The Rothamsted Long - Term Experiments - National Capability

Lead Research Organisation: Rothamsted Research

Department Name: UNLISTED

Abstract

Abstracts are not currently available in GtR for all funded research. This is normally because the abstract was not required at the time of proposal submission, but may be because it included sensitive information such as personal details.

Technical Summary

Between 1843 and 1856, nine field experiments were started at Rothamsted. Eight of the original experiments continue today, albeit in a modified form. They were established to address issues of global food security and have continued to contribute substantially to our ability to increase agricultural productivity, improve farming methods and increase efficiency. The Long Term Experiments (LTEs) now represent the oldest ongoing agricultural field experiments in the world; they are unique. They continue as a source of interconnected data on secular trends in climate impacts, soil metrics, agronomic and genetic improvements. As such the Long Term Experiments-National Capability (LTE-NC) is a source of unique knowledge for global studies relevant to food security. The overall purpose of the LTE-NC is to manage and maintain the unique Rothamsted LTEs, associated Sample Archive and electronic Rothamsted Archive, for the benefit of the UK bioscience community and to facilitate internationally-excellent research in the field of food security and agroecological research.

Planned Impact

unavailable

Funded Value:

£2,831,512

Funded Period:

Mar 17 - Mar 23

Funder:

BBSRC

Project Status:

Closed

Project Category:

Institute Project

Project Reference:

BBS/E/C/000J0300

Principal Investigator:

Andrew Gregory

Research Topic:

Unclassified

Organisations

People	ORCID iD
Andrew Gregory (Principal Investigator)	http://orcid.org/0000-0001-7123-0784

Publications

Author Name

Title Publication Date Published

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Abdalla M (2022) Does liming grasslands increase biomass productivity without causing detrimental impacts on net greenhouse gas emissions? in Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)

Addy J (2024) A Bayesian approach to analyzing long-term agricultural experiments in European Journal of Agronomy

Addy J (2021) Changes in agricultural climate in South-Eastern England from 1892 to 2016 and differences in cereal and permanent grassland yield in Agricultural and Forest Meteorology

Addy J (2022) Supplementary Materials from A heteroskedastic model of park grass spring hay yields in response to weather suggests continuing yield decline with climate change in future decades

Addy J (2018) Understanding the relative impacts of climate change on crop production using data from the Rothamsted long-term experiments

Addy JWG (2022) A heteroskedastic model of Park Grass spring hay yields in response to weather suggests continuing yield decline with climate change in future decades. in Journal of the Royal Society, Interface

Addy JWG (2021) The impact of weather and increased atmospheric CO2 from 1892 to 2016 on simulated yields of UK wheat. in Journal of the Royal Society, Interface

Addy JWG (2020) Investigating the effects of inter-annual weather variation (1968-2016) on the functional response of cereal grain yield to applied nitrogen, using data from the Rothamsted Long-Term Experiments. in Agricultural and forest meteorology

Algeo J (2018) A Comparison of Ground-Penetrating Radar Early-Time Signal Approaches for Mapping Changes in Shallow Soil Water Content in Vadose Zone Journal

Amery F (2021) Dynamics of soil phosphorus measured by ammonium lactate extraction as a function of the soil phosphorus balance and soil properties in Geoderma

Key Findings
Impact Summary
Policy Influence
Further Funding
Research Databases and Models
Research Tools and Methods
Collaboration
Engagement Activities


Description	The Rothamsted Long-term Experiments National Capability builds upon several previous projects and is based on field experiments which began at Rothamsted in 1843. In 2018, Rothamsted celebrated its 175th anniversary since the beginning of these experiments. Previous research findings based on the experiments, sample archive and associated data were reported under projects 4171, 6004 and 5189. Key findings since the beginning of the new grant (J0300) on 1 April 2017 are reported below: 1) An analysis of the rates of soil organic carbon (SOC) increase in treatments from 16 long-term experiments in south-east UK indicated that whilst in some cases a C increase of "4 per 1000" is possible for a limited period there are severe constraints to achieving this in practical agriculture over large areas. The main reasons being (a) farmers not having the necessary resources (e.g. insufficient manure); (b) some, though not all, practices favouring SOC are already widely adopted; (c) some practices are uneconomic for farmers; (d) some practices are undesirable for global food security. Nevertheless, practices which result in small increases in SOC may well enhance soil quality and function, resulting in disproportionately large beneficial impacts, though not necessarily increasing crop yield. 2) Work based on a unique set of soils from five European long-term bare fallows i.e. vegetation-free field experiments, including one at Rothamsted, showed that soil Pyrogenic Organic C (PyOC) contents decreased more rapidly than expected from current concepts. The mean residence time of native PyOC was just 1.6 times longer than that of the bulk soil C. Indicating, that while the potential for long-term C storage in biochar exists, the persistence of PyOC in soil may currently be overestimated. Key findings since 1 April 2018 are reported below: 1) Wheat and maize yield data from ten sites, including Broadbalk, were used to examine yield variability in some of the major food production systems under a range of climate and soil conditions across the world. A key finding of this study was that the difference between maximum attainable yield and actual yields (the yield gap) was greater in rain-fed systems and it was concluded that reliable seasonal weather forecasts for the different systems would be required to allow farmers to manage each seasonal potential and decrease yield gaps. 2) Data from the Rothamsted experiments were used to evaluate the potential for wheat to achieve a grain yield of wheat of 20 t ha-1. It was concluded that by developing new cultivars with improved interception of radiation, radiation use efficiency (RUE) and harvest index (e.g. by 17%, 32% and 18%, respectively) it may be possible to achieve 20 t ha-1. However, it was noted that high-yielding crops will require proportionate increases in nitrogen supply from the soil and fertilizer. 3) Studies using Broadbalk data showed a nonlinear relationship between land costs and N losses under winter wheat, with increasing N application lowering costs until an apparent threshold, beyond which land cost decreased further, but at the cost of greater N leaching. Thus, whilst there may be economic benefits to using N fertiliser there are also environmental costs. 4) Broadbalk yield data was used to examine the effects of weeds on wheat yield losses. A strong negative relationship between weed species richness and crop yield loss was observed. It was concluded that the goals of designing weed management systems that maximise production and maintain ecosystem functioning are entirely compatible and mutually reinforcing. 5) The effects of soil organic matter on water content and soil physical properties on the Highfield Ley-arable Experiments at Rothamsted were examined. They showed a strong positive linear increase in the range of water contents for tillage with increasing contents of SOC, suggesting that management practices leading to increased SOC can improve soil workability by increasing the range of water contents. Thus, in some soils, enhancing soil organic matter may increase the opportunities to carry out cultivations, providing a practical benefit to the farmer. Key findings since April 2019 were: 1. An analysis of Broadbalk wheat yields from 1968 onwards showed a negative effect for May temperature and a positive one for June rainfall. Therefore, the effect of climate on crop growth is dependent on environmental conditions at specific stages of crop development. This emphasizes the importance of including temporal weather variation when evaluating the impacts of climate change on crops. Some of the short-term effects of changes in climate on yield response to N in cereals may be mitigated through manipulation of growing conditions and/or breeding of new varieties with appropriate traits. 2. An analysis of the evolution of sustainable crop production on the Broadbalk Wheat Experiment (1938-2015) found that field activities are the main source of environmental impacts. It was concluded that with special attention to the amount of organic fertilizer applied and application technique used emissions of potential pollutants could be reduced, making the use of manure more sustainable. In addition, the use of diverse crop rotations, is a potentially powerful tool to manage the trade-offs between economic performance and environmental impacts. 3. A study of the yield-pH relationship for a range of arable crops was done on the Long-Term Liming experiments at two Rothamsted sites with soil pH ranging from 4.4 to 8.0. Spring oats and potatoes had very weak responses to lime within the pH range tested. For spring barley, winter triticale, winter wheat and winter oilseed rape significant effects of P fertiliser on the yield-pH relationship were found. Findings from these experiments contributed to an improved understanding of the yield-pH relationship for important arable crops and could have significant implications when selecting crops for different rotations. 4. A silty-loam soil from the Highfield Long-Term Experiment at Rothamsted was used to quantify the influence of soil organic carbon (SOC) and different organic matter components on various measured of soil structural stability (SSS). In addition, measures of soil strength and air capacity (SSAC) on these soils and other were used together with a decision support tool for assessing soil workability in spring and autumn between 2014 and 2018. Soils from grassland plots had a very stable structure probably due to the absence of tillage and large annual inputs of stabilizing agents. The number of workable days per season were influenced by SOC and clay contents. Soil with higher SOC had an average of 36 and 23 workable days in the spring and autumn, respectively, more than soil with low SOC. Soil with lower clay had average of 21 and 25 workable days in the spring and the autumn, respectively, more than soil with high clay. It was concluded that a change in management from arable rotations to permanent grass is an effective tool for improving SSS and results indicated that soils with higher organic matter and low clay content have more workable days than soils with low organic matter and high clay content. 5. The Broadbalk experiment has been used in recent years to develop and test a method to assess earthworm numbers as an indicator of soil quality. The method was used in a pilot study to assess the presence of earthworms in >1300 ha of farmland soils nationally in spring 2018. Results showed that most fields have basic earthworm presence and abundance, but the absence/rarity of some worms in 42% of fields indicated that some soils may be over-worked. Key findings since April 2020 were: 1. An examination of methods to study the soil phosphorus (P) supply for agricultural production indicated that P balances may be incomplete because of P transport by plant from sub-soil layers, lateral P movement in the field, and incomplete recovery of P by current analytical methods. It highlights the need for continued research to improve methods for total and available soil P analysis. 2. In a study of the role of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) in soil, it was concluded that they have disproportionate effects on soil structural stability and that the management of EPS binding agents may be a more feasible strategy to improve soil structural integrity rather than increasing the total SOC content. The future development of methods to evaluate EPS in soil may provide additional tools to help manage soil health. 3. An examination of the organic C/clay ratio as a simple index to evaluate the soil organic C (SOC) status of soils in England and Wales indicated that it could be a useful tool to allow farmers to identify degraded soils on their farms and adjust their management accordingly. It could also be used to monitor and understand the state of soils at a national scale to inform decision making and policy. 4. An analysis of Broadbalk wheat yield stability highlighted the need for good management of fertilisers and manures, and the benefits of appropriate crop rotations, to maintain resilient cropping systems with high yield stability in a changing climate. 5. Measurements from a chronosequence of 10 grasslands showed that the Hassink (1997) equation for assessing SOC sequestration does not accurately reflect maximum fine-fraction OC in UK grasslands when determined using the proportion of the fine soil fraction (< 20 µm, %) and measured fine-fraction OC (g C per kg soil). This work highlights the need to ensure that methods used to predict maximum fine-fraction OC reflect the soil in situ if they are to be used to provide accurate assessments of carbon sequestration potential. 6. An economic analysis of the profitability of liming arable crops was done using data from the long-term liming experiment at Rothamsted and Woburn. Liming greatly improved the gross margin for some crops (e.g. spring barley), but had little effect for spring oats. The most profitable liming treatments resulted in an increased profit of £436 ha-1 year-1 at Rothamsted and £208 ha-1 year-1 at Woburn over not liming. The frequency of lime application was more important to maintain long-term profitability than the rate of lime applied in a single year. Evaluation of survey data on current liming practices in the UK indicates that increased frequency in the application of lime is required to realize the economic benefits of liming. Key findings since April 2021 were: 1. Storkey et al (2021) reported work on weed competition from the Broadbalk wheat experiment demonstrating that weeds now represent a greater inherent threat to crop production than before the advent of herbicides and that integrated, sustainable solutions to weed management are needed to protect the high yield potential of modern crop genotypes. 2. Work published by Cabrera et al (2021) revealed that the increase in atmospheric CO2 concentration has affected the carbon, water, and nitrogen cycles in grasslands. The data indicated that some types of temperate grassland may have attained saturation of C sink activity more than a century ago. 3. Multivariate analysis of Rothamsted meteorological datasets (monthly rainfall, temperature and sunlight between 1892 and 2016) published by Addy et al (2021) identified ten distinct clusters of years, each with different weather patterns. The frequency of occurrence of the years within each cluster in the late 20th and early 21st Century differed compared to earlier in the 20th Century, providing evidence of changes in the whole weather profile rather than just temperature alone. The most-frequently represented cluster in the 21st Century had warmer temperatures with more intense rainfall, but a dry June, compared with the other clusters. Total biomass off-takes for winter wheat, spring barley and grassland were greater in clusters typical of the 20th Century climate compared to those from the early-21st Century. However, the impact was less for the pasture than for cereals, indicating that herbage production was the more resilient to the changing climate. In the 2022-2023 period there have been many key findings of the project relating to global challenges such as sustainable agriculture, food security and climate change. Indeed we recently confirmed that long-term experiments (LTEs) have time-series data that is well suited to understanding such global challenges, and that the data from these experiments is unique and irreplaceable (Ostler et al., 2023). Climate change A modelling study based on measured yields of herbage (1902-2016) at the Park Grass LTE confirmed that warmer and drier years, specifically, autumn, winter and spring, in the twentieth and twenty-first centuries reduced yield (Addy et al., 2022). The study also forecast yield to decline further between 2020 and 2080 by as much as 48-50% under different climate change scenarios, with great implications for production and ecosystem functioning of grasslands. Data from the Rothamsted UK Environmental Change Network (ECN) site, and others, was used to examine trends in precipitation chemistry in relation to prevailing weather conditions (Tso et al., 2022). Weather systems were classified and emissions inventories and clustering of air mass trajectories were used to interpret the observed patterns. Concentrations of ions showed clear differences between cyclonic-westerly-dominated periods and others, reflecting higher marine and lower anthropogenic contributions in Atlantic air masses. Westerlies were associated with higher rainfall, higher sea salt concentrations, and lower pollutant concentrations at all sites, while air mass paths exerted additional controls. Westerlies therefore have continued to favour higher sea salt fluxes, whereas emission reductions are increasingly leading to positive correlations between westerlies and pollutant fluxes. Our results also suggest a shift from the influence of anthropogenic emissions to natural emissions (e.g., sea salt) and climate forcing as they are transported under relatively cleaner conditions to the UK. Westerlies have been relatively frequent over the ECN monitoring period, but longer-term cyclicity in these weather types suggests that current contributions to precipitation may not be sustained over coming years. Agricultural management The value of LTEs was highlighted in a study that showed that ecological intensification (the enhancement of ecosystem services to complement or substitute for the role of anthropogenic inputs in maintaining or increasing yields) could help return agriculture into a 'safe operating space' for humanity (Maclaren et al., 2022). A novel meta-analysis of data from 30 LTEs from Europe and Africa (25,565 yield records) showed that increasing crop diversity and adding fertility crops and organic matter had generally positive effects on the yield of staple crops where nitrogen (N) fertiliser applications were low, but had negligible effect at high N fertilizer applications. Related to this, it was also shown that rotations that included grass leys, particularly those with grass-clover, at the Woburn Ley-Arable LTE on a sandy loam soil increased the yields of subsequent arable crops, more so than all-arable rotations (Poulton et al., 2023). Significantly less fertilizer N was needed to achieve the higher yields following grass-clover leys, although the initial benefits were short-lived. Much the same was reported by Putelat & Whitmore (2023) who found in a modelling assessment based on the Woburn Organic Manuring LTE that there was likely an equilibrium level of yield-enhancement rather like the equilibrium level of organic carbon (C) that builds up over several years. This yield-enhancing power of organic matter is somewhat variable and probably does not persist in soil for as long as the organic matter from which it derives. The influence of organic matter on arable soil N transformations was decoded by integrating metagenomic data with soil structural parameters in a study on the LTEs at Rothamsted (Neal et al., 2023). The approach provides a mechanistic explanation of why organic matter is effective in reducing nitrous oxide losses while supporting system resilience, relating to the relationship between organic carbon, soil structure and soil microbiology. The interaction of soil structure and soil C was also highlighted in a study examining differences arising from an extreme land use change from bare fallow to arable or grass on one of the LTEs (Wang et al., 2022). A new method to assess long-term regional sustainable N inputs was developed recently as a novel scaled response function between normalized yield and total net N input, based on the Rothamsted LTEs and others (van Grinsven et al., 2022). The curve was incorporated into a simple economic model with valuation of externalities of N surplus as a function of regional per-capita gross domestic product. Sustainable N inputs ranged from 150 to 200 kg N/ha and this interval narrows with increasing yield potential and decreasing gross domestic product. Fertiliser-N retained in the soil and stubble may contribute substantially to crop N uptake in subsequent years (Vonk et al., 2022). Results based partly on the Rothamsted LTEs suggest that an initial recovery of 44% of N application may increase to around 66% on average over time. The often-used first-year recovery of synthetic fertiliser N application does not express the full effect of fertiliser application on crop nutrition. An international study used data from the LTEs on measured nitrate leaching at increasing mineral N fertilizer rates (Zhao et al., 2022). A positive relationship was found between yearly nitrate leaching and marginal nitrate leaching (that close to N fertilisation). Nitrate leaching was positively correlated with precipitation during the hydrological year and winter periods, but not to any other environmental factors tested, nor was there a difference in leaching between spring cereals and winter cereals. The marginal nitrate leaching at the optimal N rate in the first year of the experiments with increasing N rates was significantly lower than the accumulated effect of two or more years with low or high N rates. Therefore, the long-term effects of N rates should be accounted for when estimating marginal nitrate leaching. A global study that included the Park Grass LTE at Rothamsted found that liming grassland reduced (or did not affect) production of the important greenhouse gases nitrous oxide and methane (Abdalla et al., 2022). This was in addition to the other beneficial effects of liming, notably soil acidity correction, grass productivity increases, reductions in fertiliser requirement, and increased species richness. On the same experiment, Storkey & Macdonald (2022) showed a trade-off between plots with high productivity, N inputs and soil organic C and plots with high species richness that was explained by a functional gradient of traits that are indicative of contrasting strategies of resource acquisition of resource conservation. A novel study based on a range of soils including some from the LTEs showed that 'legacy' phosphorus (P) from previous applications could support crop production at 90% of its potential for years or even decades to come without further application, and that this was linked to soil C (Hawkins et al., 2022). This supply of P was underestimated by the conventional 'Olsen-P' fraction. A similar study also compared soil P levels with country-specific fertilizer recommendations and concluded that many recommendations were too high (Steinfurth et al., 2022). This has implications for the sustainable use of P fertiliser. The application of P fertilizers contributes to the accumulation of trace elements, such as uranium (U), in agricultural soils and it was reported that fertilizer-derived U accumulation continues at the Broadbalk and Park Grass LTEs (Sun et al., 2022). Soil carbon sequestration Arable soils inevitably have smaller soil C contents than soils under natural vegetation. A global study comparing both long-term experiments and farmers' fields showed that returning crop residues, adding manures or including periods of pasture within arable rotations can reverse this loss of carbon somewhat to 60-70% of initial values, but in the vast majority of situations it is unrealistic to expect to maintain pre-clearance values (Powlson et al., 2022). An assessment of the short-term mineralization kinetics of fresh organic matter concluded that more than 90% of plant residues added to soils are mineralized relatively rapidly and released as carbon dioxide to the atmosphere, casting a severe limit on the potential for soils to sequester C to mitigate climate change (Berthelin et al., 2022). Nevertheless, maintaining or increasing C in soils is desirable to enable soils to fulfil essential functions and services. Realistic targets for soil organic C (SOC) concentrations are needed, accounting for differences between soils and land uses (Prout et al., 2022). The SOC/clay ratio was assessed recently using National Soil Inventory of England and Wales data and data from two of the Rothamsted LTEs. Normalising for clay concentration provided a more meaningful separation between land uses than changes in SOC alone, and showed that almost half of arable soils had degraded SOC/clay ratios, compared with just 5% of permanent grass and woodland soils. The metaproteome of soil from the Park Grass LTE was completed recently using a novel technique to identify proteins to increase our understanding of soil ecology and major biogeochemical processes (Quinn et al., 2022). A broad range of proteins were identified linked to regulatory and signalling networks of key biogeochemical cycles, notably the N cycle. This award ended on 31 March 2023 and future outputs from 1 April 2023 will increasingly be reported in the successor BBSRC National Bioscience Research Infrastructure: Rothamsted Long-Term Experiments award (BBS/E/RH/23NB0007).
Exploitation Route	The findings have implications for future soil C sequestrations strategies and could help inform government policy when considering regulating or subsidising Agriculture to enhance C sequestration and improve soil quality. More recent findings have contributed valuable insights to inform the future direction of research required to develop sustainable cropping systems in a changing climate. In particular, they indicate that new high yielding crop varieties with improved interception of radiation, radiation use efficiency (RUE) and harvest index will be needed, but that they will require substantial amounts of N which will need to be managed carefully to avoid excessive losses to the wider environment. The findings show that maintaining soil organic matter can be of practical benefit to the farmer by increasing the opportunity to carry out field operations (cultivation, drilling etc.) in a timely manner. In addition, weed studies indicate that maximising production and maintaining ecosystem functioning are compatible and mutually reinforcing objectives. Work reported in 2019-20 indicated that farmland with high soil organic matter (SOM) content and low clay content may have more workable days than farmland with low SOM and high clay content. Thus, measures taken by farmers and other land users to enhance SOM, such as conversion to long-term grassland, may help improve soil structure and future workability. An assessment of earthworm numbers may also provide an indicator of soil quality that can be done relatively easily by farmers. In addition, a study on a range of arable crops, including spring oats, potatoes, spring barley, winter triticale, winter wheat and winter oilseed rape indicated that the different relationships found between crop yield and soil pH could be important for farmers when selecting crops for different rotations. Work reported in 2020-21 indicated that P balance studies may be incomplete because of P transport by plant from sub-soil layers and incomplete recovery of P by current analytical methods, highlighting the need for continued research to improve methods for total and available soil P analysis. The work on the role of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) in soil concluded that the management of EPS binding agents may be a more feasible strategy to improve soil structural integrity rather than increasing the total SOC content. An examination of the organic C/clay ratio as a simple index to evaluate the soil organic C (SOC) status of soils in England and Wales indicated that it could be used to monitor and understand the state of soils at a national scale to inform decision making and policy. Other work on a chronosequence of 10 grasslands showed that a current regression equation used to assess SOC sequestration potential in UK grasslands did not accurately reflect the measured fine-fraction OC. The work highlighted the need to ensure that methods used to predict maximum fine-fraction OC reflect the soil in situ. In addition, a statistical analysis of wheat yield stability highlighted the need for good management of fertilisers and manures, and the benefits of appropriate crop rotations, to maintain resilient cropping systems with high yield stability in a changing climate. An economic analysis of the profitability of liming arable crops showed that liming greatly improved the gross margin for some crops (e.g. spring barley), but had little effect for spring oats. The frequency of lime application was more important to maintain long-term profitability than the rate of lime applied in a single year. An examination of data on current liming practices in the UK indicated that an increased frequency in the application of lime is required to realize the economic benefits of liming. Work reported in 2021-22 indicated that there is a need for the development of sustainable solutions to weed management including the appropriate use of agrochemical and agronomic practices to protect the high yield potential of modern crop genotypes. In addition, the isotopic analysis of herbage samples from the Park Grass experiment, revealed that some temperate grassland may have attained saturation of C sink activity more than a century ago and that limiting nitrogen applications to long-term grasslands could enhance the yield contribution from forbs and legumes whilst limiting nitrogen emissions to the environment. Multivariate analysis of Rothamsted meteorological datasets provided evidence of changes in the whole weather profile rather than just temperature alone. Total biomass off-takes for winter wheat, spring barley and grassland were greater in years typical of the 20th Century climate compared to those from the early-21st Century. However, the impact was less for the pasture than for cereals, indicating that herbage production was the more resilient to the changing climate. The Rothamsted Long-Term Experiments National Capability is a globally-unique research platform. It continues to support new research in the biosciences to tackle the key global challenges of sustainable agriculture, food security and climate change, and it continues to serve a multitude of different sectors from academic to stakeholders to policy makers. Important outcomes of the project in 2022-2023 were manifest in several areas. The potential for ecological intensification to maintain crop yields with lower inorganic fertiliser use was highlighted in a recent study (Maclaren et al., 2022), and this will support the development of sustainable agricultural practices. Practices such as grass leys in rotation can increase yields and reduce N fertiliser use, but this has economic and food security implications if land is taken out of cereal production (Poulton et al., 2023). Soil organic matter has been known to be good for soil structure, but the study by Neal et al. (2023) shows that even low levels can increase nutrient-use efficiency and reduce losses. This is important for arable soils which have smaller soil C contents compared to soils under perennial systems. For agricultural management, the study of Abdalla et al. (2022) recommended the wider adoption of liming grassland to delivers many advantages, including the potential to reduce overall greenhouse gas emissions. The study of van Grinsven et al. (2022) showed that response curves and external costs in cereals may have important implications for policies and application ceilings for N use in regional and global agriculture and ultimately the global distribution of cereal production. The fertiliser contribution to soil N supply should be accounted for when exploring future scenarios on N cycling, including crop N requirements and N balance schemes (Vonk et al., 2022). The positive correlation between marginal nitrate leaching and nitrate leaching at optimum N rates implies that cropping system and management factors reducing nitrate leaching also reduce the marginal nitrate leaching (Zhao et al., 2022). Legacy P in the soil from previous fertiliser applications has been shown to be able to supply crops with sufficient P to maintain yields, and hence this could lead to a more sustainable use of P fertiliser (Hawkins et al., 2022). Similarly, inclusion of crop type and soil texture was also shown to be a reasonable measure towards more cost-effective and environment-friendly P fertilization (Steinfurth et al., 2022). Due to fertiliser-derived U accumulation being a persistent problem recent work suggests an evaluation of current regulatory limits and acceptable U input levels from P fertilization (Sun et al., 2022). Adding fresh plant residues to soils may not necessarily increase soil C sequestration if it turns over rapidly as kinetic studies show, but nevertheless soil C fuels the ability of soils to conduct their important functions and services, and should be encouraged (Berthelin et al., 2022; Powlson & Galdos, 2023). However, where amendments do have an effect, it appears beneficial to apply them at a constant rate for much of the time-frame of interest but to begin with a large application to raise the fertility to the yield-enhancement equilibrium (Putelat & Whitmore, 2023). Practices that do demonstrably increase soil C may be unrealistic over large areas, and hence it might be prudent to reduce losses (e.g. by land clearance) and sustainably produce necessary food on existing agricultural land (Powlson et al., 2022). The study of Prout et al. (2022) proposed realistic long-term soil C targets for differently-managed soils based on their SOC/clay ratio. The newly identified Park Grass LTE metaproteome provides a baseline on which future targeted studies of important soil processes and their control can be built (Quinn et al., 2022). This award ended on 31 March 2023 and future outputs from 1 April 2023 will increasingly be reported in the successor BBSRC National Bioscience Research Infrastructure: Rothamsted Long-Term Experiments award (BBS/E/RH/23NB0007).
Sectors	Agriculture Food and Drink Education Environment
URL	https://www.rothamsted.ac.uk/national-capability/the-long-term-experiments


Description	In 2017-2018, the Electronic Rothamsted Archive (e-RA) has been updated with new crop, soil and weather data that is freely available to facilitate research and education. There were 118 requests for data from e-RA (this compares with 87 for the same period the previous year). These comprised 48 internal + 70 external requests; 58 requested LTE data and 40 requested meteorological data. The majority, 81 requests, were for research and five for teaching purposes. Three requests were received from companies and another three from agricultural consultants. Most requests, 74, came from the UK but another 12 came from other countries, including Germany (4), USA (3), China (3), Japan (3), France (3). Data and other key outputs have continued to be made available through the website, scientific papers, press releases, web articles and other social media and conference presentations. In total 33 articles were published in 2017-2018 that used or referred to data and/or samples from the long-term experiments. In addition, 18 requests were received for access to samples(8 internal + 10 external) - 16 from the Long-Term Experiments (LTEs) and 2 from the Rothamsted Sample Archive (RSA) in 2017-2018. There were 48 individual visit events during 2017-2018. In 2018-2019 there were 124 requests for data from e-RA (this compares with 118 for the same period the previous year). These comprised 34 internal + 90 external requests; 78 requested LTE data and 57 requested meteorological data. The majority, 100 requests, were for research purposes. Data requests were received from two of the four current ISPGs at Rothamsted. Other requests were received from companies, teachers and farmers and an agricultural consultant. Most requests, 86, came from the UK but another 38 came from other countries, including USA (9), France (7), Germany (4), China (4), Denmark (4) and Canada (2). 57 requests were from institutes and 42 from universities. Twenty of the research requests are from MSc/PhD students. In addition, there were 22 requests for plant or soil samples from the experiments in 2018, of which 15 were internal and 7 external; 15 requests were for fresh samples from the LTEs and 8 from the RSA. Six requests required material from two or more experiments. The resource is utilised in scientific papers, press releases, web articles, other social media and conference presentations and other key outputs. In total 27 journal articles were published in 2018-2019 which used or referred to data and/or samples from the long-term experiments. There were 39 individual visit events during 2018-2019. In 2019-2020 there were 12 requests for plant or soil samples from the experiments, of which 8 were internal and 4 external; 9 requests were for fresh samples from the LTEs and 3 for RSA samples. Three requests required material from two experiments. In 2019-2020 there were 129 requests for data from e-RA (this compares with 124 for the same period the previous year). These comprised 48 internal + 63 external requests; 67 requested LTE data and 43 requested meteorological data, and one other was miscellaneous. The majority, 87 requests, were for research purposes. Data requests were received from four of the five current ISPGs at Rothamsted (S2N 60%; DFW 15%; ASSIST 11%; SCP 6%; TPM 0% and 8% from the Communications Team). 59 requests were from institutes and 27 from universities. Other requests were received from companies, teachers, farmers and agricultural consultants. Most requests, 84, came from the UK but others came from eight other countries, including USA (8), France (5), Germany (4), China (4), Spain (2), The Netherlands (2) Sweden (1) and Australia (1). 23 of the research requests were from MSc/PhD students. In total we identified that 17 journal articles were published in 2019-2020 that used or referred to data and/or samples from the long-term experiments. There were 66 individual visit events during 2019-2020. In 2020-2021 there were 10 requests for plant or soil samples from the experiments, of which 7 were internal and 3 external; 9 requests were for fresh samples from the LTEs and 1 for archived samples from the RSA. Three requests required material from two experiments. In total, 39 journal articles, 1 book chapter and 1 thesis, that used or referred to data and/or samples from the Long-term Experiments National Capability (LTE-NC), were published. Publicising and disseminating new knowledge, for the benefit of academia and the wider public, is a key activity of the LTE-NC. Hosting visits is an important part of this work. However, the COVID-19 pandemic and local and national restrictions imposed since March 2020 prevented this in 2020-2021. In addition, research and industry focussed events were decreased from six in 2019 to only one in 2020. External sample requests were decreased and active collaborations were down from 6 to 3 in 2019 and 2020 respectively. However, data requests were not adversely affected. In 2020-2021 there were 120 requests for data from e-RA (this compares with 129 for the same period the previous year). These comprised 37 internal + 83 external requests; 84 requested LTE data and 37 requested meteorological data. The resource was used increasingly by external users and more requests were for LTE data than meteorological data. The majority, 83 requests, were for research purposes. Data requests were received from four of the five current Institute Strategic Programme Grants (ISPGs) at Rothamsted (S2N 60%; DFW 15%; ASSIST 11%; SCP 6%; TPM 0% and 8% from the Communications Team); 49 requests were from institutes and 32 from universities. Other requests were received from companies, teachers, farmers, and agricultural consultants. Most requests, 80, came from the UK but others came from fourteen other countries (8 the previous year), including Germany (8), China (7), Australia (4), Canada, Italy, and New Zealand (2 each), Finland, France, Japan, Mexico, Morocco, Sweden, Switzerland, and The Netherlands (1 each). Nineteen of the research requests were from M.Sc./Ph.D. students. In 2021-2022 there were a total of 363 data downloads from the e-RA, including 34 different DOI datasets. The Broadbalk mean long-term Wheat Yields 1852-2016 was the most downloaded (63), followed by Broadbalk Soil Organic Carbon content 1843-2015 (37), Hoosfield Soil Organic Carbon Content (24), Park Grass Hay Yields 1965-2018 (19) and the Broadbalk Soil Organic Carbon 1843-2010 (17), amongst others. In addition, there were 75 direct requests for data or for associated information about the LTEs and met station. This compares with 120 for the same period in the previous year; these numbers are lower compared with 2020 because since the launch of a new e-RA website in May 2021 many data requests are now handled online. The 75 direct requests comprised 27 internal + 48 external requests; 55 requested classical experiment data and 32 requested meteorological data. The majority, 60 requests, were for research purposes; 34 requests were from institutes and 23 from universities. Other requests were received from companies (4), teachers (3), farmers (1) and agricultural consultants (2). Most direct requests, 53, came from the UK but others came from 11 other countries (14 the previous year), including Brazil (2), Germany (3), China (1), Canada (3), Denmark (3), USA (3), France (1), Ireland (1) Japan (1), Russia (1) and The Netherlands (1). 18 of the research requests were from MSc/PhD students (19 the previous year). In 2021-2022 there were 14 requests for access to samples or experiments, of which 10 were internal and 4 external; 12 requests were for access to the field LTEs and 3 for archived samples in the RSA. In total, 34 journal articles, 3 book chapter and 1 thesis that used or referred to data and/or samples from the long-term experiments were published in 2021-2022. Visits recovered slightly, although the COVID-19 pandemic continued into the 2021-2022 period. There were 16 individual visit events received. 2022-2023 Long-Term Experiments (LTEs) and Rothamsted Sample Archive (RSA) The LTEs and RSA continue to provide a globally-unique research platform for Rothamsted and external users for new research. In 2022-2023, a further 1019 crop samples, 151 soil samples, 41 drainage water samples and 7 organics/fertiliser samples were collected from the LTEs and subjected to analysis. This took the total samples collected during the lifetime of the project (2017-2023) to 6251 crop, 1223 soil, 311 drainage water and 34 organic/fertiliser. The RSA received a further 350 crop and 151 soil samples as 'stock' samples, and many more as post-analysis ground samples. The LTEs and RSA continue to support new research. There were 7 requests for fresh samples from the LTEs and 2 requests for samples from the RSA during 2022-2023. External use made up the majority of the requests (6 of the LTE requests and both of the RSA requests). Sample requests were impacted greatly by the COVID-19 pandemic in the latter part of the project, but nevertheless during the project lifetime it supported 85 individual sample requests (58% internal and 42% external), comprising 68 requests for LTE samples and 19 requests for RSA samples (some requests included both). We collaborated with 17 different UK institutions and 11 international institutions throughout 2017-2023 to provide samples for new research, much of which yielded publications. The pandemic was a challenge, but we are confident that we will increase usage of the LTE and RSA resources, not least through an increased social media profile. New projects continue to be supported. As an example, from September 2022, a Ph.D. student supervised by a Rothamsted colleague began a research project "Understanding Eyespot disease of cereals: past, present and future" which will involve investigating past historical long-term eyespot pathogen population dynamics using samples from two long-term experiments (Broadbalk Winter Wheat and Hoosfield Spring Barley) in the RSA to retrieve diseased crop stems with eyespot lesions. Electronic Rothamsted Archive (e-RA) and Environmental Monitoring In 2022-2023, there were 148 requests for data/information relating to the Rothamsted Long-Term Experiments National Capability, including the Long-Term Experiment (LTEs) themselves and meteorological data. These all involved interaction with e-RA Curators (as opposed to users directly downloading data from the e-RA website, see below). These were comprised of 106 LTE and 51 met data; 55 internal to Rothamsted and 93 external (approximating a 1:2 internal : external ratio, which is good for a National Capability). The majority, 111, were for Research reasons but others were for Teaching (4), by Companies (4), Consultants (4), a Farmer (1) and personal/public use (4). It is mainly Universities (51) and Institutes (65) that make requests but also Schools (2). Researcher types are mostly post-doctoral (78), but there were also 26 students MSc/PhD students and 2 undergraduates. Broadbalk Winter Wheat is the most requested experiment for data (56), followed by Park Grass (26) and Hoosfield Spring Barley (16) but the other lesser-known LTEs are getting more request also (Highfield Bare Fallow 4, Woburn Organic Manuring 4, Long-Term Liming 4, Alternate Wheat and Fallow 4, Exhaustion Land 2, Acid Strip 1, Amounts of Straw 1). Most data requests (99) originate in the UK, but others come from 16 other countries: USA 10, Australia 4, France 4, Germany 4, China 3, Sweden 3, The Netherlands 3, Belgium 2, Japan 2, Brazil 1, Canada 1, Denmark 1, India 1, Ireland 1, New Zealand 1, Switzerland 1. There are a wide variety of reasons given for data requests including crop modelling, soil organic matter, carbon modelling, climate change effect on crops, university teaching, statistics courses, public engagement, and history of Rothamsted and agriculture. There were 668 direct downloads of 57 Open Access Datasets. The top ten most downloaded were Broadbalk Winter Wheat long-term mean wheat yields 90, Broadbalk Winter Wheat soil organic carbon 55, Park Grass plot photos 31, Highfield Ley-Arable SOC 28, Hoosfield Spring Barley SOC 26, Broadbalk Wilderness OC 24, Broadbalk Winter Wheat nutrients 24, Broadbalk Winter Wheat soil nitrogen 22, Fosters Ley-Arable SOC 20, Geescroft Wilderness OC 20. There were 39 requests for a password to download data from the e-RA database. A number of research datasets and reports pertaining to the LTEs were published by e-RA in 2022-2023. These covered several LTEs at Rothamsted and Woburn, past and present, and data from the Met Stations. They have been added to the portfolio of published datasets and reports, and are used extensively by internal and external users. The Dimensions Database (https://www.dimensions.ai/) enables us to track how the datasets are being used. These indicate usage for current research on global challenges such as sustainable agriculture, crop yield stability, climate change, nitrogen use efficiency, carbon sequestration, and plant nutrition. In 2022, our Twitter account name was changed from @eRA_Curator to 'Rothamsted Long-Term Experiments (RLTE)' and our followers increased from ~500 to >1200. We have seen an increase in the interest in the project. A single Tweet in January 2023 on the Rothamsted Sample Archive gained 138 retweets, 685 likes and over 73k views, considerable interaction/engagement with overwhelmingly positive responses (recognising the global uniqueness) and has led to request to visit and access the RSA. Other popular tweets have included ones linked to International Women in Science Day, and historical maps of Rothamsted. This has led to increased engagement with both academia and the general public. We can therefore demonstrate that e-RA continues to serve both Rothamsted and external users with a variety of data and information for the purposes of research, teaching and general interest. The 2017-2023 NC project therefore finishes with e-RA having delivered over 700 data requests (c. 120 annually), and with over 1000 data downloads (since May 2021 only). The project has continued to contribute fully to several environmental monitoring networks, most notably the UK Environmental Change Network and the network to which that is affiliated to. Academic impact In 2022-2023, the project supported 66 new publications - comprising 31 peer-reviewed papers and a further 35 datasets, reports, and theses. This takes the total for the lifetime of the project to 265 publications (180 peer-reviewed papers and 85 datasets and other outputs), equating to about 44 annually. This emphasises that the Long-Term Experiments project has been a true National Capability in supporting new research in the biosciences, and building on the strong foundations of the LTEs themselves, their samples and their datasets. Engagement The Long-Term Experiments National Capability received 82 individual visit events during 2022-2023, taking the total during the project lifetime to 251 events (including the COVID-19 pandemic period when no visits occurred). A new system for planning and recording such visits was introduced in time for 1 April 2022, ensuring accurate figures to be recorded. The 82 individual visits comprised 825 people in 2022-2023 (27 from Rothamsted, 484 from the UK, 314 international). The visits covered a range of different sectors from academics, students, agricultural stakeholders, policy makers, school children and the general public. High-profile visitors included the Environmental Food and Rural Affairs Committee (including 5 MPs), the Secretary of State for Defra, and the US Deputy Secretary of Agriculture. We welcomed international visitors from Brazil, Canada, Denmark, Finland, Germany, Ghana, India, Ireland, Malawi, Mexico, Morocco, New Zealand, Norway, Pakistan, Poland, Singapore, Thailand, UAE, and the USA. Visits enable us to reach out beyond the academic sector and to engage with other stakeholders. The verbal feedback we receive is overwhelmingly positive, and we will look to capture this into the future. This award ended on 31 March 2023 and future outputs from 1 April 2023 will be reported in the successor BBSRC National Bioscience Research Infrastructure: Rothamsted Long-Term Experiments award (BBS/E/RH/23NB0007).
First Year Of Impact	2017
Sector	Agriculture, Food and Drink,Education,Environment,Culture, Heritage, Museums and Collections
Impact Types	Cultural Societal


Description	British Society of Soil Science: Science Note on Soil Carbon
Geographic Reach	Multiple continents/international
Policy Influence Type	Implementation circular/rapid advice/letter to e.g. Ministry of Health
Impact	The note was distributed at the COP 26 conference in Glasgow in 2021, with a view to interacting directly with policy makers. The note is freely available on the BSSS website.
URL	https://soils.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2022/05/BSSS_Science-Note_Soil-Carbon_Final_May22_75YRS_DIGI...


Description	Environment Food and Rural Affairs Committee visit
Geographic Reach	National
Policy Influence Type	Contribution to a national consultation/review


Description	Development of a Global Long-term Experiments Network (GLTEN)
Amount	£200,000 (GBP)
Organisation	Thirty Percy Foundation
Sector	Charity/Non Profit
Country	United Kingdom
Start	09/2019
End	09/2022


Description	GCRF and Newton Consolidation Account (GNCA)
Amount	£30,000 (GBP)
Organisation	United Kingdom Research and Innovation
Sector	Public
Country	United Kingdom
Start	11/2022
End	03/2023


Description	GLTEN Africa: Cropping system diversity, a cornerstone of sustainable intensification.
Amount	£746,204 (GBP)
Funding ID	BB/R020663/1
Organisation	Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (BBSRC)
Sector	Public
Country	United Kingdom
Start	06/2018
End	06/2021


Title	Data Carpentries Training course
Description	FAIR Data Management for Long-term Agriculture Experiments - Data Carpentries Training course developed to consolidate GNCA workshop. Ostler R, "FAIR Data Management for Long-term Agriculture Experiments", 2023
Type Of Material	Improvements to research infrastructure
Year Produced	2023
Provided To Others?	Yes
Impact	The course developed by Richard Ostler is aimed at long-term agricultural experiment (LTE) managers, and researchers interested in using long-term agricultural experiment data, who want to apply FAIR principles and good research data management practices to their LTE data. While the target audience for the course is therefore LTE managers and researchers, it covers many data management and FAIR data topics relevant to a broader audience working on agricultural field trials.
URL	https://carpentries-incubator.github.io/fair-data-management-agriculture/


Title	Enhancement of e-RA website
Description	The Electronic Rothamsted Archive (e-RA) website has been further enhanced and a more streamlined process introduced for downloading Open Access datasets, whilst still gaining useful metrics on downloads. There are now two types of Open Access Datasets; Complete Open Access Datasets (COA) which are in a Frictionless format (containing essential metadata) and Summary Open Access Datasets (SOA) in a basic Excel format. A complete list is available https://www.era.rothamsted.ac.uk/info/datasets.
Type Of Material	Improvements to research infrastructure
Year Produced	2022
Provided To Others?	Yes
Impact	Access to the datasets and metadata pertaining to the Rothamsted Long-Term Experiments has been improved. There is an increased ability for users to download items themselves, but the data request system remains in operation with expert curation. One new area of development has been developing a new internal system for dataset publications management.
URL	https://www.era.rothamsted.ac.uk/info/datasets


Title	Cirsium arvense frequency on Broadbalk Section 8 1991-2018
Description	This dataset consists of the relative frequencies of Cirsium arvense (Creeping thistle) of the Family Asteraceae recorded on Section 8 plots of the Broadbalk Wheat Experiment, 1991-2018. Section 8 has not received any herbicides in its history. The collective weed fauna, and frequency of each species such as C. arvense, differ in response to fertiliser treatments which vary with each plot (see Related Documents below).
Type Of Material	Database/Collection of data
Year Produced	2019
Provided To Others?	Yes
Impact	Open Access dataset made available to the scientific community.
URL	https://www.era.rothamsted.ac.uk/dataset/rbk1/01-CIRSIUM1991


Title	Acid Strip soil pH and phosphorus concentration 2010
Description	The Acid Strip is a narrow strip of land on the the northern edge of Hoosfield, Rothamsted. The strip received large uneven applications of chalk (lime) in the 1850s, and no chalk since. This uneven application of chalk has lead to a dramatic decline in soil pH from East to West. No P or K fertilizer or manure has been applied to the site. Winter wheat is now grown, given 100 kgN/ha. This dataset contains the soil pH and soil phosphorus (P) data measured in August 2010, as reported by Turner and Blackwell (2013), funded by BBSRC Project BB/J004642/1, Development of BBSRC's capacity for the analysis of organic P in soils.
Type Of Material	Database/Collection of data
Year Produced	2022
Provided To Others?	Yes
Impact	Open Access dataset made available to the scientific community.
URL	https://www.era.rothamsted.ac.uk/dataset/rrs9/01-SOIL2010


Title	Annual Mean Air Temperature Anomaly at Rothamsted 1878-2019
Description	Rothamsted has one of the longest running continuous sets of daily meteorological recordings in the world. Temperature has been measured since 1878. The figure above shows the temperature anomaly in annual mean air temperature (black circles), for years 1878 to 2019, relative to the 1878 to 1920 long-term average, which represents the pre-industrial era. Variation in annual temperature is smoothed using an 11-year (132 month) moving average (red line, which removes solar variability and shorter-term variability such as the Southern Oscillation (Hansen et. al., 2010)). The figure shows that air temperatures have risen sharply since 1987 (Scott, 2015) with annual temperatures, over the last decade, estimated to be between 1.3°C and 1.6°C higher than the pre-industrial period (Hansen. et. al., 2016). Much of the rise is due to increases in temperature during the autumn and winter months, and at night-time.
Type Of Material	Database/Collection of data
Year Produced	2020
Provided To Others?	Yes
Impact	Open Access dataset made available to the scientific community.
URL	https://www.era.rothamsted.ac.uk/dataset/rms/01-RMAAtempanom


Title	Annual Mean Air Temperature at Rothamsted v2 1878-2019
Description	Mean air temperatures recorded at Rothamsted 1878-2019
Type Of Material	Database/Collection of data
Year Produced	2019
Provided To Others?	Yes
Impact	Used in the preparation of publications including "Investigating the effects of inter-annual weather variation (1968-2016) on the functional response of cereal grain yield to applied nitrogen, using data from the Rothamsted Long-Term Experiments", Addy, J.W.G., Ellis, R.H., Macdonald, A.J., Semenov, M.A. and Mead, A. (2020) Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, 284.
URL	http://www.era.rothamsted.ac.uk


Title	Broadbalk 2016 & 2017 forage maize nutrient data
Description	Crop nutrient data (% N, P K, Ca, Mg, Na and S) for forage maize on Broadbalk rotation sections, for 2016 and 2017 available in dataset BKMAIZNUTRI. This is the last year of data for forage maize, which was replaced with winter beans in the rotation in 2018.
Type Of Material	Database/Collection of data
Year Produced	2020
Provided To Others?	Yes
Impact	Data available for inclusion in papers and other publications
URL	http://www.era.rothamsted.ac.uk


Title	Broadbalk 2016 Take-all data
Description	Take-all rating for Broadbalk 2016 wheat - 1st, 2nd and 3rd wheats, and continuous wheat, Section 9, in dataset BKDISEASE.
Type Of Material	Database/Collection of data
Year Produced	2019
Provided To Others?	Yes
Impact	Available for use in publications
URL	http://www.era.rothamsted.ac.uk


Title	Broadbalk 2018 grain quality data
Description	Wheat grain quality data, including hectolitre weights, thousand grain weights, Hagberg falling numbers and grain size data - now available for selected Sections, in dataset BKGR_QUALITY.
Type Of Material	Database/Collection of data
Year Produced	2019
Provided To Others?	Yes
Impact	Data available for use in publications
URL	http://www.era.rothamsted.ac.uk


Title	Broadbalk 2018 oats yield data
Description	The dataset includes oats grain and straw yields and grain quality data for 2018, in dataset BKOATS.
Type Of Material	Database/Collection of data
Year Produced	2019
Provided To Others?	Yes
Impact	Data available for use in publications
URL	http://www.era.rothamsted.ac.uk


Title	Broadbalk Crop Nutrient Content, Potatoes 1968-1996
Description	From 1968 Broadbalk was divided into 10 sections. Grain and straw from selected sections and plots of all crops (wheat and rotational crops) were collected and stored in the Sample Archive. They were analysed for Nitrogen (N), Phosphorus (P), Potassium (K), Calcium (Ca), Magnesium (Mg), Sodium (Na) and Sulphur (S). Data is presented here for % nutrients in potato tubers and is the response to different fertiliser treatments and cropping.
Type Of Material	Database/Collection of data
Year Produced	2021
Provided To Others?	Yes
URL	http://www.era.rothamsted.ac.uk/dataset/rbk1/01-BKNUTRP


Title	Broadbalk Crop Nutrient Content, Wheat 1968-2017
Description	From 1968 Broadbalk was divided into 10 sections. Grain and straw from selected sections and plots were collected and stored in the Sample Archive. They were analysed for nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), sodium (Na) and sulphur (S). Data is presented as % nutrient in wheat grain and straw and is the response to different fertiliser treatments and cropping. Nitrogen is available all years and other nutrients for selected years, and for varying sections (see Table of Contents for summary and downloadable file for detail).
Type Of Material	Database/Collection of data
Year Produced	2021
Provided To Others?	Yes
Impact	Open Access dataset made available to the scientific community.
URL	https://www.era.rothamsted.ac.uk/dataset/rbk1/01-BKNUTRW


Title	Broadbalk Soil Total % Nitrogen Content, 1843-2010
Description	Long-term changes in total % nitrogen concentration in the topsoil (0-23 cm) in selected treatments of the Broadbalk experiment, where winter wheat has been grown most years since 1843 (continuous wheat).
Type Of Material	Database/Collection of data
Year Produced	2018
Provided To Others?	Yes
Impact	Open Access dataset made available to the scientific community.
URL	https://www.era.rothamsted.ac.uk/dataset/rbk1/01-Nitro1843


Title	Broadbalk Wheat Experiment Chalk Applications
Description	Details of the routine chalk (lime) applications to the Broadbalk Wheat Experiment, first applied in 1955. A regular scheme was introduced in 1956 and revised in 1976. The aim was to maintain soil pH above 7.5 and minimize the range of pH values within each Section. No chalk was required 1993-2007. As in earlier years, differential chalk applications were made to selected plots in 2008, 2014 and 2019, the amount applied depending on the soil pH.
Type Of Material	Database/Collection of data
Year Produced	2022
Provided To Others?	Yes
URL	http://www.era.rothamsted.ac.uk/dataset/rbk1/01-CHALK


Title	Broadbalk Wheat Experiment Dates of Key Field Operations 1843-2021
Description	Dates of the key field operations on the Broadbalk Winter Wheat Experiment since 1843. Includes dates of sowing, harvest, ploughing and application of FYM and fertilizer N. Also wheat cultivars. The first crop was sown in the autumn on 1843. Published as a pdf.
Type Of Material	Database/Collection of data
Year Produced	2023
Provided To Others?	Yes
Impact	The dataset has been downloaded by different external users.
URL	https://www.era.rothamsted.ac.uk/metadata/rbk1/rbk1-keydates-01.pdf


Title	Broadbalk Wheat Experiment plan and cropping 1852-1925
Description	Experiment plan for the Broadbalk Wheat Experiment 1852-1925, with details of fertilizer and manure treatments (not to scale). Also cropping details 1843-1925. Revised May 2021 with addition of cropping details.
Type Of Material	Database/Collection of data
Year Produced	2021
Provided To Others?	Yes
Impact	Data has been made available for use in publications.
URL	http://www.era.rothamsted.ac.uk/metadata/rbk1/02-rbk1-plan1852-1925.pdf


Title	Broadbalk Wheat Experiment plan and cropping 1926-1967
Description	Experiment plan for the Broadbalk Wheat Experiment 1926-1967, with details of fertilizer and manure treatments (not to scale). Also cropping details 1926-1967, showing wheat cultivars, wheat/fallow rotations and the different sections. Updated June 2021 with addition of cropping details.
Type Of Material	Database/Collection of data
Year Produced	2021
Provided To Others?	Yes
Impact	Data is available for use in publications.
URL	http://www.era.rothamsted.ac.uk/metadata/rbk1/02-rbk1-plan1926-1967.pdf


Title	Broadbalk Wheat Experiment plan and cropping 1968-2017
Description	Experiment plan for the Broadbalk Wheat Experiment, showing fertilizer and and manure treatments, crop rotations and the Broadbalk Wilderness (not to scale). Details of fertilizer and manure treatments and cropping 1968-2017.
Type Of Material	Database/Collection of data
Year Produced	2021
Provided To Others?	Yes
Impact	Data is available for use in publications.
URL	http://www.era.rothamsted.ac.uk/metadata/rbk1/01-rbk1-plan1968-2017.pdf


Title	Broadbalk Wheat Experiment plan and cropping since 2018
Description	Experiment plan for the Broadbalk Wheat Experiment, showing fertilizer and manure treatments, crop rotations and the Broadbalk wilderness. Details of fertilizer and cropping since 2018.
Type Of Material	Database/Collection of data
Year Produced	2021
Provided To Others?	Yes
Impact	Data has been made available for use in publications.
URL	http://www.era.rothamsted.ac.uk/metadata/rbk1/02-rbk1-today2018.pdf


Title	Broadbalk Wheat Experiment yields and N uptake Section 1, 2001-2015
Description	This dataset contains the annual harvested grain and straw yields and N content for each treatment plot of the Broadbalk Wheat Experiment, Section 1 (continuous wheat) 2001-2015. Also other agronomic information including sowing and harvest date, amount, type and date of application of fertilizers and manure, and wheat varieties.
Type Of Material	Database/Collection of data
Year Produced	2022
Provided To Others?	Yes
URL	http://www.era.rothamsted.ac.uk/dataset/rbk1/01-YLDS10115


Title	Broadbalk Wheat annual grain and straw yields 1852-1925
Description	Mean annual grain and straw yields for each treatment strip of the Broadbalk Wheat Experiment, 1852-1925. Also other agronomic information, including sowing and harvest dates, amount, type and date of application of treatments, and winter wheat cultivars.
Type Of Material	Database/Collection of data
Year Produced	2021
Provided To Others?	Yes
Impact	Open Access dataset made available to the scientific community.
URL	https://www.era.rothamsted.ac.uk/dataset/rbk1/01-YIELD852925


Title	Broadbalk Wheat brown foot rot (Fusarium spp.) 1992-2009
Description	This dataset contains scores of Brown Foot Rot (BFR) caused by _Fusarium_ spp., from the Broadbalk wheat experiment, with associated grain yield at harvest, 1992-2009. BFR infection varied a lot from year to year, possibly due to variation in winter and spring temperature and rainfall. Infection was greatest in 3rd wheats and continuous wheat, and least in 1st wheats. Fertilizer application rates influenced infection, with the lowest rates in plots where one or more nutrients was missing (plots 10 and 11). The plots treated with the most nitrogen (plots 15 and 21) had the highest BFR scores, as also reported for Broadbalk by Glynne (1969) and in dilution plating studies by Bateman and Coskun (1995) and Snyder and Nash (1968). This dataset was assembled by Amisha Pradhan in summer 2021 as part of the Nuffield Research Placements Summer Studentship scheme.
Type Of Material	Database/Collection of data
Year Produced	2021
Provided To Others?	Yes
Impact	Open Access dataset made available to the scientific community.
URL	https://www.era.rothamsted.ac.uk/dataset/rbk1/01-BKBFR


Title	Broadbalk Wilderness accumulation of organic carbon
Description	The accumulation of organic carbon in soil and tree biomass has been measured on two contrasting sites at Rothamsted that were fenced off in the 1880s and left to revert naturally to woodland. Broadbalk, on calcareous soil, and Geescroft Wilderness, on acidic soil. Previously, both sites had been in arable cultivation for centuries. The Broadbalk site was part of the Broadbalk wheat experiment, and had grown unmanured winter wheat since autumn 1843. Large amounts of chalk had been applied to the soil in the late 18th - early 19th centuries, and the surface soil pH is still neutral (pH 7.7 in 1999). The site is small (0.2ha). It was previously a long-term arable site, and was allowed to naturally regenerate to deciduous woodland following abandonment of arable cropping. The last wheat crop was sown in autumn 1881, but not harvested. In 1882, the site was then fenced off, left uncultivated and unharvested. No fertilizer or manure were applied. In 1900 it was divided into two halves: one half remained untouched (regenerating woodland). The other half had all woody species removed annually (stubbed), to allow open ground vegetation to develop. In 1957 the stubbed section was divided into two, one half remains as 'stubbed', the other half was mown for three years, grazed by sheep each year from 1960-2000, mown since 2001 (herbage not removed). Data for 'stubbed' and grassland areas is not shown, but is available on request from the e-RA curators. Broadbalk Wilderness is now dominated by ash (Fraxinus excelsior), with sycamore (Acer pseudoplatanus) and hawthorn (Craetagus monogyna); in contrast, the acidic Geescroft Wilderness is now a deciduous wood dominated by oak (Quercus robur). The figure shows the accumulation of organic carbon in the soil and in tree root and above-ground biomass in the Broadbalk Wilderness, 1881-1999. The soil has been sampled to an equivalent depth of 69cm (see Poulton et al, 2003 for further details). The site has gained 3.39 t C/ha/year over the 120 year period (0.54 t in the soil plus an estimated 2.85 t in trees and roots). Unlike the Geescroft wilderness site, the amount of C in the litter layer is negligible, as the litter decomposes each year. This selected data is from work published in Poulton et al. (2003). Data on the accumulation of nitrogen is also available from the e-RA curators. The figure shows the accumulation of organic carbon in the soil and in tree root and above-ground biomass in the Broadbalk Wilderness, 1881-1999.
Type Of Material	Database/Collection of data
Year Produced	2015
Provided To Others?	Yes
Impact	Open Access dataset made available to the scientific community.
URL	https://www.era.rothamsted.ac.uk/dataset/rbk1w/01-BKWoc


Title	Broadbalk changes in Olsen P in top soil, 1843-2010
Description	Summary data showing changes in plant-available phosphorus (Olsen P) in the topsoil (0-23cm) of selected plots of the Broadbalk Wheat experiment, 1843-2010.
Type Of Material	Database/Collection of data
Year Produced	2016
Provided To Others?	Yes
Impact	Open Access dataset made available to the scientific community.
URL	https://www.era.rothamsted.ac.uk/dataset/rbk1/01-OAOlsenP1844


Title	Broadbalk experiment wheat and oats crop nutrient data
Description	Winter wheat grain and straw nutrient data, 2014-2017 added to dataset BKWHNUTRI. WInter oats grain and straw nutrient data, 2014-2017 added to dataset BKOATNUTRI.
Type Of Material	Database/Collection of data
Year Produced	2020
Provided To Others?	Yes
Impact	Contributions to papers
URL	http://www.era.rothamsted.ac.uk


Title	Broadbalk experiment winter bean yield data 2018
Description	Winter bean (Vicia faba ) yields and thousand grain weights for 2018 now available from e-RA, added to dataset BKBEANS, which also contains spring bean yields from 1968-1978. In 2018 a new rotation of wheat > wheat > oats > wheat > winter beans was introduced on the rotational sections of Broadbalk.
Type Of Material	Database/Collection of data
Year Produced	2020
Provided To Others?	Yes
Impact	Available for use in preparation of papers and Ph.D. theses.
URL	http://www.era.rothamsted.ac.uk


Title	Broadbalk mean long-term winter wheat yields 1852-2016
Description	Mean long-term winter wheat yields from selected treatments on Broadbalk 1852-2016, reflecting the improved treatments and agronomic practices introduced on Broadbalk such as modern cultivars, better control of pests, diseases and weeds, especially since the 1960s. To control weeds, the experiment was divided into five sections in the 1920s and one section bare fallowed each year. The introduction of herbicides removed the need for fallowing. Yields of continuous wheat given no fertilizer or manure have remained at around 1 t ha-1. In 1968 a rotation was introduced on part of the experiment, so that it is now possible to compare the yields of wheat grown continuously and as the first wheat after a two-year break. Since 1979 summer fungicides have been used, which has allowed us to exploit the greater grain yield potential of modern cultivars. From 1985, two higher N rates have been tested, 240 and 288 kg N ha -1. The highest yields are now from the first wheat crop in rotation, with the greatest yields from fertilizer alone exceeding those from FYM alone, and the combination of FYM + 96 kgN ha-1 (144 kgN ha-1 since 2005) often exceeding both. The largest annual wheat yields on Broadbalk (>13 t ha-1) were recorded in 2014, following the change in variety from Hereward to Crusoe. The greatest yields were not always achieved with the highest N rate. The figure shows the mean greatest first wheat yields achieved from the NPK treatments, receiving up to a maximum of 288 kg N ha-1 (a maximum of 192 kg N ha-1 from 1968-1984).
Type Of Material	Database/Collection of data
Year Produced	2017
Provided To Others?	Yes
Impact	Open Access dataset made available to the scientific community.
URL	https://www.era.rothamsted.ac.uk/dataset/rbk1/01-OAWWYields


Title	Broadbalk soil organic carbon content 1843-2015
Description	Long-term changes in soil organic carbon content (t/ha) in selected treatments of the Broadbalk experiment, where winter wheat has been grown every year since autumn 1843. SOC in t/ha, calculated from %SOC and soil weights, adjusted for changes in soil bulk density in FYM treatments. Updated to include 2015 data and some small corrections to calculations of total SOC for plots 2.1 and 1.
Type Of Material	Database/Collection of data
Year Produced	2021
Provided To Others?	Yes
Impact	Open Access dataset made available to the scientific community.
URL	https://www.era.rothamsted.ac.uk/dataset/rbk1/02-BKSOC1843


Title	Broadbalk wheat experiment cropping 1843-2021
Description	Cropping details for the Broadbalk wheat experiment, 1843-2021, with details of cultivars, crops and rotations.
Type Of Material	Database/Collection of data
Year Produced	2021
Provided To Others?	Yes
Impact	Data has been made available for use in publications.
URL	http://www.era.rothamsted.ac.uk/metadata/rbk1/01-rbk1-crop1843-2021.pdf


Title	Dataset: Park Grass Hay Yields, Fertilizer and Lime Treatments 1903-1964
Description	This dataset contains the yields of hay (t/ha), for both the 1st and 2nd cuts, harvested from Park Grass Hay Experiment since 1903-1964. Details of the fertilizer, lime treatments and harvest dates are also included. Originally one plot per treatment, in 1903, most plots were split into two to test the effects of liming, as acidity had built up with fertilizer use, with one half limed with chalk (L) and the other half left un-limed (U). In 1920 the remaining plots (14, 15 and 17) were split in half also, to join the liming scheme. Three other plots (18, 19 and 20) were split to three to receive light lime (LL), heavy lime (HL) and un-limed (U). Yields are provided for all fertiliser treatment plots and sub-plots. Yields are expressed as t/ha at 100% dry matter. Variations in yield reflect the various fertilizer treatments and liming regimes, as well as the local weather and atmospheric inputs. This data set is followed by that for 1965-2018 and so includes plot numbers (subsequent plots) from that later design-period to provide continuity between datasets.
Type Of Material	Database/Collection of data
Year Produced	2022
Provided To Others?	Yes
Impact	Open Access dataset made available to the scientific community.
URL	https://www.era.rothamsted.ac.uk/dataset/rpg5/01-OAyieldsperiod2


Title	Dataset: Park Grass Hay Yields, Fertilizer and Lime Treatments 1965-2018
Description	This dataset contains the yields of hay (t/ha), for both the 1st and 2nd cuts, harvested from Park Grass Hay Experiment since 1965-2018. Details of the fertilizer, lime treatments and harvest dates are also included. In 1965, a new liming regime was introduced with four sub-plots per plot (a. at pH 7, b. at pH 6, c. at pH 5 and d. un-limed). Yields are provided for all fertiliser treatment plots and sub-plots (except for plots 5 and 6 cd, which were used for micro-plot experiments). Yields are expressed as t/ha at 100% dry matter. Variations in yield reflect the various fertilizer treatments and liming regimes, as well as the local weather and atmospheric inputs.
Type Of Material	Database/Collection of data
Year Produced	2021
Provided To Others?	Yes
Impact	Open Access dataset made available to the scientific community.
URL	https://www.era.rothamsted.ac.uk/dataset/rpg5/01-OAyieldsperiod3


Title	Dataset: Park Grass Species, Fertilizer and Lime Treatments 1991-2000
Description	The dataset contains the proportional biomass of botanical species of Park Grass hay experiment 1991-2000. They comprise the biomass of all treatment plots. Each survey was done annually just before the first cut. There are sixty-eight species in the dataset and are comprised of forbs, grasses, and legumes. The species composition in different plots reflect their fertiliser treatment and pH of the plot due to liming. Unfertilised control plots have the greatest species numbers (up to 25 species per plot) and plots receiving nitrogen as ammonium sulphate have the lowest species number (down to one or two per plot), particularly where lime is not applied, due to the acidifying effects of the ammonium on the soil. Nitrogen applied as sodium nitrate also decreases species numbers. There was no evidence of any local extinctions or species invasions during the 10-year period of study. Fertilizer and lime treatments are also provided in the dataset.
Type Of Material	Database/Collection of data
Year Produced	2021
Provided To Others?	Yes
Impact	Open Access dataset made available to the scientific community.
URL	https://www.era.rothamsted.ac.uk/dataset/rpg5/01-OAPGspecies9100


Title	Dataset: Park Grass Species, Fertilizer and Lime Treatments 2010-2012
Description	The dataset contains the proportional biomass of botanical species of Park Grass hay experiment 2010-2012. They comprise the biomass of selected treatment plots to cover a range of the various treatments. Each survey was done annually just before the first cut. There are sixty-eight species in the dataset and are comprised of forbs, grasses, legumes, and tree saplings. The species composition in different plots reflect their fertiliser treatment and pH of the plot due to liming. Unfertilised control plots have the greatest species numbers (up to 33 species per plot, for plot 3a in 2010) and plots receiving nitrogen as ammonium sulphate have the lowest species number (down to one or two per plot), particularly where lime is not applied, due to the acidifying effects of the ammonium on the soil. Nitrogen applied as sodium nitrate also decreases species numbers. There some local extinctions and species invasions compared to the 10-year dataset 1991-2000, see Additional Information. Fertilizer and lime treatments are also provided in the dataset, as are common names of species.
Type Of Material	Database/Collection of data
Year Produced	2022
Provided To Others?	Yes
Impact	Open Access dataset made available to the scientific community.
URL	https://www.era.rothamsted.ac.uk/dataset/rpg5/01-OAPGspecies0012


Title	Exhaustion Land Experiment annual crop yields 1856-1901
Description	This dataset contains crop yield data from Phase 1 of the Exhaustion Land long-term experiment, 1856-1901. Details of the fertilizer and manure treatments, sowing and harvest dates are also included. Winter wheat was grown each year from 1856-1874. The experiment was fallowed in 1875, then potatoes were grown each year from 1876-1901. Potato tuber % dry matter and % N content are also included.
Type Of Material	Database/Collection of data
Year Produced	2022
Provided To Others?	Yes
Impact	Open Access dataset made available to the scientific community.
URL	https://www.era.rothamsted.ac.uk/dataset/rex4/01-YLD5601


Title	Exhaustion Land Experiment annual crop yields 1902-1939
Description	This dataset contains the annual yield data for Phase II of all plots of the Exhaustion Land Experiment 1902-1922 and 1935. No yields were recorded 1923-1939, except in 1935. Also sowing dates, varieties and hectolitre weights.
Type Of Material	Database/Collection of data
Year Produced	2022
Provided To Others?	Yes
Impact	Open Access dataset made available to the scientific community.
URL	https://www.era.rothamsted.ac.uk/dataset/rex4/01-YLD0239


Title	Exhaustion Land Experiment annual crop yields 1940-1975
Description	This dataset contains annual spring barley yield data for all plots of the Exhaustion Land Experiment, 1949-1975, and agronomic details including sowing dates and varieties. No yields were recorded 1940-1948. Basal nitrogen fertilizer was applied to all plots 1940-1974; no other fertilizer or manure was applied. This phase of the experiment tests the residual effects of different fertilizers and manures applied 1856-1901.
Type Of Material	Database/Collection of data
Year Produced	2022
Provided To Others?	Yes
Impact	Open Access dataset made available to the scientific community.
URL	https://www.era.rothamsted.ac.uk/dataset/rex4/01-YLD4075


Title	Exhaustion Land yields (spring barley and winter wheat) and assorted crop & soil phosphate (P) data, 1974-2008
Description	This dataset contains data from the long-term Exhaustion Land experiment at Rothamsted Research, specifically grain and straw yields (spring barley to 1991, thereafter winter wheat), % phosphorous (P) and P uptake (1976-2008), soil Olsen P (plant available P) and Total P (1974-2008) from the long-term Exhaustion Land experiment (established 1856) at Rothamsted Research. The experiment as a whole underwent five different phases of treatment (see below). This data is from that half of the experiment, established in 1986, called the 'P Test' which tested the effects of different levels of plant available P on crop yields and P uptake. It also contains data from the preceding 10/12 years. Prior to the 'P test', fertilizer N was applied. This had increased yields and allowed the crop to take greater advantage of the P and K residues remaining in the soil from an earlier phase (Phase I) of the experiment. These were initially large but declined as amounts of phosphate in the soil declined. In Phase IV, from 1986, because the P residues had been exhausted it was decided to see how quickly this decline in soil fertility could be reversed - annual cumulative dressings of P as triple phosphate were tested (four different rates on four sub-plots) and spring barley grown - this is known as the 'P test'. Basal N & K were applied so that was not limited. Yield responses to available-P were rapid and showed that above a critical level on this soil, of about 10-12 mg kg P there is no further increase in yield. No P was applied between 1993-1999. Maintenance dressings of P have been applied since 2000 (but not to the P0 sub-plots).
Type Of Material	Database/Collection of data
Year Produced	2018
Provided To Others?	Yes


Title	Extreme Weather Events at Rothamsted
Description	Information highlighting extreme weather at Rothamsted was made available via the Rothamsted website. This data includes information on the highest and lowest temperature, rainfall and sunshine recorded at Rothamsted, England since records began in the mid 1800s.
Type Of Material	Database/Collection of data
Year Produced	2021
Provided To Others?	Yes
Impact	The data is freely available for use by collaborators and other interested parties (e.g. schools)
URL	http://www.era.rothamsted.ac.uk/Met/extremes


Title	Fisher 1921 Broadbalk wheat grain yields 1852-1918
Description	This dataset consists of annual wheat yields from selected plots of the Broadbalk Wheat Experiment, 1852-1918, as used by R.A. Fisher in his 1921 paper 'Studies in crop variation'.
Type Of Material	Database/Collection of data
Year Produced	2018
Provided To Others?	Yes
Impact	Open Access dataset made available to the scientific community.
URL	https://www.era.rothamsted.ac.uk/dataset/rbk1/01-FISHER1921


Title	Geescroft wilderness accumulation of organic carbon
Description	The accumulation of organic carbon in soil and tree biomass has been measured on two contrasting sites at Rothamsted that were fenced off in the 1880s and left to revert naturally to woodland. Geescroft, on acidic soil and Broadbalk Wilderness, on calcareous soil. Previously, both sites had been in arable cultivation for centuries. The figure shows the accumulation of organic carbon in the soil, and tree root, litter and above-ground biomass in the Geescroft Wilderness, 1883-1999. This selected data is from work published in Poulton et al. (2003).
Type Of Material	Database/Collection of data
Year Produced	2015
Provided To Others?	Yes
Impact	Open Access dataset made available to the scientific community.
URL	https://www.era.rothamsted.ac.uk/dataset/rge9/01-GEWoc


Title	Highfield Bare Fallow soil chemical properties, 1959-2014
Description	Soil organic carbon (SOC) and total nitrogen (N) sub-plot data from the Highfield Bare Fallow experiment, sampled eight times between 1959-2014. The experiment was ploughed out of old grassland (since 1838) in 1959 and has been kept in bare fallow since by cultivation to suppress weeds. No crops are grown. The data set contains SOC and total N as % and soil stock data, soil weights and soil pH in the topsoil (0-23cm).
Type Of Material	Database/Collection of data
Year Produced	2021
Provided To Others?	Yes
URL	http://www.era.rothamsted.ac.uk/dataset/rrs1/01-SOILCN5914


Title	Hoosfield mean long-term spring barley yields 1852-2015
Description	This dataset shows the mean long-term spring barley yields from selected treatments on the Hoosfield experiment. Spring barley has been grown continuously since 1852. The changes in yield reflect the improved varieties, cultivations and control of weeds and diseases that have been introduced, especially since the late 1960s. To control weeds, the whole experiment was bare fallowed four times, in 1912, 1933, 1943 and 1967. Herbicides were introduced in 1945 and regular liming began in 1955. From 1852-1966 the Unfertilized and FYM plots did not receive any fertilizer N, whereas N1PKMg received 48 kg N ha-1. In 1968, the main plots were divided to test four rates of N (0, 48, 96 and 144 kg N ha-1); these have rotated each year since 1974. In 1970 modern short-strawed cultivars with greater yield potential were introduced, and, since 1978, summer fungicides have been used, which has allowed us to exploit that potential. Yields of spring barley given no fertilizer or manure have remained at around 1 t ha-1 throughout the experiment. Between 1852 and 1970, the highest yields were from the plot given 35 t ha-1 of FYM each year. The highest yields are now from the plot given FYM with fertilizer N (a maximum of 144 kg N ha-1), exceeding those given just inorganic fertilizers. This shows the importance of soil organic matter and good soil structure for spring-sown crops, which facilitates rooting and access to water and nutrients. The comparable Broadbalk Yields graph suggests that this is not necessarily true for winter-sown crops. There is no longer a yield benefit to the spring barley on the plot given FYM for just 20 years, 1852-71. The greatest yields were not always achieved with the highest N rate. The figure shows the greatest yields achieved each year for the NPKMg and FYM+N treatments. These are the means of the highest yields achieved each year with fertilizer N, up to a maximum of 144 kg N ha-1. From 1968 to 1978 three course rotations of potatoes, beans and barley were introduced on parts of the experiment, to compare the yields of spring barley grown continuously and after a two year break. The best yields in rotation were only 0.3 t ha-1 more than for continuous barley, and the rotations were discontinued in 1979 (data not shown). This is in contrast to the Broadbalk Experiment, where winter wheat yields after a two-year break can be more than 2 t ha-1 larger than yields of continuous wheat. Part of the reason may be that spring cropping allows more effective weed control than winter cropping, especially when herbicides are used.
Type Of Material	Database/Collection of data
Year Produced	2017
Provided To Others?	Yes
Impact	Open Access dataset made available to the scientific community.
URL	https://www.era.rothamsted.ac.uk/dataset/rhb2/01-HBYields


Title	Hoosfield soil organic carbon content
Description	This dataset shows changes in soil organic carbon (SOC) content (tha-1) in the topsoil (0-23cm) of selected treatments of the Hoosfield experiment, where spring barley has been grown each year since 1852. SOC has remained almost constant in the unfertilized plot since the 1880s, at the equilibrium level for this farming system on this soil type. Annual applications of 35 t ha-1 FYM increased SOC rapidly at first, then more slowly. This treatment now contains around three times as much SOC as the unfertilized plot. The third treatment, given FYM for just 20 years between 1852 and 1871, still contains over 40% more SOC than the unfertilized plot.
Type Of Material	Database/Collection of data
Year Produced	2012
Provided To Others?	Yes
Impact	Open Access dataset made available to the scientific community.
URL	https://www.era.rothamsted.ac.uk/dataset/rhb2/01-HBSOC1852


Title	Mean Monthly Rainfall at Rothamsted March 1853 - July 2018
Description	This dataset represents the monthly mean rainfall at Rothamsted continuously from March 1853 - July 2018 and is based on continuous daily records measured at the site.
Type Of Material	Database/Collection of data
Year Produced	2018
Provided To Others?	Yes


Title	Mean monthly rainfall at Rothamsted October 1985-September 2017
Description	This dataset represents the mean monthly rainfall recorded at Rothamsted from October 1985 - September 2017 and is derived from continuous daily records measured at the site.
Type Of Material	Database/Collection of data
Year Produced	2020
Provided To Others?	Yes
Impact	Open Access dataset made available to the scientific community.
URL	https://www.era.rothamsted.ac.uk/dataset/rms/01-rmsMMR10850917


Title	Mean monthly temperature at Rothamsted October 1985-September 2017
Description	This dataset represents the mean monthly temperature at Rothamsted from October 1985 - September 2017 and is based on continuous daily records measured at the site.
Type Of Material	Database/Collection of data
Year Produced	2020
Provided To Others?	Yes
Impact	Open Access dataset made available to the scientific community.
URL	https://www.era.rothamsted.ac.uk/dataset/rms/01-rmsMMT10850917


Title	Mean monthly temperature at Rothamsted October 1985-September 2017
Description	This dataset represents the mean monthly temperature at Rothamsted from October 1985 - September 2017 and is based on continuous daily records measured at the site.
Type Of Material	Database/Collection of data
Year Produced	2020
Provided To Others?	Yes
URL	http://www.era.rothamsted.ac.uk/Met/rmsMMT10850917


Title	Park Grass 2018 yield data
Description	Data includes Park Grass Cut 1 and Cut 2 yields and % dry matter data for 2018 in dataset PGHAYEQUIV.
Type Of Material	Database/Collection of data
Year Produced	2019
Provided To Others?	Yes
Impact	Data available foe use in publications
URL	http://www.era.rothamsted.ac.uk


Title	Park Grass Mass Effects Survey data
Description	This dataset includes a survey of plant diversity on Park Grass carried out by Kunin (1998) in 1993 and 1994; available in dataset PKMASSEFF.
Type Of Material	Database/Collection of data
Year Produced	2019
Provided To Others?	Yes
Impact	Data available for use in publications
URL	http://www.era.rothamsted.ac.uk


Title	Park Grass Plot Photos
Description	Click here for the [Interactive visualisation of the Park Grass plot photos](https://www.era.rothamsted.ac.uk/info/rpg5/plot-photos) Park Grass Long-term Experiment is on a permanent un-grazed grassland. Since 1856 its various plots have received differing fertilizer and manure treatments and from 1903 sub-plots have received lime to adjust the pH of the soils. These differing treatment applications have resulted in dramatic differences in species composition, in what had previously been a uniform sward. This dataset contains photographic images of all sub-plots of Park Grass as well as species numbers per sub-plot and sward heights. The photos are set out in a group order relating to the fertilizer treatments they receive with nil plots at the top of the table followed by no-ntirogen plots and then the two differing N treatments (ammonium and nitrate) with increasing fertilizer amounts as you go down the table. The farmyard manure (FYM) plots are at the bottom of the table. The nil to no N treatments at the top are associated with a high number of species and low sward height and as fertilizer treatments increase the number of species generally goes down. Likewise, across the table left to right species numbers change as pH decreases, a lower number of species being associated with the more acidic d plots that receive no lime, to the right of the table. The plots with no nutrients added or no nitrogen, have certain species associated with them such as Pignut, Birds-foot Trefoil, Bugle, Rough Hawkbit, Meadow Buttercup, Red Clover, Ribwort Plantain. Plots further down the table with increasing nitrogen inputs tend to be dominated by Cow Parsley, Meadow Foxtail. Sweet Vernal Grass and Yorkshire Fog dominate on plots that have become very acidic. The FYM plots at the bottom of the table have more species and lower height of sward than those receiving inorganic fertilizers. The plots with no fertilizer or manure added have the highest species diversity support shorter broadleaf species that are outcompeted by the tall grasses on other plots where high rates of fertilizers are added. The red clover and meadow vetchlings, mainly found on plots with no nitrogen or phosphorous added, are legumes and can obtain their nitrogen from the air and have an advantage on these plots. The plots with high rates of nitrogen fertilizer added in combination with phosphorous and potassium are dominated by tall grasses and forbs which are competitive and shade out shorter species that then cannot persist, these plots produce the highest overall hay yield biomass.
Type Of Material	Database/Collection of data
Year Produced	2022
Provided To Others?	Yes
Impact	Open Access dataset made available to the scientific community.
URL	https://www.era.rothamsted.ac.uk/dataset/rpg5/01-plotphotos


Title	Park Grass Soil pH 1856-2011
Description	The pH of the soil (at depth 0-23cm) on Park Grass was approximately 5.5 (in water) when the experiment began. The effects of small amounts of liming with chalk were tested in the 1880s. A regular test of liming began in 1903 with chalk applied every 4 years to the southern half of most plots. From 1965, the plots were further divided: two quarters of the previously limed half receive amounts of chalk calculated to maintain pH at 7 (sub plot a) and 6 (sub plot b); one part of the formerly un-limed half receives chalk, where necessary, to maintain pH 5 (sub plot c), and the other quarter (sub plot d) remains un-limed. Except where sodium nitrate (orange line N*) has been applied or where liming with chalk has maintained the pH (dashed lines), soil has acidified slowly through the impact of acid deposition from the atmosphere and rapidly where ammonium fertiliser (blue line N) has been applied. Soil pH (0-23cm) is c 3.5 on the plots given most ammonium sulphate and 5.0-5.3 on the un-limed, unfertilized plots. Sub plot c of most plots is nearest to the original soil pH. Soil pH has slowly recovered by about 0.5 pH units on plot 9/1d (data not shown), more than 25 years after ammonium sulphate was last applied.
Type Of Material	Database/Collection of data
Year Produced	2016
Provided To Others?	Yes
Impact	Open Access dataset made available to the scientific community.
URL	https://www.era.rothamsted.ac.uk/dataset/rpg5/01-OAPGsoilpH


Title	Park Grass experiment plan and treatments since 1965, updated 2018
Description	Standardised experiment plan for the Park Grass experiment since 1965, updated 2018, with details of lime, fertilizer and manure treatments (not to scale).
Type Of Material	Database/Collection of data
Year Produced	2021
Provided To Others?	Yes
Impact	Data is available for use in publications.
URL	http://www.era.rothamsted.ac.uk/metadata/rpg5/01-rpg5-plan1965.pdf


Title	Rothamsted 30-year mean meteorological data 1961-1990
Description	This dataset consists of the 30-year monthly mean meteorological data measured at Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, UK, from January 1961 until December 1990.
Type Of Material	Database/Collection of data
Year Produced	2019
Provided To Others?	Yes
Impact	Open Access dataset made available to the scientific community.
URL	https://www.era.rothamsted.ac.uk/dataset/rms/01-R30YrMeans6190


Title	Rothamsted 30-year mean meteorological data 1971-2000
Description	This dataset consists of the 30-year monthly mean meteorological data measured at Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, UK, from January 1971 until December 2000.
Type Of Material	Database/Collection of data
Year Produced	2019
Provided To Others?	Yes
Impact	Open Access dataset made available to the scientific community.
URL	https://www.era.rothamsted.ac.uk/dataset/rms/01-R30YrMeans7100


Title	Rothamsted 30-year mean meteorological data 1981-2010
Description	This dataset consists of the 30-year monthly mean meteorological data measured at Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, UK, from January 1981 until December 2010.
Type Of Material	Database/Collection of data
Year Produced	2019
Provided To Others?	Yes
Impact	Open Access dataset made available to the scientific community.
URL	https://www.era.rothamsted.ac.uk/dataset/rms/01-R30YrMeans8110


Title	Rothamsted 30-year mean meteorological data 1991-2020
Description	This dataset consists of the 30-year monthly mean meteorological data measured at Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, UK, from January 1991 until December 2020.
Type Of Material	Database/Collection of data
Year Produced	2021
Provided To Others?	Yes
Impact	Open Access dataset made available to the scientific community.
URL	https://www.era.rothamsted.ac.uk/dataset/rms/01-R30YrMeans9120


Title	Rothamsted 30-year meteorological means 1991-2020.
Description	Meteorological means 1991-2020.
Type Of Material	Database/Collection of data
Year Produced	2021
Provided To Others?	Yes
Impact	Data is available to collaborators for use in their research.
URL	http://www.era.rothamsted.ac.uk/Met/R30YrMeans9120


Title	Rothamsted Ley Arable Soil Organic Carbon 1948-2008; Fosters
Description	Summary data showing the effect of two contrasting farming systems, Fosters Ley Arable, which was originally long-term arable for several centuries, and Highfield Ley Arable, which was originally permanent grassland, on their soil organic carbon (SOC) at Rothamsted over a 60-year time-period 1948-2008. Results are given as tonnes per hectare of organic C for 0-22.5 cm depth of soil, based on measured soil weights, and adjusted for changes in bulk density. The figure shows the grassland contains two-thirds as much SOC as the arable at Fosters (and twice as much SOC at Highfield). SOC increased on Fosters under newly sown grass and it also increased with improved grassland management on Highfield. However, after 60 years there was still less SOC in Fosters sown grass than in the permanent grassland soil on Highfield. This possibly is because, after 1991 and the change to grass/clover on the whole plot, it is likely that yields would have been less and thus a smaller input from root exudates and dead roots. With arable cropping, large amounts of SOC were lost on Highfield but it took 50 years to decline to that on Fosters. The figure shows that after 60 years the soils appear to be reaching equilibrium following changes in the cropping system level for this farming system on this soil type. Thus, in soils ploughed out of permanent grass or put into permanent grass after arable cropping the SOC now appears relatively constant. On any one soil type, the equilibrium level will be larger with permanent grass than with continuous arable cropping.
Type Of Material	Database/Collection of data
Year Produced	2018
Provided To Others?	Yes
Impact	Open Access dataset made available to the scientific community.
URL	https://www.era.rothamsted.ac.uk/dataset/rrn2/01-FSOC4808


Title	Rothamsted Ley Arable soil organic carbon 1948-2008
Description	Summary data showing the effect of two contrasting farming systems (Highfield originally permanent grassland at least from 1838 & Fosters originally long-term arable for several centuries) on SOC at Rothamsted over a 60-year time-period 1948-2008.
Type Of Material	Database/Collection of data
Year Produced	2018
Provided To Others?	Yes


Title	Rothamsted Met Data Monthly & Annual Summaries
Description	A summary of the weather as recorded at Rothamsted met station during 2020 was added to the electronic Rothamsted Archive (e-RA) website.
Type Of Material	Database/Collection of data
Year Produced	2021
Provided To Others?	Yes
Impact	The information is freely available to collaborators and other stakeholders, in addition to more detailed data held in e-RA.
URL	http://www.era.rothamsted.ac.uk/Met/monthly


Title	Rothamsted long-term liming experiment crop yield 1962-1996
Description	The experiment tests the effects of different amounts of lime (and thus soil pH), P and K on the yields of a sequence of arable crops, on a silty clay loam soil at Rothamsted Experimental Farm, from 1962-1996. Mg, Mn and S were tested on split plots at different times. Target soil pH was 4.5, 5.5, 6.5 and 7.5. The dataset contains plot and sub-plot yields for all plots and years, 1962-1996, details of all treatments applied (lime, P, K, Mg, Mn and S), and agronomic details (crop variety, sowing and harvest date, basal fertilizer). There was a parallel experiment at Woburn Experimental Farm. This experiment was under grass from 1997-2019 and no treatments were applied. In April 2019 the experiment was revived, and is currently being used to investigate the effect of different lime, P and Zn treatments on macro and micro nutrient uptake of wheat varieties. For more details contact Dr SM Haefele. This dataset was partially funded by the BBSRC Institute Strategic Programme Soil to Nutrition (BBS/E/C/000I0310).
Type Of Material	Database/Collection of data
Year Produced	2020
Provided To Others?	Yes
Impact	Open Access dataset made available to the scientific community.
URL	https://www.era.rothamsted.ac.uk/dataset/rcs10/01-RLTLYIELDS


Title	Rothamsted long-term liming experiment exchangeable cations re-analysed
Description	The experiment tests the effects of different amounts of lime (and thus soil pH), P and K on a sequence of arable crops, on a silty clay loam soil at Rothamsted Experimental Farm, Harpenden, from 1962-1996. Archived topsoil samples from six years between 1964 and 1989 were re-analysed in 2019 for a range of soil exchangeable cations, by extraction with ammonium nitrate. There is a parallel experiment at Woburn Experimental Farm. This work was partially funded by the BBSRC through the Soil to Nutrition programme BBS/E/C/00010310.
Type Of Material	Database/Collection of data
Year Produced	2023
Provided To Others?	Yes
Impact	Open Access dataset made available to the scientific community.
URL	https://www.era.rothamsted.ac.uk/dataset/rcs10/01-RLTLCATION


Title	Rothamsted long-term liming experiment grain mineral composition
Description	The experiment tests the effects of four different amounts of lime (creating a soil pH range for approximately 4.5 to 7.5) with and without fertilizer P, on the grain mineral composition of three arable crops. The site is a silty clay loam soil at Rothamsted Experimental Farm, from 1962-1996. The dataset contains grain mineral composition for 20 different minerals (mg/kg dry soil), for individual plots, measured in 1978, 1981 and 1995. It includes details of the lime and fertilizer treatments, and crop yield. There was a parallel experiment on a sandy loam soil at Woburn Experimental Farm. This experiment was under grass from 1997-2019 and no treatments were applied. In April 2019 the experiment was revived, and is currently being used to investigate the effect of different lime, P and Zn treatments on macro and micro nutrient uptake of wheat varieties. For more details contact Dr SM Haefele. This dataset was partially funded by the BBSRC Institute Strategic Programme Soil to Nutrition (BBS/E/C/000I0310).
Type Of Material	Database/Collection of data
Year Produced	2021
Provided To Others?	Yes
Impact	Open Access dataset made available to the scientific community.
URL	https://www.era.rothamsted.ac.uk/dataset/rcs10/01-RLTLGRAIN


Title	Rothamsted long-term liming experiment soil chemical properties 1962-1996
Description	The experiment tests the effects of different amounts of lime (and thus soil pH), P and K on a sequence of arable crops, on a silty clay loam soil at Rothamsted Experimental Farm, from 1962-1996. Mg, Mn and S were tested on split plots at different times. Target soil pH was 4.5, 5.5, 6.5 and 7.5. This dataset contains soil pH, Olsen P and exchangeable cations (Ca, K, Mg and Na, ammonium acetate method), on soil sampled several times between 1962 and 1996. There was also a baseline sampling before the experiment was established. There is a parallel experiment at Woburn Experimental Farm.
Type Of Material	Database/Collection of data
Year Produced	2023
Provided To Others?	Yes
Impact	Open Access dataset made available to the scientific community.
URL	https://www.era.rothamsted.ac.uk/dataset/rcs10/01-RLTLSOIL


Title	Saxmundham Rotation II experimental details, 1969-1986
Description	Experimental details of Saxmundham Rotation II experiment, including plans, fertilizer treatments, cropping, and soil properties, 1968-1986
Type Of Material	Database/Collection of data
Year Produced	2019
Provided To Others?	Yes
Impact	Data from the Saxmundham Rotation II experiment is now available for collaborators to use in their research.
URL	http://www.era.rothamsted.ac.uk/metadata/srn2/srn2-details1969-01.pdf


Title	Saxmundham monthly meteorological summaries 1966-1985
Description	This dataset consists of monthly summaries of meteorological data measured at Saxmundham Experimental Station in East Suffolk, UK, from January 1966 until December 1985, and is derived from daily measurements taken at the site.
Type Of Material	Database/Collection of data
Year Produced	2019
Provided To Others?	Yes
Impact	Open Access dataset made available to the scientific community.
URL	https://www.era.rothamsted.ac.uk/dataset/sms/01-SaxMet1966


Title	Soil Fumigation Experiment, Spring Oats, Pastures, 1935
Description	Numbers of eelworms in soil before and after fumigant treatments. This dataset consists of the plan, treatments, cultivations, yields and numbers of eelworm cysts relating to the Fumigation Experiment conducted in the field, Pastures, at Rothamsted. then Experimental Station, in 1935.
Type Of Material	Database/Collection of data
Year Produced	1935
Provided To Others?	Yes


Title	Soil Fumigation Experiment, Spring Oats, Pastures, Residual effects 1936
Description	Numbers of eelworms in soil before and after fumigant treatments - Residual effects. This dataset consists of the plan, treatments, cultivations, yields and numbers of eelworm cysts relating to the fumigation Experiment conducted in Pastures at Rothamsted. then Experimental Station, in 1936, following on from 1935.
Type Of Material	Database/Collection of data
Year Produced	1936
Provided To Others?	Yes


Title	Woburn Continuous Barley Experiment soil data 1876-1932
Description	This dataset contains the soil pH, percentage of total soil carbon (C) nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) and exchangeable calcium (Ca) in the topsoil (0-23cm) of the Woburn Continuous Barley experiment, 1876 to 1932. Baseline measurements were taken in November 1876 before the start of the experiment. The soil was then sampled from each plot in 1888, 1927 and 1932. Selected plots were also sampled in 1898, 1916 and 1922. The dataset also contains details of the fertilizer, manure and lime treatments, 1876-1926. No fertilizer, manure or lime was applied after 1926. The soil at Woburn contained little free calcium carbonate, and soil pH was 6.1 in 1876. Consequently, where ammonium sulphate was applied (plots 2, 5 and 8) the soil soon became acidic and yields declined markedly within 20 years. These were the first experiments in the UK where lime was applied to try to correct soil acidity. Data from Crowther (1936) and Mattingly et al (1975), see Resource Provenance.
Type Of Material	Database/Collection of data
Year Produced	2022
Provided To Others?	Yes
Impact	Open Access dataset made available to the scientific community.
URL	https://www.era.rothamsted.ac.uk/dataset/wxb6/01-BSOIL7632


Title	Woburn Continuous Barley Experiment treatment details and plan, 1876-1926
Description	Details of the fertilizer treatments, lime applications, plot divisions, plot areas and plan of the Woburn Continuous Barley Experiment, 1876-1926 (not to scale). See also details and plan for the Woburn Continuous Wheat Experiment. Annual treatments per hectare.
Type Of Material	Database/Collection of data
Year Produced	2022
Provided To Others?	Yes
Impact	Production of this dataset supported summer student projects, and now exists as a downloadable resource for others.
URL	https://www.era.rothamsted.ac.uk/metadata/wxb6/01-wxb6-treats.pdf


Title	Woburn Continuous Barley Experiment yields 1877-1926
Description	This dataset contains the annual grain and straw yields of the Woburn Continuous Barley experiment, 1877-1926. Also grain %N for most plots and years. Details of the fertilizer, manure and lime treatments are also included. There was a parallel experiment at Woburn testing the same treatments on the yield of continuous winter wheat. This experiment also mirrored the continuous spring barley experiment on the silty clay loam soil at Hoosfield, Rothamsted, started in 1852. The soil at Woburn contained little free calcium carbonate, and soil pH was 6.1 in 1876. Consequently, where ammonium sulphate was applied (plots 2, 5 and 8) the soil soon became acidic and yields declined markedly within 20 years. These were the first experiments in the UK where lime was applied to try to correct soil acidity.
Type Of Material	Database/Collection of data
Year Produced	2022
Provided To Others?	Yes
Impact	Open Access dataset made available to the scientific community.
URL	https://www.era.rothamsted.ac.uk/dataset/wxb6/01-BYIELD7726


Title	Woburn Continuous Barley Experiment yields 1927-1942
Description	Annual spring barley grain and straw yields for all plots and sub-plots of the Woburn Continuous Barley Experiment, 1927-1942, with treatment details. Also grain hectolitre weights, a measure of grain quality. This experiment is a companion to the Woburn Continuous Wheat experiment.
Type Of Material	Database/Collection of data
Year Produced	2022
Provided To Others?	Yes
Impact	Open Access dataset made available to the scientific community.
URL	https://www.era.rothamsted.ac.uk/dataset/wxb6/01-BYIELD2742


Title	Woburn Continuous Barley Experiment yields 1943-1966
Description	Annual grain and straw yields for all plots and sub-plots on the Woburn Continuous Barley Experiment, 1943-1966, with details of N fertilizer applied, and other agronomic information, including sowing date, plot size and cultivars. Spring barley was grown every year until 1961 (apart from fallow years), then oats (1962) and spring beans (1964). The whole experiment was fallowed to control weeds (no crop sown) 1947-1949, 1956, 1957, 1963, 1965 and 1966. This experiment is a companion to the Woburn Continuous Wheat experiment.
Type Of Material	Database/Collection of data
Year Produced	2022
Provided To Others?	Yes
Impact	Open Access dataset made available to the scientific community.
URL	https://www.era.rothamsted.ac.uk/dataset/wxb6/01-BYIELD4366


Title	Woburn Continuous Wheat Experiment soil data 1876-1932
Description	This dataset contains the soil pH, percentage of total soil carbon (C) nitrogen (N) phosphorus (P) and exchangeable calcium (Ca) in the topsoil (0-23cm) of the Woburn Continuous Wheat experiment, 1876 to 1932. Baseline measurements were taken in November 1876 before the start of the experiment. The soil was then sampled from each plot in 1888, 1927 and 1932. Selected plots were also sampled in 1898 and 1919. The dataset also contains details of the fertilizer, manure and lime treatments applied 1876-1926. No fertilizer, manure or lime was applied after 1926. The soil at Woburn contained little free calcium carbonate, and soil pH was 6.1 in 1876. Consequently, where ammonium sulphate was applied (plots 2, 5 and 8) the soil soon became acidic and yields declined markedly within 20 years. These were the first experiments in the UK where lime was applied to try to correct soil acidity. Data from Crowther (1936) and Mattingly et al (1975), see Resource Provenance.
Type Of Material	Database/Collection of data
Year Produced	2022
Provided To Others?	Yes
Impact	Open Access dataset made available to the scientific community.
URL	https://www.era.rothamsted.ac.uk/dataset/wxw6/01-WSOIL7632


Title	Woburn Continuous Wheat Experiment treatment details and plan, 1876-1926
Description	Details of the fertilizer treatments, lime applications, plot divisions, plot areas and plan of the Woburn Continuous Wheat Experiment, 1876-1926 (not to scale). See also details and plan for the Woburn Continuous Barley Experiment.
Type Of Material	Database/Collection of data
Year Produced	2022
Provided To Others?	Yes
Impact	Production of this dataset supported summer student projects, and now exists as a downloadable resource for others.
URL	https://www.era.rothamsted.ac.uk/metadata/wxw6/01-wxw6-treats.pdf


Title	Woburn Continuous Wheat Experiment yields 1877-1926
Description	This dataset contains the annual grain and straw yields of the Woburn Continuous Wheat experiment, 1877-1926. Also grain %N for some plots and years. Details of the fertilizer, manure and lime treatments are also included. There was a parallel experiment at Woburn testing the same treatments on the yield of continuous spring barley. This experiment also mirrored the continuous winter wheat experiment on the silty clay loam soil at Broadbalk, Rothamsted, started in 1843. The soil at Woburn contained little free calcium carbonate, and soil pH was 6.1 in 1876. Consequently, where ammonium sulphate was applied (plots 2, 5 and 8) the soil soon became acidic and yields declined markedly within 20 years. These were the first experiments in the UK where lime was applied to try to correct soil acidity.
Type Of Material	Database/Collection of data
Year Produced	2022
Provided To Others?	Yes
Impact	Open Access dataset made available to the scientific community.
URL	https://www.era.rothamsted.ac.uk/dataset/wxw6/01-WYIELD7726


Title	Woburn Continuous Wheat Experiment yields 1927-1942
Description	Annual wheat grain and straw yields for all plots and sub-plots of the Woburn Continuous Wheat Experiment, 1927-1942, with treatment details. Also grain hectolitre weights, a measure of grain quality. This experiment is a companion to the Woburn Continuous Barley Experiment.
Type Of Material	Database/Collection of data
Year Produced	2022
Provided To Others?	Yes
Impact	Open Access dataset made available to the scientific community.
URL	https://www.era.rothamsted.ac.uk/dataset/wxw6/01-WYIELD2742


Title	Woburn Continuous Wheat Experiment yields 1943-1966
Description	Annual grain and straw yields for all plots and sub-plots on the Woburn Continuous Wheat Experiment, 1943-1966, with details of N fertilizer applied, and other agronomic information, including sowing date, plot size and cultivars. Winter wheat was grown every year until 1961 (apart from fallow years), then oats (1962) and spring beans (1964). The whole experiment was fallowed (no crop sown) to control weeds in 1947, 1948, 1955-57, 1963, 1965 and 1966. The experiment is a companion to the Woburn Continuous Barley Experiment.
Type Of Material	Database/Collection of data
Year Produced	2022
Provided To Others?	Yes
Impact	Open Access dataset made available to the scientific community.
URL	https://www.era.rothamsted.ac.uk/dataset/wxw6/01-WYIELD4366


Title	Woburn Ley-arable experiment cropping sequence 1938-2020
Description	Cropping details of the Woburn Ley-arable experiment, 1938-2020, with details of the arable and ley-arable rotation sequences in each of the five Blocks, and the different treatment crops and varieties. Updated from Version 1, with addition of a cropping database. The experiment was designed to test the effects of different rotations with and without leys (short-term herbage) on the yield of two arable Test crops. It is now an important resource for investigating long-term changes in soil organic matter due to different cropping systems.
Type Of Material	Database/Collection of data
Year Produced	2022
Provided To Others?	Yes
Impact	Open Access dataset made available to the scientific community.
URL	https://www.era.rothamsted.ac.uk/dataset/wrn3/02-CROP


Title	Woburn Ley-arable experiment fertilizer and lime applications 1938-2020
Description	Annual fertilizer and lime applications to the Woburn Ley-arable Experiment, 1938-2020
Type Of Material	Database/Collection of data
Year Produced	2022
Provided To Others?	Yes
Impact	The dataset has been made available to external users.
URL	https://www.era.rothamsted.ac.uk/metadata/wrn3/01-wrn3-fert1938-2020.pdf


Title	Woburn Ley-arable experiment soil organic carbon, 1938-2009
Description	This dataset gives the % soil organic carbon (SOC) and % total nitrogen (N) in the topsoil (0-25cm) of all plots and blocks of the Woburn Ley-arable Experiment, 1938-2009. Baseline measurements were taken in March 1938 at the start of the experiment, then the soil in each block was sampled regularly every five years from 1955, to coincide with the end of the third treatment year or the last year of the eight-year leys. Soil N was measured from 1980 onwards. Also included are estimates of soil bulk density. This dataset must be read in conjunction with Johnston et al, 2017 , which gives the full background, summarises the %SOC data (mean of the five blocks), and gives estimates of total organic carbon in t/ha and estimated annual inputs of C from each rotation.
Type Of Material	Database/Collection of data
Year Produced	2022
Provided To Others?	Yes
Impact	Open Access dataset made available to the scientific community.
URL	https://www.era.rothamsted.ac.uk/dataset/wrn3/01-SOC3809


Title	Woburn Ley-arable experiment: yields of wheat as first test crop, 1976-2018
Description	Annual grain yield for the winter wheat test crop, on the Woburn Ley-Arable experiment, 1976-2018, with treatment details.
Type Of Material	Database/Collection of data
Year Produced	2022
Provided To Others?	Yes
Impact	Open Access dataset made available to the scientific community.
URL	https://www.era.rothamsted.ac.uk/dataset/wrn3/01-WH7618


Title	Woburn long-term liming experiment crop yields 1962-1996
Description	The experiment tests the effects of different amounts of lime (and thus soil pH), P and K on the yields of a sequence of arable crops, on a sandy loam soil at Woburn Experimental Farm, from 1962-1996. Mg, Mn and S were tested on split plots at different times. Target soil pH was 4.5, 5.5, 6.5 and 7.5. There was a parallel experiment at Rothamsted Experimental Farm. This experiment was discontinued in 1997. The dataset contains plot and sub-plot yields for all plots and years, 1962-1996, details of all treatments applied (lime, P, K, Mg, Mn and S) and agronomic details (crop variety, sowing and harvest dates, basal fertilizer). This dataset was partially funded by the BBSRC Institute Strategic Programme Soil to Nutrition (BBS/E/C/000I0310).
Type Of Material	Database/Collection of data
Year Produced	2020
Provided To Others?	Yes
Impact	Open Access dataset made available to the scientific community.
URL	https://www.era.rothamsted.ac.uk/dataset/wcs10/01-WLTLYIELDS


Title	Woburn long-term liming experiment exchangeable cations re-analysed
Description	The experiment tests the effects of different amounts of lime (and thus soil pH), P and K on a sequence of arable crops, on a sandy soil at Woburn Experimental Farm, from 1962-1996. Archived topsoil samples from six years between 1964 and 1989 were re-analysed in 2019 for a range of soil exchangeable cations, by extraction with ammonium nitrate. There is a parallel experiment at Rothamsted Experimental Farm. This work was partially funded by the BBSRC through the Soil to Nutrition programme BBS/E/C/00010310.
Type Of Material	Database/Collection of data
Year Produced	2023
Provided To Others?	Yes
Impact	Open Access dataset made available to the scientific community.
URL	https://www.era.rothamsted.ac.uk/dataset/wcs10/01-WLTLCATION


Title	Woburn long-term liming experiment grain mineral composition
Description	The experiment tests the effects of four different amounts of lime (creating a soil pH range for approximately 4.5 to 7.5) with and without fertilizer P, on the grain mineral composition of three arable crops. The site is a sandy loam soil at Woburn Experimental Farm, from 1962-1996. There was a parallel experiment on a silty clay loam soil at Rothamsted Experimental Farm. This experiment was discontinued in 1997. The dataset contains grain mineral composition for 20 different minerals (mg/kg dry soil), for individual plots, measured in 1978, 1981 and 1995. It includes details of the lime and fertilizer treatments, and crop yield. This dataset was partially funded by the BBSRC Institute Strategic Programme Soil to Nutrition (BBS/E/C/000I0310).
Type Of Material	Database/Collection of data
Year Produced	2021
Provided To Others?	Yes
Impact	Open Access dataset made available to the scientific community.
URL	https://www.era.rothamsted.ac.uk/dataset/wcs10/01-WLTLGRAIN


Description	AI and Digital Twins workshops
Organisation	Alan Turing Institute
Country	United Kingdom
Sector	Academic/University
PI Contribution	Richard Ostler presented data generated by the LTE project at workshops in September and October 2022.
Collaborator Contribution	The partners facilitated the workshops and fully contributed.
Impact	Increased collaboration between Rothamsted Research and the Alan Turing Institute.
Start Year	2022


Description	COSMOS-UK: Cosmic-ray soil moisture monitoring network
Organisation	UK Centre for Ecology & Hydrology
Country	United Kingdom
Sector	Public
PI Contribution	The Rothamsted Long-Term Experiments National Capability supports the hosting of COSMOS-UK infrastructure at its Harpenden and North Wyke sites. This derives from our inclusion in the UK Environmental Change Network programme since 1992.
Collaborator Contribution	Support in hosting links to our resources and datasets.
Impact	Greater impact of the project within a national network.
Start Year	2017


Description	Ecological Continuity Trust
Organisation	Ecological Continuity Trust
Country	United Kingdom
Sector	Charity/Non Profit
PI Contribution	Provision of data and information on the Park Grass experiment at Harpenden and the Rowden experiment and Farm Platform sites at North Wyke.
Collaborator Contribution	Support in hosting links to our resources and datasets.
Impact	Greater impact of the project within a national network.
Start Year	2008


Description	Met Office
Organisation	Meteorological Office UK
Country	United Kingdom
Sector	Academic/University
PI Contribution	The Rothamsted Long-Term Experiments National Capability supports four Met Stations (Harpenden, Woburn, Broom's Barn, North Wyke), hosting Met Office infrastructure.
Collaborator Contribution	Support in hosting infrastructure, and providing met data where required to verify our own Met Station outputs.
Impact	Greater impact of the project within a national network and a UK Government agency.
Start Year	2017


Description	Student placement 2022-2023 (University of Glasgow)
Organisation	University of Glasgow
Department	School of Life Sciences Glasgow
Country	United Kingdom
Sector	Academic/University
PI Contribution	Colleagues in the Electronic Rothamsted Archive (e-RA) component of the project supervised a student.
Collaborator Contribution	The student worked on processing data and metadata on two related long-term experiments.
Impact	The student worked on processing data and metadata on two related long-term experiments. This yielded a series of published datasets and reports that will be available for internal and external users.
Start Year	2022


Description	Summer student placement 2022 (Reading University)
Organisation	University of Reading
Country	United Kingdom
Sector	Academic/University
PI Contribution	Colleagues in the Electronic Rothamsted Archive (e-RA) component of the project supervised two students.
Collaborator Contribution	Two MSc students (Daniel Philcox and June Kimori) from Reading University spent a period of time in summer 2022 (June-September 2022) to process data and metadata from three long-term experiments.
Impact	14 new published datasets or reports relating to one current and two discontinued long-term experiments.
Start Year	2022


Description	The Global Long-term Experiments Network (GLTEN)
Organisation	Scotland's Rural College
Country	United Kingdom
Sector	Academic/University
PI Contribution	The Global Long-Term Agricultural Experiment Network (GLTEN) was launched by Rothamsted in May 2018 with the aim of establishing and supporting a collaborative network within the international agricultural science community.
Collaborator Contribution	The GLTEN is supported by over 50 Long-Term Experiments (LTEs) across the world, including several of the Rothamsted Long-term Experiments. The experiments represent contrasting climate regions and environments, as well as multiple crop systems and land management schemes. The GLTEN is committed to making the agricultural LTEs metadata collection available online under a FAIR Data Principle (findable, accessible, interoperable, and re-usable).
Impact	The scientific findings from the LTEs enable the identification of factors influencing the sustainable intensification of agriculture worldwide and can contribute to several of the UN's Sustainable Development Goals.
Start Year	2018


Description	The UK Environmental Change Network (ECN)
Organisation	UK Centre for Ecology & Hydrology
Country	United Kingdom
Sector	Public
PI Contribution	Rothamsted is one of the twelve ECN terrestrial sites that cover a range of ecosystems including lowland grassland, arable agriculture, woodland/forest and upland moorland/mountain. The work at Rothamsted (Harpenden and North Wyke) includes the collection of physical, chemical and biological data using well defined and agreed protocols for a range of variables that have been identified as key environmental indicators. Variables monitored include weather (temperature, rainfall etc), atmospheric chemistry and biological parameters (vegetation, insects, birds, bats and rabbits).
Collaborator Contribution	The UK Environmental Change Network (ECN) is the UK's long-term, integrated environmental monitoring and research programme. It has operated sites across the UK since 1992. It collects, analyses and interprets a wide range of long-term data from a network of sites throughout the UK. The physical, chemical and biological datasets collected span two decades. They are a unique national resource that is improving our understanding of how and why environments change.
Impact	Data are archived by the ECN Data Centre, where they are checked and added to the ECN Database and made freely available for research, education and other non-commercial purposes.


Description	United Kingdom Eutrophying & Acidifying Network (UKEAP)
Organisation	Department For Environment, Food And Rural Affairs (DEFRA)
Country	United Kingdom
Sector	Public
PI Contribution	The Rothamsted Long-Term Experiments National Capability hosts UKEAP infrastructure and colleagues collect samples. This runs in tandem with our inclusion in the UK Environmental Change Network programme since 1992.
Collaborator Contribution	Support in hosting links to our resources and datasets.
Impact	Greater impact of the project within a national network.
Start Year	2017


Description	World Meteorological Organization
Organisation	World Meteorological Organization
Country	Switzerland
Sector	Public
PI Contribution	The Rothamsted Long-Term Experiments National Capability supports four Met Stations (Harpenden, Woburn, Broom's Barn, North Wyke), hosting Met Office infrastructure, and interacts with the World Meteorological Organization as a result.
Collaborator Contribution	Provides a network in which to engage on long-term weather records.
Impact	Greater impact of the project within an international network.
Start Year	2017


Description	A conference on the future of long-term experiments in agricultural science, Rothamsted,UK (21-23 May 2018).
Form Of Engagement Activity	Participation in an activity, workshop or similar
Part Of Official Scheme?	No
Geographic Reach	International
Primary Audience	Professional Practitioners
Results and Impact	The conference also included presentations on the work of the Rothamsted Long-term Experiments and other long-term experiments around the world. Posters presentations giving details of the electronic Rothamsted Archive (e-RA) and the Environmental Change Network (ECN) were also included together with other topics. The conference also included guided tours of the experiments and sample archive.
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity	2018


Description	ADAS UKWIR - Virtual Workshop - Carbon Retention and Greenhouse Gases from Organic Materials - focus on biosolids
Form Of Engagement Activity	A talk or presentation
Part Of Official Scheme?	No
Geographic Reach	National
Primary Audience	Professional Practitioners
Results and Impact	Invited to present findings from the project to an ADAS-hosted virtual event on Tuesday 24 January 2023 on carbon retention and greenhouse gas emissions from organic materials applied to agricultural land, with a particular focus on biosolids.
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity	2023


Description	AgResearch (NEW ZEALAND)
Form Of Engagement Activity	Participation in an open day or visit at my research institution
Part Of Official Scheme?	No
Geographic Reach	International
Primary Audience	Professional Practitioners
Results and Impact	Visit by academic (1 visitor) to show the Long-Term Experiments National Capability resources as general academic engagement.
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity	2022


Description	Alabama Farmers Federation (USA)
Form Of Engagement Activity	Participation in an open day or visit at my research institution
Part Of Official Scheme?	No
Geographic Reach	International
Primary Audience	Professional Practitioners
Results and Impact	Visit by agricultural stakeholder group (21 visitors) to show the Long-Term Experiments National Capability resources as general stakeholder engagement.
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity	2023


Description	Association of Independent Crop Consultants
Form Of Engagement Activity	Participation in an open day or visit at my research institution
Part Of Official Scheme?	No
Geographic Reach	National
Primary Audience	Professional Practitioners
Results and Impact	Visit by agricultural stakeholder group (60 visitors) to show the Long-Term Experiments National Capability resources as general stakeholder engagement.
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity	2022


Description	BBC World Service
Form Of Engagement Activity	A broadcast e.g. TV/radio/film/podcast (other than news/press)
Part Of Official Scheme?	No
Geographic Reach	International
Primary Audience	Media (as a channel to the public)
Results and Impact	Visit by media (3 visitor) to show the Long-Term Experiments National Capability resources as general public engagement.
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity	2022


Description	BONARES LTE data conference
Form Of Engagement Activity	A talk or presentation
Part Of Official Scheme?	No
Geographic Reach	International
Primary Audience	Study participants or study members
Results and Impact	Richard Ostler invited to present at a BONARES LTE data conference "LTE - Workshop: "Lift the agricultural data treasure!", ZALF, Muncheberg, 8-9 November 2022.
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity	2022
URL	https://comm.zalf.de/sites/bonares-ltfe/SitePages/Home.aspx


Description	Beaumont School
Form Of Engagement Activity	Participation in an open day or visit at my research institution
Part Of Official Scheme?	No
Geographic Reach	Local
Primary Audience	Schools
Results and Impact	Visit by school student (1 visitor) to show the Long-Term Experiments National Capability resources as general public engagement.
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity	2022


Description	Blog
Form Of Engagement Activity	Engagement focused website, blog or social media channel
Part Of Official Scheme?	No
Geographic Reach	International
Primary Audience	Professional Practitioners
Results and Impact	Blog on the Park Grass long-term experiment for Asian Turfgrass Center, linking to Electronic Rothamsted Archive (e-RA) and Rothamsted Research YouTube video. Increased publicity for the Long-Term Experiments and datasets.
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity	2022
URL	https://www.asianturfgrass.com/post/park-grass-photos/


Description	Blog
Form Of Engagement Activity	Engagement focused website, blog or social media channel
Part Of Official Scheme?	No
Geographic Reach	International
Primary Audience	Professional Practitioners
Results and Impact	Blog on the Park Grass long-term experiment for Asian Turfgrass Center, linking to Electronic Rothamsted Archive (e-RA) and Rothamsted Research YouTube video. Increased publicity for the Long-Term Experiments and datasets.
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity	2022
URL	https://www.asianturfgrass.com/post/park-grass-experiment-video/


Description	Blog
Form Of Engagement Activity	Engagement focused website, blog or social media channel
Part Of Official Scheme?	No
Geographic Reach	International
Primary Audience	Other audiences
Results and Impact	Blog article on three key statisticians at Rothamsted Research and their work on the Long-Term Experiments. The article was a general interest on statistical design and history, hosted on the website of a statistical programme company. The blog would create increased interest.
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity	2022
URL	https://vsni.co.uk/blogs/the-rule-of-three


Description	Botanical Society
Form Of Engagement Activity	Participation in an open day or visit at my research institution
Part Of Official Scheme?	No
Geographic Reach	National
Primary Audience	Professional Practitioners
Results and Impact	Visit by learned society (1 visitor) to show the Long-Term Experiments National Capability resources as general public engagement.
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity	2022


Description	CIMMYT
Form Of Engagement Activity	Participation in an open day or visit at my research institution
Part Of Official Scheme?	No
Geographic Reach	International
Primary Audience	Professional Practitioners
Results and Impact	Visit by academics (2 visitors) to show the Long-Term Experiments National Capability resources as general academic engagement.
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity	2022


Description	CIMMYT (MEXICO)
Form Of Engagement Activity	Participation in an open day or visit at my research institution
Part Of Official Scheme?	No
Geographic Reach	International
Primary Audience	Professional Practitioners
Results and Impact	Visit by academic (1 visitor) to show the Long-Term Experiments National Capability resources as general academic engagement.
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity	2022


Description	Climate stripes blanket for 2022
Form Of Engagement Activity	Participation in an open day or visit at my research institution
Part Of Official Scheme?	No
Geographic Reach	National
Primary Audience	Public/other audiences
Results and Impact	Back in 2021, weather enthusiast Judith Mayall, who lives close to Rothamsted, decided to knit a 'climate stripes' blanket showing changes in the daily maximum air temperature in Harpenden in 2022, relative to historic means. Judith based her design on hourly mean air temperatures provided by ECN Rothamsted through the Rothamsted Weather Charts website. Judith visited Rothamsted on 14 February 2023 with the blanket and met Tony Scott (ECN Rothamsted Site Manager) and Rothamsted Research staff Sarah Perryman and Margaret Glendining. The stripes - each formed of two knitted rows - represent individual days, from 1 January 2022 to 31 December 2022. In the summer of that year new temperatures records were set in many parts of the country, including at many ECN sites. Among ECN terrestrial sites, the highest mean hourly temperature (38°C) was recorded at Rothamsted.
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity	2022
URL	https://ecn.ac.uk/news/climate-blanket-2022


Description	Conference Presentation as part of the DOK Conference in Switzerland on "Comparing organic and conventional cropping systems", 6-10 Oct, 2019.
Form Of Engagement Activity	A talk or presentation
Part Of Official Scheme?	No
Geographic Reach	International
Primary Audience	Professional Practitioners
Results and Impact	A presentation on the Rothamsted Long-term Experiments and the factors important for maintaining and increasing crops yield was given.
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity	2019


Description	Conference Presentation as part of the Ecological Continuity Trust Conference - Buxton May 21-22, 2019.
Form Of Engagement Activity	Participation in an activity, workshop or similar
Part Of Official Scheme?	No
Geographic Reach	Regional
Primary Audience	Professional Practitioners
Results and Impact	Presentation on "The Rothamsted Park Grass Experiment, description and some recent findings"
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity	2019


Description	Conference presentation on long-term experiments at LOTEX2019, held at Nyiregyhaza, Hungary, Nov 21-22, 2019.
Form Of Engagement Activity	Participation in an activity, workshop or similar
Part Of Official Scheme?	No
Geographic Reach	International
Primary Audience	Postgraduate students
Results and Impact	A presentation was given on 'Data curation of long-term experiments based on the electronic Rothamsted Archive' and the newly developed GLTEN data platform was promoted.
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity	2019


Description	Country Land and Business Association (CLA) (20/03/2023)
Form Of Engagement Activity	Participation in an activity, workshop or similar
Part Of Official Scheme?	No
Geographic Reach	National
Primary Audience	Professional Practitioners
Results and Impact	Visit by Country Land and Business Association (CLA) (52 visitors) to show the Rothamsted Long-Term Experiments NBRI resources as general academic engagement.
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity	2023


Description	Coventry University
Form Of Engagement Activity	Participation in an open day or visit at my research institution
Part Of Official Scheme?	No
Geographic Reach	Regional
Primary Audience	Professional Practitioners
Results and Impact	Visit by academics (3 visitors) to show the Long-Term Experiments National Capability resources as general academic engagement.
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity	2023


Description	Danish Min-Till Association (DENMARK)
Form Of Engagement Activity	Participation in an open day or visit at my research institution
Part Of Official Scheme?	No
Geographic Reach	International
Primary Audience	Professional Practitioners
Results and Impact	Visit by agricultural stakeholder group (30 visitors) to show the Long-Term Experiments National Capability resources as general stakeholder engagement.
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity	2022


Description	Defra
Form Of Engagement Activity	Participation in an open day or visit at my research institution
Part Of Official Scheme?	No
Geographic Reach	National
Primary Audience	Policymakers/politicians
Results and Impact	Visit by policy maker (1 visitor) to show the Long-Term Experiments National Capability resources as general stakeholder engagement. The visitor was Rt Hon Ranil Jayawardena MP, Secretary of State for Defra.
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity	2022


Description	Delfina Foundation
Form Of Engagement Activity	Participation in an open day or visit at my research institution
Part Of Official Scheme?	No
Geographic Reach	National
Primary Audience	Supporters
Results and Impact	Visit by charitable body (1 visitor) to show the Long-Term Experiments National Capability resources as general public engagement.
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity	2022


Description	Diocese of St Albans
Form Of Engagement Activity	Participation in an open day or visit at my research institution
Part Of Official Scheme?	No
Geographic Reach	Local
Primary Audience	Public/other audiences
Results and Impact	Visit by general public group (11 visitors) to show the Long-Term Experiments National Capability resources as general public engagement.
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity	2022


Description	Embrapa (BRAZIL)
Form Of Engagement Activity	Participation in an open day or visit at my research institution
Part Of Official Scheme?	No
Geographic Reach	International
Primary Audience	Professional Practitioners
Results and Impact	Visit by academics (3 visitors) to show the Long-Term Experiments National Capability resources as general academic engagement.
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity	2022


Description	Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (EFRA) Committee
Form Of Engagement Activity	Participation in an activity, workshop or similar
Part Of Official Scheme?	No
Geographic Reach	National
Primary Audience	Policymakers/politicians
Results and Impact	Visit by policy makers (11 visitors) to show the Long-Term Experiments National Capability resources as general stakeholder engagement. The visitors were members of the Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (EFRA) Committee, including 5 MPs.
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity	2023


Description	Farmers Weekly Press Release - Weeds pose 'unprecedented threat' to food security.
Form Of Engagement Activity	A press release, press conference or response to a media enquiry/interview
Part Of Official Scheme?	No
Geographic Reach	National
Primary Audience	Professional Practitioners
Results and Impact	Storkey et al (2021) reported work on weed competition from the Broadbalk wheat experiment demonstrating that weeds now represent a greater inherent threat to crop production than before the advent of herbicides and that integrated, sustainable solutions to weed management are needed to protect the high yield potential of modern crop genotypes. The findings were publicised by Farmers Weekly (Weeds pose 'unprecedented threat' to food security - Farmers Weekly) and more widely by several other news outlets,
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity	2021
URL	https://www.fwi.co.uk/arable/crop-management/weed-management/weeds-pose-unprecedented-threat-to-food...


Description	Farmers Weekly article on the benefits of regular liming to farm profitability (5th Feb, 2021).
Form Of Engagement Activity	A press release, press conference or response to a media enquiry/interview
Part Of Official Scheme?	No
Geographic Reach	National
Primary Audience	Industry/Business
Results and Impact	The article reported findings from the Rothamsted and Woburn long-term liming experiments which indicate that regular liming can raise profits by up to £436 /ha/yr.
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity	2021
URL	http://www.fwi.co.uk/arable/land-preparation/soils/why-regular-liming-can-raise-profits-by-up-to-436...


Description	Festival of Ideas - Open weekend, Rothamsted (June 23-24)
Form Of Engagement Activity	Participation in an open day or visit at my research institution
Part Of Official Scheme?	No
Geographic Reach	Regional
Primary Audience	Public/other audiences
Results and Impact	Details of the Long-term Experiments, the electronic Rothamsted Archive (e-RA) and Environmental Change Network (ECN) were presented to the public during an open weekend on June 23-24. Over 8000 people attended the "Festival of Ideas" and all rated their visit as good or excellent. About 600 visitors were given a tour of the long-term experiments on a tractor-trailer and information was provided by the guides about their past and present uses. 100 invited guests attended the preview event, including farmers, industry representatives, local and district officials. They heard short talks from students, directors and policy makers, and were then taken on guided tours of the Festival exhibits. In addition, 180 students from local schools were invited to the preview and given an exclusive guided tour of the Festival.
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity	2018


Description	General public
Form Of Engagement Activity	Participation in an open day or visit at my research institution
Part Of Official Scheme?	No
Geographic Reach	Local
Primary Audience	Public/other audiences
Results and Impact	Visit by general public group (3 visitors) to show the Long-Term Experiments National Capability resources as general public engagement.
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity	2022


Description	General public
Form Of Engagement Activity	Participation in an open day or visit at my research institution
Part Of Official Scheme?	No
Geographic Reach	Local
Primary Audience	Public/other audiences
Results and Impact	Visit by general public group (5 visitors) to show the Long-Term Experiments National Capability resources as general public engagement.
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity	2022


Description	General public (Judith Mayall)
Form Of Engagement Activity	Participation in an open day or visit at my research institution
Part Of Official Scheme?	No
Geographic Reach	Local
Primary Audience	Public/other audiences
Results and Impact	Visit by general public group (1 visitor) to show the Long-Term Experiments National Capability resources as general public engagement.
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity	2023


Description	Goldsmiths, University of London
Form Of Engagement Activity	A formal working group, expert panel or dialogue
Part Of Official Scheme?	No
Geographic Reach	Local
Primary Audience	Postgraduate students
Results and Impact	Visit by university student (1 visitor) to show the Long-Term Experiments National Capability resources and to conduct their research.
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity	2022


Description	Grass Identifiacton Workshop and Park Grass Visit
Form Of Engagement Activity	Participation in an activity, workshop or similar
Part Of Official Scheme?	No
Geographic Reach	Regional
Primary Audience	Professional Practitioners
Results and Impact	This was a repeat of the successful grass identification workshop held at Rothamsted for the past four years. There were 12 - 14 participants, including staff from Rothamsted and the Herts and Middlesex Wildlife Trust (HMWT). The course covered both vegetative and floral characteristics and was aimed at both those with no experience as well as those people with some knowledge of grass identification. Part of the workshop was held indoors identifying supplied samples but a visit to Park Grass was also included in the afternoon. The instructors included current or former members of Rothamsted staff. There has been a clear benefit to Rothamsted and HMWT staff in terms of improving their identification of grasses. The success of past courses can be demonstrated by the overall mean rating for the course of 4.5 (out of 5) based on a feedback form and comments from participants indicating that they go away with an enhanced view of Rothamsted.
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity	2018


Description	Harpenden Friends of Alzey - Harpenden's twin town in Germany
Form Of Engagement Activity	Participation in an open day or visit at my research institution
Part Of Official Scheme?	No
Geographic Reach	International
Primary Audience	Public/other audiences
Results and Impact	Visit by general public group (40 visitors) to show the Long-Term Experiments National Capability resources as general public engagement.
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity	2022


Description	Harper Adams University
Form Of Engagement Activity	Participation in an open day or visit at my research institution
Part Of Official Scheme?	No
Geographic Reach	National
Primary Audience	Undergraduate students
Results and Impact	Visit by university students (3 visitors) to show the Long-Term Experiments National Capability resources as general academic engagement.
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity	2022


Description	Hasmoneum School, Hendon
Form Of Engagement Activity	Participation in an open day or visit at my research institution
Part Of Official Scheme?	No
Geographic Reach	Local
Primary Audience	Schools
Results and Impact	Visit by school students (8 visitors) to show the Long-Term Experiments National Capability resources as general public engagement.
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity	2023


Description	Institute of Agricultural Management (Mid Anglian Branch)
Form Of Engagement Activity	Participation in an open day or visit at my research institution
Part Of Official Scheme?	No
Geographic Reach	Regional
Primary Audience	Industry/Business
Results and Impact	Visit by agricultural stakeholder group (17 visitors) to show the Long-Term Experiments National Capability resources as general stakeholder engagement.
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity	2022


Description	Institute of Food Science and Technology
Form Of Engagement Activity	Participation in an open day or visit at my research institution
Part Of Official Scheme?	No
Geographic Reach	National
Primary Audience	Postgraduate students
Results and Impact	Visit by university students (15 visitors) to show the Long-Term Experiments National Capability resources as general academic engagement.
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity	2022


Description	International Workshop on Agriculture Green Development, 23-27/04/2018, Beijing, PR China
Form Of Engagement Activity	A talk or presentation
Part Of Official Scheme?	No
Geographic Reach	International
Primary Audience	Professional Practitioners
Results and Impact	Andy Gregory presented 'Interactions between agricultural management, soil carbon and soil physical quality: the Rothamsted experience', during the workshop. Outcomes include strengthening collaborations with China.
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity	2018


Description	International Workshop on Long-Term Field Experiments and Soil Carbon Sequestration, 05-10/11/2018, Zhanjiang, PR China
Form Of Engagement Activity	A talk or presentation
Part Of Official Scheme?	No
Geographic Reach	International
Primary Audience	Professional Practitioners
Results and Impact	Andy Gregory presented 'Long-term agricultural management and soil carbon: the Rothamsted experience', as part of Rothamsted-CAAS CSIA programme. Outcomes include two students spending a 3-month period at Rothamsted to work with Andy Gregory on soil carbon aggregate fractionation of samples from the long-term experiments.
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity	2018


Description	Interview for BBC World Service programme
Form Of Engagement Activity	A broadcast e.g. TV/radio/film/podcast (other than news/press)
Part Of Official Scheme?	No
Geographic Reach	International
Primary Audience	Media (as a channel to the public)
Results and Impact	Margaret Glendining and Paul Poulton (Rothamsted Research) were interviewed alongside Tony Juniper (Natural England) about Broadbalk soil for the BBC World Service programme "The Compass, The Understory, Life in the Soil: The death of soil". The programme was last broadcast on 25 September 2022, and is available on BBC Sounds.
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity	2022
URL	https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/w3ct43cp


Description	JUNIA group, Catholic University of Lille (FRANCE), Cranfield University
Form Of Engagement Activity	Participation in an open day or visit at my research institution
Part Of Official Scheme?	No
Geographic Reach	International
Primary Audience	Postgraduate students
Results and Impact	Visit by university students (4 visitors) to show the Long-Term Experiments National Capability resources and to conduct their research.
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity	2022


Description	John Innes Centre
Form Of Engagement Activity	Participation in an activity, workshop or similar
Part Of Official Scheme?	No
Geographic Reach	National
Primary Audience	Professional Practitioners
Results and Impact	Visit by academics (2 visitors) to show the Long-Term Experiments National Capability resources as general academic engagement.
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity	2022


Description	Lancaster University
Form Of Engagement Activity	Participation in an open day or visit at my research institution
Part Of Official Scheme?	No
Geographic Reach	National
Primary Audience	Postgraduate students
Results and Impact	Visit by university students (16 visitors) to show the Long-Term Experiments National Capability resources as general academic engagement.
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity	2022


Description	Lilongwe University of Agriculture and Natural Resources (MALAWI)
Form Of Engagement Activity	Participation in an open day or visit at my research institution
Part Of Official Scheme?	No
Geographic Reach	International
Primary Audience	Professional Practitioners
Results and Impact	Visit by academic (1 visitor) to show the Long-Term Experiments National Capability resources as general academic engagement.
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity	2023


Description	Local 6th form students
Form Of Engagement Activity	Participation in an open day or visit at my research institution
Part Of Official Scheme?	No
Geographic Reach	Local
Primary Audience	Schools
Results and Impact	Visit by school students (13 visitors) to show the Long-Term Experiments National Capability resources as general public engagement.
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity	2022


Description	Magazine article "The Anthropocene Nitrogen Cycle: The wibbly-wobbly circle of life"
Form Of Engagement Activity	A magazine, newsletter or online publication
Part Of Official Scheme?	No
Geographic Reach	International
Primary Audience	Industry/Business
Results and Impact	Article in The Economist on the history of nitrogen fertiliser. The article made reference to the Long-Term Experiments. The article was intended for the non-specialist and will likely lead to increased interest in the Rothamsted Long-Term Experiments.
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity	2022
URL	https://www.economist.com/christmas-specials/2022/12/20/deadly-dirty-indispensable-the-nitrogen-indu...


Description	Media (SINGAPORE)
Form Of Engagement Activity	Participation in an open day or visit at my research institution
Part Of Official Scheme?	No
Geographic Reach	International
Primary Audience	Media (as a channel to the public)
Results and Impact	Visit by media (4 visitors) to show the Long-Term Experiments National Capability resources as general public engagement.
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity	2022


Description	Memorial University of Newfoundland (CANADA)
Form Of Engagement Activity	Participation in an open day or visit at my research institution
Part Of Official Scheme?	No
Geographic Reach	International
Primary Audience	Professional Practitioners
Results and Impact	Visit by academic (1 visitor) to show the Long-Term Experiments National Capability resources as general academic engagement.
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity	2022


Description	Mid Staffs NFU
Form Of Engagement Activity	Participation in an open day or visit at my research institution
Part Of Official Scheme?	No
Geographic Reach	Regional
Primary Audience	Industry/Business
Results and Impact	Visit by agricultural stakeholder group (25 visitors) to show the Long-Term Experiments National Capability resources as general stakeholder engagement.
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity	2022


Description	Ministry of Climate Change Agriculture & Environment (UNITED ARAB EMIRATES)
Form Of Engagement Activity	Participation in an open day or visit at my research institution
Part Of Official Scheme?	No
Geographic Reach	International
Primary Audience	Policymakers/politicians
Results and Impact	Visit by academic (1 visitor) to show the Long-Term Experiments National Capability resources as general engagement.
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity	2023


Description	Mohammed VI Polytechnic University (MOROCCO)
Form Of Engagement Activity	Participation in an activity, workshop or similar
Part Of Official Scheme?	No
Geographic Reach	International
Primary Audience	Professional Practitioners
Results and Impact	Visit by academics (11 visitors) to show the Long-Term Experiments National Capability resources as general academic engagement.
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity	2022


Description	Newspaper article "With ever hotter UK summers it's time to rethink the future of grass"
Form Of Engagement Activity	A magazine, newsletter or online publication
Part Of Official Scheme?	No
Geographic Reach	National
Primary Audience	Public/other audiences
Results and Impact	Article in The Observer entitled "With ever hotter UK summers it's time to rethink the future of grass" and with the strapline "This summer saw vast tracts of parks and lawns scorched by drought in the UK, but more watering is not a sustainable solution. So what does the future hold for grass?". The article included reference to the Park Grass long-term experiment and a recent publication that had noted declines in grass yield, possibly linked to changes in climate. The article was intended for the general public, and is likely to increase interest in the Long-Term Experiments and their datasets.
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity	2022
URL	https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2022/oct/02/with-ever-hotter-uk-summers-its-time-to-rethink-...


Description	Norsk Landbruksradgiving (NORWAY)
Form Of Engagement Activity	Participation in an open day or visit at my research institution
Part Of Official Scheme?	No
Geographic Reach	International
Primary Audience	Industry/Business
Results and Impact	Visit by agricultural stakeholder group (18 visitors) to show the Long-Term Experiments National Capability resources as general stakeholder engagement.
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity	2022


Description	NouriSol (BIO-F Solutions)
Form Of Engagement Activity	Participation in an open day or visit at my research institution
Part Of Official Scheme?	No
Geographic Reach	National
Primary Audience	Industry/Business
Results and Impact	Visit by industry (3 visitors) to show the Long-Term Experiments National Capability resources as general stakeholder engagement.
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity	2022


Description	Novo Nordisk Foundation (DENMARK)
Form Of Engagement Activity	Participation in an open day or visit at my research institution
Part Of Official Scheme?	No
Geographic Reach	International
Primary Audience	Supporters
Results and Impact	Visit by Novo Nordisk Foundation (DENMARK) (1 visitor) to show the Long-Term Experiments National Capability resources and to discuss possible future funding.
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity	2022


Description	Nuffield students
Form Of Engagement Activity	Participation in an open day or visit at my research institution
Part Of Official Scheme?	No
Geographic Reach	Local
Primary Audience	Schools
Results and Impact	Visit by school student (2 visitors) to show the Long-Term Experiments National Capability resources as general public engagement.
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity	2022


Description	Office of the Permanent Secretary (THAILAND)
Form Of Engagement Activity	Participation in an open day or visit at my research institution
Part Of Official Scheme?	No
Geographic Reach	International
Primary Audience	Policymakers/politicians
Results and Impact	Visit by policy makers (13 visitors) to show the Long-Term Experiments National Capability resources as general stakeholder engagement.
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity	2023


Description	Participation in the EGU General Assembly Conference 2020
Form Of Engagement Activity	A talk or presentation
Part Of Official Scheme?	No
Geographic Reach	International
Primary Audience	Professional Practitioners
Results and Impact	Presentation of work on Neonicotinoids in the Environment-Fate and Impact. J Potts, D Jones, R Pywell, A Macdonald, P Cross. Abstract 4746.
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity	2020


Description	Participation in the EGU General Assembly Conference 2020
Form Of Engagement Activity	A talk or presentation
Part Of Official Scheme?	No
Geographic Reach	International
Primary Audience	Professional Practitioners
Results and Impact	Predicting bi-decadal soil organic carbon mineralization with Rock-Eval® thermal analysis. P Barré, L Soucémarianadin, B François, C Claire, B Christensen, Axel Don, Cyril Girardin, Sabine Houot, Thomas Kätterer, Andy Macdonald, Folkert van Oort, Christopher Poeplau, Lauric Cécillon (2020). Conference Abstract, 13545.
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity	2020


Description	Participation in the Global Long-term Experiments Network meeting held at Rothamsted in May 2017
Form Of Engagement Activity	A talk or presentation
Part Of Official Scheme?	No
Geographic Reach	International
Primary Audience	Professional Practitioners
Results and Impact	A meeting was convened at Rothamsted with researchers who are currently engaged in work on long-term field experiments and/or who are interested in establishing a new network of field experiments with a view to developing future collaborative work. Andy Macdonald presented and overview of the Rothamsted long-term Experiments National Capability and showed the participants to the archive and field experiments.
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity	2017


Description	Poznan University of Life Sciences (POLAND)
Form Of Engagement Activity	Participation in an open day or visit at my research institution
Part Of Official Scheme?	No
Geographic Reach	International
Primary Audience	Professional Practitioners
Results and Impact	Visit by academics (2 visitors) to show the Long-Term Experiments National Capability resources as general academic engagement.
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity	2023


Description	Presentaion at the American Society of Agronomy on the Rothamsted Long-term Experiments, Texas, USA, 10-13 Nov, 2019
Form Of Engagement Activity	Participation in an activity, workshop or similar
Part Of Official Scheme?	No
Geographic Reach	International
Primary Audience	Professional Practitioners
Results and Impact	A presentation on the lessons learned from the Rothamsted Long-term Experiments in relation to the long-term effects of crop management was given.
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity	2019


Description	Press Release - How Grasslands Respond to Climate Change
Form Of Engagement Activity	A press release, press conference or response to a media enquiry/interview
Part Of Official Scheme?	No
Geographic Reach	International
Primary Audience	Public/other audiences
Results and Impact	New isotopic analysis of archived herbage samples from the Park Grass experiment revealed that the increase in atmospheric CO2 concentration has affected the carbon, water, and nitrogen cycles in grasslands (Cabrera et al, 2021, biomedcentral.com). The data indicated that some types of temperate grassland may have attained saturation of C sink activity more than a century ago. These findings were communicated in press releases produced by Rothamsted Research and the Technical University of Munich.
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity	2021
URL	https://www.tum.de/en/about-tum/news/press-releases/details/36504/


Description	ProCam Agriculture
Form Of Engagement Activity	Participation in an activity, workshop or similar
Part Of Official Scheme?	No
Geographic Reach	National
Primary Audience	Professional Practitioners
Results and Impact	Visit by agricultural stakeholder group (27 visitors) to show the Long-Term Experiments National Capability resources as general stakeholder engagement.
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity	2022


Description	RRes Board
Form Of Engagement Activity	A formal working group, expert panel or dialogue
Part Of Official Scheme?	No
Geographic Reach	International
Primary Audience	Supporters
Results and Impact	Visit by Rothamsted Research Board of Directors (2 visitors) to show the Long-Term Experiments National Capability resources as part of visit.
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity	2022


Description	SAMPSA Agricultural Student Association (FINLAND)
Form Of Engagement Activity	Participation in an open day or visit at my research institution
Part Of Official Scheme?	No
Geographic Reach	International
Primary Audience	Postgraduate students
Results and Impact	Visit by university students (50 visitors) to show the Long-Term Experiments National Capability resources as general academic engagement.
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity	2022


Description	SHAKE Climate Change
Form Of Engagement Activity	Participation in an open day or visit at my research institution
Part Of Official Scheme?	No
Geographic Reach	National
Primary Audience	Professional Practitioners
Results and Impact	Visit by academics (5 visitors) to show the Long-Term Experiments National Capability resources as general academic engagement.
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity	2022


Description	SLU-Rothamsted-SRUC Long-Term Experiments exchange (2022)
Form Of Engagement Activity	Participation in an activity, workshop or similar
Part Of Official Scheme?	No
Geographic Reach	International
Primary Audience	Professional Practitioners
Results and Impact	Presentation on the 'Rothamsted Long-Term Experiments National Capability' in March 2022. This activity has built a network between the institutions that has led to a conference in 2023 being arranged and further exchanges.
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity	2022


Description	STAHS St Albans High School for Girls (28/03/2023)
Form Of Engagement Activity	Participation in an open day or visit at my research institution
Part Of Official Scheme?	No
Geographic Reach	Local
Primary Audience	Schools
Results and Impact	Visit by school (50 visitors) to show the Rothamsted Long-Term Experiments NBRI resources as general academic engagement.
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity	2023


Description	Science Museum
Form Of Engagement Activity	Participation in an open day or visit at my research institution
Part Of Official Scheme?	No
Geographic Reach	National
Primary Audience	Supporters
Results and Impact	Visit by charitable body (6 visitors) to show the Long-Term Experiments National Capability resources as general public engagement.
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity	2023


Description	Science journalist
Form Of Engagement Activity	A broadcast e.g. TV/radio/film/podcast (other than news/press)
Part Of Official Scheme?	No
Geographic Reach	International
Primary Audience	Media (as a channel to the public)
Results and Impact	Visit by media (1 visitor) to show the Long-Term Experiments National Capability resources as general public engagement.
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity	2022


Description	Specialist nursery plant grower
Form Of Engagement Activity	Participation in an open day or visit at my research institution
Part Of Official Scheme?	No
Geographic Reach	Local
Primary Audience	Public/other audiences
Results and Impact	Visit by general public group (3 visitors) to show the Long-Term Experiments National Capability resources as general public engagement.
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity	2022


Description	Statistician (INDIA)
Form Of Engagement Activity	Participation in an open day or visit at my research institution
Part Of Official Scheme?	No
Geographic Reach	International
Primary Audience	Professional Practitioners
Results and Impact	Visit by academic (1 visitor) to show the Long-Term Experiments National Capability resources as general academic engagement.
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity	2022


Description	Students
Form Of Engagement Activity	Participation in an open day or visit at my research institution
Part Of Official Scheme?	No
Geographic Reach	National
Primary Audience	Postgraduate students
Results and Impact	Visit by university students (6 visitors) to show the Long-Term Experiments National Capability resources as general academic engagement.
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity	2022


Description	Tennessee State University (USA)
Form Of Engagement Activity	Participation in an open day or visit at my research institution
Part Of Official Scheme?	No
Geographic Reach	International
Primary Audience	Postgraduate students
Results and Impact	Visit by university students (2 visitors) to show the Long-Term Experiments National Capability resources as general academic engagement.
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity	2022


Description	The 6th International Symposium on Soil Organic Matter, 3-7 September 2017
Form Of Engagement Activity	Participation in an activity, workshop or similar
Part Of Official Scheme?	No
Geographic Reach	International
Primary Audience	Professional Practitioners
Results and Impact	The symposium provided a forum for researchers, academics, policy makers and other stakeholders in the land based industries to exchange knowledge and ideas. It also provided an opportunity to show participants the Rothamsted Long-term Experiments and Sample Archive and to publicise the work of the Long-term Experiments National Capability (LTE-NC). It included four days of presentations (oral and posters) and discussions about a wide range of topics relating to soil organic matter (SOM). SOM is a key soil parameter relating to many biological, chemical and physical properties of soil. The symposium included sessions on a wide range of topics, including C sequestration and climate change, visualising SOM at the soil pore scale, mapping and monitoring SOM, SOM decomposition, modelling SOM and many others. The meeting created considerable interest in the work of LTE-NC and has encouraged continued discussion and collaboration between participants.
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity	2017
URL	http://www.som2017.org


Description	The AAB Sustainable Intensification Conference, 28th November 2017.
Form Of Engagement Activity	Participation in an activity, workshop or similar
Part Of Official Scheme?	No
Geographic Reach	International
Primary Audience	Professional Practitioners
Results and Impact	The conference was designed to explore the outcomes of the Sustainable Intensification Research Platform supported by the UK Department for Environment Food and Rural Affairs (DEFRA), but included additional contributions from other related work. Andy Macdonald presented a poster entitled "Sustainable Intensification- Lessons from the Rothamsted Long-term Experiments" and Margaret Glendining presented a poster entitled, 'Communicating Data from the Long-term Experiments'.
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity	2017
URL	http://www.aab.org.uk


Description	The Economist
Form Of Engagement Activity	A broadcast e.g. TV/radio/film/podcast (other than news/press)
Part Of Official Scheme?	No
Geographic Reach	National
Primary Audience	Media (as a channel to the public)
Results and Impact	Visit by media (1 visitor) to show the Long-Term Experiments National Capability resources as general public engagement.
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity	2022


Description	The Rhenish Friedrich Wilhelm University of Bonn (GERMANY)
Form Of Engagement Activity	Participation in an open day or visit at my research institution
Part Of Official Scheme?	No
Geographic Reach	International
Primary Audience	Postgraduate students
Results and Impact	Visit by university student (1 visitor) to show the Long-Term Experiments National Capability resources and to conduct their research.
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity	2022


Description	Timac Agro
Form Of Engagement Activity	Participation in an open day or visit at my research institution
Part Of Official Scheme?	No
Geographic Reach	International
Primary Audience	Professional Practitioners
Results and Impact	Visit by academics (14 visitors) to show the Long-Term Experiments National Capability resources as general academic engagement.
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity	2022


Description	UK Food Systems CDT Ph.D. students
Form Of Engagement Activity	Participation in an open day or visit at my research institution
Part Of Official Scheme?	No
Geographic Reach	National
Primary Audience	Postgraduate students
Results and Impact	Visit by university students (13 visitors) to show the Long-Term Experiments National Capability resources as general academic engagement.
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity	2022


Description	UK Research and Innovation
Form Of Engagement Activity	Participation in an open day or visit at my research institution
Part Of Official Scheme?	No
Geographic Reach	National
Primary Audience	Supporters
Results and Impact	Visit by funding body (2 visitors) to show the Long-Term Experiments National Capability resources and to discuss possible future funding.
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity	2023


Description	UKRI-NERC NSF USDA-NIFA Signals in the Soil (SitS) Awardee Workshop
Form Of Engagement Activity	Participation in an open day or visit at my research institution
Part Of Official Scheme?	No
Geographic Reach	International
Primary Audience	Professional Practitioners
Results and Impact	Visit by workshop attendees (30 visitors) to show the Long-Term Experiments National Capability resources as general academic engagement.
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity	2022


Description	US Department of Agriculture (USA)
Form Of Engagement Activity	Participation in an open day or visit at my research institution
Part Of Official Scheme?	No
Geographic Reach	International
Primary Audience	Policymakers/politicians
Results and Impact	Visit by policy makers (27 visitors) to show the Long-Term Experiments National Capability resources as general stakeholder engagement. The group included the US Deputy Secretary of Agriculture (Jewel Bronaugh), and National Association of State Departments of Agriculture, arranged through the US Embassy (London).
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity	2022


Description	US Wheat Association (USA)
Form Of Engagement Activity	Participation in an open day or visit at my research institution
Part Of Official Scheme?	No
Geographic Reach	International
Primary Audience	Professional Practitioners
Results and Impact	Visit by agricultural stakeholder group (5 visitors) to show the Long-Term Experiments National Capability resources as general stakeholder engagement.
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity	2022


Description	Unilever
Form Of Engagement Activity	Participation in an open day or visit at my research institution
Part Of Official Scheme?	No
Geographic Reach	International
Primary Audience	Industry/Business
Results and Impact	Visit by industry (13 visitors) to show the Long-Term Experiments National Capability resources as general stakeholder engagement.
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity	2022


Description	University of Agriculture, Faisalabad (PAKISTAN)
Form Of Engagement Activity	Participation in an open day or visit at my research institution
Part Of Official Scheme?	No
Geographic Reach	International
Primary Audience	Professional Practitioners
Results and Impact	Visit by academic (1 visitor) to show the Long-Term Experiments National Capability resources as general academic engagement.
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity	2023


Description	University of Bedfordshire
Form Of Engagement Activity	Participation in an open day or visit at my research institution
Part Of Official Scheme?	No
Geographic Reach	Local
Primary Audience	Undergraduate students
Results and Impact	Visit by university students (19 visitors) to show the Long-Term Experiments National Capability resources as general academic engagement.
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity	2022


Description	University of Cambridge
Form Of Engagement Activity	Participation in an open day or visit at my research institution
Part Of Official Scheme?	No
Geographic Reach	National
Primary Audience	Postgraduate students
Results and Impact	Visit by university student (1 visitor) to show the Long-Term Experiments National Capability resources and to conduct their research.
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity	2022


Description	University of Canterbury (NEW ZEALAND)
Form Of Engagement Activity	Participation in an open day or visit at my research institution
Part Of Official Scheme?	No
Geographic Reach	International
Primary Audience	Professional Practitioners
Results and Impact	Visit by academic (1 visitor) to show the Long-Term Experiments National Capability resources as general academic engagement.
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity	2022


Description	University of Cape Coast (GHANA)
Form Of Engagement Activity	Participation in an open day or visit at my research institution
Part Of Official Scheme?	No
Geographic Reach	International
Primary Audience	Professional Practitioners
Results and Impact	Visit by academics (2 visitors) to show the Long-Term Experiments National Capability resources as general academic engagement.
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity	2022


Description	University of Chicago (USA)
Form Of Engagement Activity	Participation in an open day or visit at my research institution
Part Of Official Scheme?	No
Geographic Reach	International
Primary Audience	Postgraduate students
Results and Impact	Visit by university students (8 visitors) to show the Long-Term Experiments National Capability resources as general academic engagement.
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity	2023


Description	University of Florida (USA)
Form Of Engagement Activity	Participation in an open day or visit at my research institution
Part Of Official Scheme?	No
Geographic Reach	International
Primary Audience	Undergraduate students
Results and Impact	Visit by university students (16 visitors) to show the Long-Term Experiments National Capability resources as general academic engagement.
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity	2022


Description	University of Limerick (IRELAND)
Form Of Engagement Activity	Participation in an open day or visit at my research institution
Part Of Official Scheme?	No
Geographic Reach	International
Primary Audience	Professional Practitioners
Results and Impact	Visit by academics (3 visitors) to show the Long-Term Experiments National Capability resources as general academic engagement.
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity	2023


Description	University of New Hampshire (USA)
Form Of Engagement Activity	Participation in an open day or visit at my research institution
Part Of Official Scheme?	No
Geographic Reach	International
Primary Audience	Professional Practitioners
Results and Impact	Visit by academic (1 visitor) to show the Long-Term Experiments National Capability resources as general academic engagement.
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity	2022


Description	University of Nottingham
Form Of Engagement Activity	Participation in an open day or visit at my research institution
Part Of Official Scheme?	No
Geographic Reach	National
Primary Audience	Postgraduate students
Results and Impact	Visit by university students (3 visitors) to show the Long-Term Experiments National Capability resources as general academic engagement.
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity	2022


Description	University of Nottingham
Form Of Engagement Activity	Participation in an open day or visit at my research institution
Part Of Official Scheme?	No
Geographic Reach	National
Primary Audience	Postgraduate students
Results and Impact	Visit by university students (15 visitors) to show the Long-Term Experiments National Capability resources as general academic engagement.
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity	2022


Description	University of Nottingham, UEA, University of Hertfordshire
Form Of Engagement Activity	Participation in an open day or visit at my research institution
Part Of Official Scheme?	No
Geographic Reach	National
Primary Audience	Postgraduate students
Results and Impact	Visit by university students (3 visitors) to show the Long-Term Experiments National Capability resources as general academic engagement.
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity	2022


Description	University of Reading
Form Of Engagement Activity	Participation in an open day or visit at my research institution
Part Of Official Scheme?	No
Geographic Reach	National
Primary Audience	Postgraduate students
Results and Impact	Visit by university students (2 visitor) to show the Long-Term Experiments National Capability resources and to conduct their research.
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity	2022


Description	University of Reading
Form Of Engagement Activity	Participation in an open day or visit at my research institution
Part Of Official Scheme?	No
Geographic Reach	National
Primary Audience	Postgraduate students
Results and Impact	Visit by university students (4 visitors) to show the Long-Term Experiments National Capability resources as general academic engagement.
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity	2022


Description	University of Warwick
Form Of Engagement Activity	Participation in an activity, workshop or similar
Part Of Official Scheme?	No
Geographic Reach	National
Primary Audience	Professional Practitioners
Results and Impact	Visit by academic (1 visitor) to show the Long-Term Experiments National Capability resources and to conduct their research.
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity	2023


Description	Virtual Long-term Experiments Workshop - Justus Liebig University, Giessen, Germany, October 1-2, 2020.
Form Of Engagement Activity	Participation in an activity, workshop or similar
Part Of Official Scheme?	No
Geographic Reach	International
Primary Audience	Professional Practitioners
Results and Impact	Presentations were given by several Rothamsted researchers, including Andy Macdonald, Margaret Glendining & Sarah Perryman, to publicise the resources available for use within the Rothamsted Long-term Experiments National Capability. Subsequently, a paper was prepared with contributions from all participants on Long-Term-Experiments - methods, standardization and modelling, for submission to the e-journal "Bonares-Series".
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity	2021
URL	http://www.ufz.de/index.php?en=47388


Description	Virtual Workshop on Exploring a dynamic Soil Information System.
Form Of Engagement Activity	Participation in an activity, workshop or similar
Part Of Official Scheme?	No
Geographic Reach	International
Primary Audience	Professional Practitioners
Results and Impact	A virtual workshop (March 2-4, 2021) was held by the US National Academies of Science, Engineering and Medicine to discuss the development of a Dynamic Soil Information System. Dr Andy Macdonald and Dr Richard Ostler (Rothamsted) participated in the workshop and earlier preliminary discussions.
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity	2021


Description	Visit by Envision DTP students (Bangor, Lancaster, Nottingham)
Form Of Engagement Activity	Participation in an open day or visit at my research institution
Part Of Official Scheme?	No
Geographic Reach	National
Primary Audience	Postgraduate students
Results and Impact	Visit by Envision DTP students (Bangor, Lancaster, Nottingham)
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity	2023


Description	World Congress of Soil Science
Form Of Engagement Activity	A talk or presentation
Part Of Official Scheme?	No
Geographic Reach	International
Primary Audience	Professional Practitioners
Results and Impact	Presentation by Munisath Khandoker (Ph.D. student, Lancaster University and Rothamsted Research) of "Can smartphone applications revolutionise how we measure aggregate stability?" at The World Congress of Soil Science 2022, held at Glasgow. The talk was for an academic audience and led to discussions afterwards and increased interest in the Long-Term Experiments.
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity	2022
URL	https://22wcss.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/08/WCSS-Programme-04-Aug-2022-Working-Document.pdf


Description	World Congress of Soil Science
Form Of Engagement Activity	A talk or presentation
Part Of Official Scheme?	No
Geographic Reach	International
Primary Audience	Professional Practitioners
Results and Impact	Presentation of "The soil structure - soil organic carbon interaction as controlled by agricultural management" at The World Congress of Soil Science 2022, held at Glasgow. The talk was for an academic audience and led to discussions afterwards and increased interest in the Long-Term Experiments.
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity	2022
URL	https://22wcss.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/08/WCSS-Programme-04-Aug-2022-Working-Document.pdf


Description	Yara
Form Of Engagement Activity	Participation in an open day or visit at my research institution
Part Of Official Scheme?	No
Geographic Reach	International
Primary Audience	Industry/Business
Results and Impact	Visit by industry (1 visitor) to show the Long-Term Experiments National Capability resources as general stakeholder engagement.
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity	2022