |
| PI Contribution | The Pirbright Institute currently coordinates a global network of fourteen International Reference Laboratories for FMD. |
| Collaborator Contribution | The Network of OIE/FAO FMD Reference Laboratories has been established with two principal goals: 1) To understand global virus distribution patterns and use these data to inform vaccine recommendations and 2) To harmonise and improve the quality of laboratory testing carried out by international and national reference laboratories. These activities require sharing and joint evaluation of surveillance information from laboratory diagnosis, serotyping, genetic characterisation and vaccine matching tests and harmonisation of standards for diagnostic procedures. |
| Impact | Outputs from the network provide vital information to international organisations involved in the control of FMD (such as OIE and FAO), as well as specific regional and national programmes to control FMD |
| Start Year | 2006 |
| Description | OIE/FAO Laboratory Network for FMD |
| Organisation | National Centre for Foreign Animal Diseases (NCFAD) |
| Country | Canada |
| Sector | Public |
| PI Contribution | The Pirbright Institute currently coordinates a global network of fourteen International Reference Laboratories for FMD. |
| Collaborator Contribution | The Network of OIE/FAO FMD Reference Laboratories has been established with two principal goals: 1) To understand global virus distribution patterns and use these data to inform vaccine recommendations and 2) To harmonise and improve the quality of laboratory testing carried out by international and national reference laboratories. These activities require sharing and joint evaluation of surveillance information from laboratory diagnosis, serotyping, genetic characterisation and vaccine matching tests and harmonisation of standards for diagnostic procedures. |
| Impact | Outputs from the network provide vital information to international organisations involved in the control of FMD (such as OIE and FAO), as well as specific regional and national programmes to control FMD |
| Start Year | 2006 |
| Description | OIE/FAO Laboratory Network for FMD |
| Organisation | Onderstepoort Veterinary Institute |
| Country | South Africa |
| Sector | Academic/University |
| PI Contribution | The Pirbright Institute currently coordinates a global network of fourteen International Reference Laboratories for FMD. |
| Collaborator Contribution | The Network of OIE/FAO FMD Reference Laboratories has been established with two principal goals: 1) To understand global virus distribution patterns and use these data to inform vaccine recommendations and 2) To harmonise and improve the quality of laboratory testing carried out by international and national reference laboratories. These activities require sharing and joint evaluation of surveillance information from laboratory diagnosis, serotyping, genetic characterisation and vaccine matching tests and harmonisation of standards for diagnostic procedures. |
| Impact | Outputs from the network provide vital information to international organisations involved in the control of FMD (such as OIE and FAO), as well as specific regional and national programmes to control FMD |
| Start Year | 2006 |
| Description | OIE/FAO Laboratory Network for FMD |
| Organisation | Pan American Foot-and-Mouth Disease Center (Panaftosa) |
| Country | Brazil |
| Sector | Charity/Non Profit |
| PI Contribution | The Pirbright Institute currently coordinates a global network of fourteen International Reference Laboratories for FMD. |
| Collaborator Contribution | The Network of OIE/FAO FMD Reference Laboratories has been established with two principal goals: 1) To understand global virus distribution patterns and use these data to inform vaccine recommendations and 2) To harmonise and improve the quality of laboratory testing carried out by international and national reference laboratories. These activities require sharing and joint evaluation of surveillance information from laboratory diagnosis, serotyping, genetic characterisation and vaccine matching tests and harmonisation of standards for diagnostic procedures. |
| Impact | Outputs from the network provide vital information to international organisations involved in the control of FMD (such as OIE and FAO), as well as specific regional and national programmes to control FMD |
| Start Year | 2006 |
| Description | OIE/FAO Laboratory Network for FMD |
| Organisation | Project Directorate on Foot and Mouth Disease |
| Country | India |
| Sector | Public |
| PI Contribution | The Pirbright Institute currently coordinates a global network of fourteen International Reference Laboratories for FMD. |
| Collaborator Contribution | The Network of OIE/FAO FMD Reference Laboratories has been established with two principal goals: 1) To understand global virus distribution patterns and use these data to inform vaccine recommendations and 2) To harmonise and improve the quality of laboratory testing carried out by international and national reference laboratories. These activities require sharing and joint evaluation of surveillance information from laboratory diagnosis, serotyping, genetic characterisation and vaccine matching tests and harmonisation of standards for diagnostic procedures. |
| Impact | Outputs from the network provide vital information to international organisations involved in the control of FMD (such as OIE and FAO), as well as specific regional and national programmes to control FMD |
| Start Year | 2006 |
| Description | OIE/FAO Laboratory Network for FMD |
| Organisation | U.S. Department of Agriculture USDA |
| Department | Agricultural Research Service |
| Country | United States |
| Sector | Public |
| PI Contribution | The Pirbright Institute currently coordinates a global network of fourteen International Reference Laboratories for FMD. |
| Collaborator Contribution | The Network of OIE/FAO FMD Reference Laboratories has been established with two principal goals: 1) To understand global virus distribution patterns and use these data to inform vaccine recommendations and 2) To harmonise and improve the quality of laboratory testing carried out by international and national reference laboratories. These activities require sharing and joint evaluation of surveillance information from laboratory diagnosis, serotyping, genetic characterisation and vaccine matching tests and harmonisation of standards for diagnostic procedures. |
| Impact | Outputs from the network provide vital information to international organisations involved in the control of FMD (such as OIE and FAO), as well as specific regional and national programmes to control FMD |
| Start Year | 2006 |
| Description | OIE/FAO Laboratory Network for FMD |
| Organisation | Veterinary and Agrochemical Research Centre |
| Country | Belgium |
| Sector | Public |
| PI Contribution | The Pirbright Institute currently coordinates a global network of fourteen International Reference Laboratories for FMD. |
| Collaborator Contribution | The Network of OIE/FAO FMD Reference Laboratories has been established with two principal goals: 1) To understand global virus distribution patterns and use these data to inform vaccine recommendations and 2) To harmonise and improve the quality of laboratory testing carried out by international and national reference laboratories. These activities require sharing and joint evaluation of surveillance information from laboratory diagnosis, serotyping, genetic characterisation and vaccine matching tests and harmonisation of standards for diagnostic procedures. |
| Impact | Outputs from the network provide vital information to international organisations involved in the control of FMD (such as OIE and FAO), as well as specific regional and national programmes to control FMD |
| Start Year | 2006 |
| Description | PDFMD Mukteswar |
| Organisation | Indian Council of Agricultural Research |
| Department | Foot and Mouth Disease Control Programme |
| Country | India |
| Sector | Charity/Non Profit |
| PI Contribution | Received 187 field viruses and antisera against existing vaccine viruses (O,A and ASia1). r1 value were obtained from 2D virus neutralisation assay. The joint publication has been made. |
| Collaborator Contribution | Field sample provision |
| Impact | Joint publications |
| Start Year | 2012 |
| Title | PPR DIVA vaccine |
| Description | We ahve developed two PPR live attenuated DIVA vaccines that can differentiate between vaccinated and infected animals. |
| IP Reference | PCT/GB2019/053641,WO2020128496 |
| Protection | Patent application published |
| Year Protection Granted | 2020 |
| Licensed | Commercial In Confidence |
| Impact | Till date there is no PPR vaccine avalable that can differentiate between vaccination and infection. This causes a huge issue on eradication of the didease and declare freedom from the disease. Therefore our newly develped chimeric live attenauted PPR vaccine and DIVA tests can differentiate between vaccination and infection which is a great achievement for ongoing PPR eradication. Please see detail from the below web. https://patentscope.wipo.int/search/en/detail.jsf?docId=WO2020128496 |
| Description | 2 FMD workshop in Arusha, Tanzania |
| Form Of Engagement Activity | Participation in an activity, workshop or similar |
| Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
| Geographic Reach | National |
| Primary Audience | Professional Practitioners |
| Results and Impact | FMD diagnosis, sample collection and control by vaccination had been discussed |
| Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2013,2014 |
| Description | Delivered a lead talk at Indian Association of Vetrinary Microbiology and Immunology ( IAVMI) at IVRI, Bareilly on PPR and FMD control by vaccination- February 6-7th, 2020 |
| Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
| Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
| Geographic Reach | International |
| Primary Audience | Professional Practitioners |
| Results and Impact | Delivered a lead talk at Indian Association of Vetrinary Microbiology and Immunology ( IAVMI) at IVRI, Bareilly on PPR and FMD control by vaccination- February 6-7th, 2020. Further attended the panel meeting with FMD vaccine producers and FMD scientists at PDFMD and IVRI Bangalore to recommend Govt of India for the future control of FMD. Suggested boosting of the first dose FMDV vaccinated animals which will stimulate the immunity up to the second biannual vaccination to avoid any window for infection. |
| Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2020 |
| Description | Delivered a lead talk on FMD vaccine and chaired a scientific session at Indian Veterinary Association at New Delhi ( 25.7.19-28.07.19) |
| Form Of Engagement Activity | A formal working group, expert panel or dialogue |
| Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
| Geographic Reach | International |
| Primary Audience | Professional Practitioners |
| Results and Impact | Delivered a lead talk on FMD vaccine and chaired a scientific session at Indian Veterinary Association at New Delhi ( 25.7.19-28.07.19). |
| Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2019 |
| URL | https://www.indianveterinaryassociation.in/wp-content/uploads/2019/07/... |
| Description | Diamond (TT) |
| Form Of Engagement Activity | Participation in an activity, workshop or similar |
| Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
| Geographic Reach | Regional |
| Primary Audience | Public/other audiences |
| Results and Impact | Diamond Light Source Open Day - explaining to general public the importance of structural biology and microscopy for understanding viruses and designing improved vaccines. |
| Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2019 |
| Description | Invited Talk: Indian Veterinary Institute, Bareilly, India |
| Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
| Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
| Geographic Reach | National |
| Primary Audience | Professional Practitioners |
| Results and Impact | SP delivered a talk at faculty on FMD vaccine strain selection in South East Asia including India |
| Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2018 |
| Description | Invited lead talk at Indian Association of Veterinary Anatomists (IAVA), Orissa university of agriculture and Technology, 2017 |
| Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
| Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
| Geographic Reach | International |
| Primary Audience | Study participants or study members |
| Results and Impact | A talk has been delivered on new generation FMD and PPR vaccines |
| Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2017 |
| Description | Invited talk on Efficacy FMD vaccine using TLR adjuvants at NVRQS, South Korea |
| Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
| Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
| Geographic Reach | National |
| Primary Audience | Postgraduate students |
| Results and Impact | Satya Parida was invited to deliver a talk on FMD vaccine using TLR adjuvants. Since 2010 South Korea is facing FMD outbreak and preparing themselves to prepare their own FMD Vaccine. As we have identified TLR 3 is a good adjuvant for stimulating humoral and cell-mediated response I received sparked questions and discussion afterwards. Recently I have received queries for providing details about the adjuvants so that they can include this adjuvant to their vaccine. |
| Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2016 |
| Description | Invited talk on new generation FMD vaccines at NIAB faculty |
| Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
| Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
| Geographic Reach | National |
| Primary Audience | Study participants or study members |
| Results and Impact | Delivered an invited talk on new generation FMD vaccines to inform the collaborator how TLR III adjuvant lingers the duration of immunity. The talk initiated sparking questions after the talk. |
| Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2017 |
| Description | JN - University of Glasgow-The Pirbright Institute joint research day |
| Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
| Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
| Geographic Reach | Local |
| Primary Audience | Undergraduate students |
| Results and Impact | Research data from the initial immune escape experiment was presented to an audience of peers including PhD students, post-docs and PIs at the University of Glasgow and The Pirbright Institute. The main purpose of the event was to showcase the work of each institution to the other and see where there were opportunities to collaborate. |
| Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2012,2016 |
| Description | Joined as a FAO expert at Chiang Mai, Thailand for PPR and FMD control in SAARC region and delivered two invited talks- 16.06.19-23.06.19 |
| Form Of Engagement Activity | A magazine, newsletter or online publication |
| Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
| Geographic Reach | International |
| Primary Audience | Policymakers/politicians |
| Results and Impact | Joined as a FAO expert at Chiang Mai, Thailand for PPR and FMD control in SAARC region and delivered two invited talks on FMD and PPR Global situations- 16.06.19-23.06.19 |
| Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2019 |
| Description | Lecture to students - Cambridge University |
| Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
| Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
| Geographic Reach | National |
| Primary Audience | Undergraduate students |
| Results and Impact | Provided a lecture to undergraduate vet/med students at the University of Cambridge - on FMD and tools to control the disease |
| Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2016 |
| Description | Organised workshop on FMD Epidemiology |
| Form Of Engagement Activity | Participation in an activity, workshop or similar |
| Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
| Geographic Reach | International |
| Primary Audience | Study participants or study members |
| Results and Impact | A workshop was organised at PD-FMD (Mukteswar, India) to review the FMD situation in India and the impacts of the National vaccination policy. Participants included researchers from The Pirbright Institute (UK) and Indian Colleagues from Project Directorate for foot-and-mouth disease (PD-FMD, India). Two "focus groups" considered (i) the design and implementation of new surveillance tools and (ii) rational design of improved FMD vaccines. |
| Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2014 |
| Description | PPR eradication meeting organised by FAO and OIE at Rome and talk has been delived on Development of DIVA vaccines |
| Form Of Engagement Activity | A formal working group, expert panel or dialogue |
| Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
| Geographic Reach | International |
| Primary Audience | Industry/Business |
| Results and Impact | Satya Parida is working as an expert to PPR eradication and he is being invited for few of FAO/OIE meetings. The meetings discussed about roadmap, vaccine production capacity and eradication policy. Satya also presented work on PPR DIVA vaccine and DIVA tests developments and their evaluation in goats. |
| Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2018 |
| Description | Project close meeting at TANUVAS, Chennai July 2018- Delivering talk on outcome of the project |
| Form Of Engagement Activity | A formal working group, expert panel or dialogue |
| Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
| Geographic Reach | National |
| Primary Audience | Professional Practitioners |
| Results and Impact | The project team held their final workshop at TANUVAS, which concluded a four year Farmed Animal Disease and Health (FADH) grant joint funded by the Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (BBSRC) and the Indian Government's Department of Biotechnology (DBT). "This grant has enabled us to collaborate with four organisations across India, and ensured that our research can be applied in the field to aid the campaign for PPR global eradication", said Professor Parida.The project covered many areas of research which are essential for understanding PPR and creating tools to help control and prevent the disease. The team have now filed a patent application for their newly developed PPR vaccine, which is the first to differentiate between vaccinated and infected animals (DIVA) - a quality that enables livestock owners to protect their animals whilst continuing to trade. The team have also investigated how the PPR virus (PPRV) infects sheep and goats and how their immune systems respond. By inserting green fluorescent protein into virulent PPRV and administering the modified virus to goats, they demonstrated that PPRV primarily infects the tonsils, challenging the earlier belief that the virus first replicates in the respiratory tract epithelial cells. The collaborative project has also generated better diagnostic tests for use in the field and laboratory, and preliminary research has identified why some Indian breeds of goats and sheep are resistant to the disease, which could help scientists to create PPRV resistant breeds in the future. Project partners, scientists from the University and 40 field veterinarians have joined the meeting. An awareness training has been conducted on PPR disease and eradication for these field veterinarians. |
| Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2018 |
| URL | https://www.pirbright.ac.uk/news/2018/09/pirbright-scientists-run-vaccination-campaign-eradicate-pes... |
| Description | Workshop on improved FMD vaccine at Institute Biologique, SaoPaulo |
| Form Of Engagement Activity | A formal working group, expert panel or dialogue |
| Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
| Geographic Reach | National |
| Primary Audience | Professional Practitioners |
| Results and Impact | PI delivered talk on FMD vaccine using new generation adjuvants |
| Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2017 |