Resilient Farming Futures: Understanding impacts of single and compound climate policy and biotic stresses on agroecosystem ‘resilience’

Lead Research Organisation: Rothamsted Research
Department Name: UNLISTED

Abstract

Abstracts are not currently available in GtR for all funded research. This is normally because the abstract was not required at the time of proposal submission, but may be because it included sensitive information such as personal details.

Technical Summary

Agroecosystems deliver goods and services but face
unprecedented abiotic and biotic stresses. There is insufficient understanding of which stress
combinations disrupt ‘resilience’ most. RFF will develop multi-scale systems understanding of
single and compound stress impacts to embed ‘resilience’ in UK agriculture under three thematic
Work Packages: (1) Understanding impacts of future single and compound climate policy and
biotic stresses on agroecosystem resilience; (2) Detecting agroecosystem ‘resilience’ using novel
data science methods; (3) Digital platforms for supporting national resilience through systems
adaptations. (1) will involve in silico and in vivo experiments for the ‘resilience’ of agroecosystems
in the very near (2030) and near (2050) futures; (2) will develop statistical and machine learning
strategies to detect shocks to the ‘resilience’ of food production and regulating services; in silico
experiments in (3) will explore systems-scale adaptations for forecast climate futures couched
within digital frameworks. We will generate forward-looking digital platforms to enable stakeholders
to optimise systems level ‘resilience’ FAIR data and publications for science farming and policy.

Planned Impact

unavailable

Publications

10 25 50

publication icon
Comber A (2023) Multiscale spatially varying coefficient modelling using a Geographical Gaussian Process GAM in International Journal of Geographical Information Science

 
Title Resilient Farming Futures Introduction Animation 
Description Creation of a short animation to introduce the RFF project 
Type Of Art Film/Video/Animation 
Year Produced 2023 
Impact Used as an engagement tool to multiple audiences 
 
Description A Collins appointed member of the UK Climate Change Committee Farming Advisory Group
Geographic Reach National 
Policy Influence Type Participation in a guidance/advisory committee
 
Description Participation in EFRA Parliamentary Select Committee Expert Panel on Soil Health - Martin Blackwell 24.05.23
Geographic Reach National 
Policy Influence Type Participation in a guidance/advisory committee
 
Description Impact Accelerator Account
Amount £5,646 (GBP)
Organisation Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (BBSRC) 
Sector Public
Country United Kingdom
Start 02/2024 
End 07/2024
 
Title CMIP6-based local-scale climate scenarios for impact assessment in the UK. 
Description Climate change impact assessments require local-scale climate scenarios. The climate change projections from Global Climate Models (GCMs) are difficult to use at local scale due to their coarse spatial and temporal resolution. It is important to have climate change scenarios based on GCMs climate projections GCMs ensembles, e.g. CMIP6, downscaled to local scale to account for their inherent uncertainty, and to generate a sufficient large number of realisations to account for inter-annual climate variability and low frequency but high impact extreme climatic events. A dataset of future climate change scenarios was therefore generated at 26 representative sites across the UK based on the latest CMIP6 multi-model ensemble downscaled to local-scale by using a stochastic weather generator LARS-WG 7.0. The data set provides 1,000 years of daily weather at each selected site for a baseline (1985-2015), and very near- (2030) and near-future (2050) climate change scenarios, based on five GCMs and two emission scenarios (Shared Socioeconomic Pathways - SSPs viz. SSP2-4.5 and SSP5-8.5). A total of 15 GCMs from the CMIP6 ensemble were integrated in LARS-WG 7.0. LARS-WG downscales future climate projections from the GCMs and incorporates changes at local scale in the mean climate, climatic variability, and extreme events by modifying the statistical distributions of the weather variables at each site. Based on the performance of the GCMs over northern Europe and their climate sensitivity, a subset of five GCMs was selected, viz.; ACCESS-ESM1-5, CNRM-CM6-1, HadGEM3-GC31-LL, MPI-ESM1-2-LR and MRI-ESM2-0. The selected GCMs are evenly distributed among the full set of 15 GCMs. The use of a subset of GCMs substantially reduces computational time, while allowing assessment of uncertainties in impact studies related to uncertain future climate projections arising from GCMs. The 1000 years of realisations of daily weather for the baseline as well as future climate change scenarios are helpful for estimating seasonality and inter-annual variation, and for detecting short, low frequency but high impact extreme climatic signals, such as heat waves, floods and drought events. The dataset can be used as an input to climate change impact models in various fields, including, land and water resources, agriculture and food production, ecology and epidemiology, and human health and welfare. Researchers, breeders, farm and programme managers, social and public sector leaders, and policymakers may benefit from this new dataset when undertaking impact assessment of climate change and decision support for mitigation and adaptation. 
Type Of Material Database/Collection of data 
Year Produced 2024 
Provided To Others? Yes  
Impact climate change scenarios 
URL https://zenodo.org/doi/10.5281/zenodo.10556986
 
Title CMIP6-based transient climate scenarios for impact assessment in the UK. 
Description Climate change impact assessments often require a large ensemble of local-scale transient climate scenarios. Each ensemble member represents plausible long weather series at a local scale. The climate projections from Global Climate Models (GCMs) are difficult to use at local scale due to their coarse spatial and temporal resolution. Moreover, very few projections are usually available for each GCM due to a high computational cost. An alternative approach involves employing a stochastic weather generator to produce a large number of transient scenarios based on the climate projections from GCMs. In a current dataset, transient climate scenarios were generated using the LARS-WG weather generator, based on climate projections from  GCMs from the CMIP6 ensemble across 26 representative sites throughout the UK. Each transient scenario spans the period from 2020 to 2090.  At each site, 100 transient scenarios were generated for two emission scenarios (SSP2-4.5 and SSP5-8.5) and five selected GCMs from CMIP6 (ACCESS-ESM1-5, CNRM-CM6-1, HadGEM3-GC31-LL, MPI-ESM1-2-LR, and MRI-ESM2-0). The choice of GCMs were  based on their performance over northern Europe and their climate sensitivity. The use of a subset of GCMs substantially reduces computational time required for impact assessment, while allowing to quantify uncertainties in impacts related to uncertain future climate. The dataset can be used with impact models in various fields, including, land and water resources, agriculture and food production, ecology and epidemiology, and human health and welfare, when undertaking impact assessment of climate change and decision support for mitigation and adaptation. 
Type Of Material Database/Collection of data 
Year Produced 2024 
Provided To Others? Yes  
Impact Transient climate change scenarios 
URL https://zenodo.org/doi/10.5281/zenodo.10563867
 
Title Field features of the North Wyke Farm Platform: weather, topography, soil, ecosystem services provision index and management 
Description This dataset comprises both original outputs generated by the authors (i.e. the Ecosystem Services Provision Index estimated from remote sensing and which can be used as a proxy for carbon inputs to the soil) and derived data obtained after processing data from different sources from 1995 to 2022. This dataset refers to yearly-estimated features for the fields included in the North Wyke Farm Platform (NWFP), a farm-scale experimental system established in southwestern England in 2010 (Orr et al., 2016). These features refer to weather conditions, topography, soil characteristics and farming management. Together with ESPI, the variables included in this dataset have been used to predict soil organic carbon at the NWFP (Segura et al., 2023). However, its use does not have to be limited to this sole objective. The Ecosystem Services Provision Index (ESPI) was estimated using remote sensing and the methods described in Segura et al. (2023) for the period 1995 to 2022. However, note that only the period from 2012 to 2021 has been used in the manuscript to coincide with data availability from the Farm Platform. To create this dataset, raw data relating to soil properties and field events from 2012 to 2021 were downloaded from the NWFP Data Portal (https://nwfp.rothamsted.ac.uk/) for data processing. From the field survey data, we downloaded relevant soil chemical properties (0-10 cm depth) - total carbon(referred to as soil organic carbon in the manuscript arising from this data), total nitrogen, available phosphorus (as Olsen phosphorus), available potassium, and pH. For a given variable, measurements were averaged to provide a single value per field, per year. Note that due to some adjustments made to homogenise field names over time, there may be a mismatch for some fields between the Data Portal and this dataset. Field event records, relating to daily farm management activities, were also obtained from the NWFP data portal. In this dataset, these farm field events records were interpreted to construct the variables related to the main farming management practices by year and by field. The data from the NWFP data portal are free to access after registration on the portal. North Wyke Farm Platform and Data Portal user guides are available for more detailed information about soil measurements and field events. In particular, the Design, Establishment and Development of the NWFP (https://doi.org/10.23637/rothamsted.98y1x), the user guide for field survey data https://doi.org/10.23637/rothamsted.98y51), the User Guide to Field Events (https://doi.org/10.23637/rothamsted.98y4z) and the User Guide to Livestock data (https://doi.org/10.23637/rothamsted.98y50). The soil units (which show the predominant soil series in a location, according to the British soil classification) were extracted from the report Soils of North Wyke [Harrod and Hogan, 2008]. Meteorological data (monthly mean temperature and monthly precipitation) were provided by a weather station owned and operated by the UK Meteorological Office at North Wyke. Field terrain attributes (aspect and slope) were determined using Google Earth Engine according to the methods described in Segura et al. (2023), or by using the information provided in https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1029/2005RG000183 and https://developers.google.com/earth-engine/datasets/catalog/USGS_SRTMGL1_003. A full set of variables included in this dataset can be consulted in Columns_units_and_descriptors.csv, which also includes a description of each data column and the units of measurement. The text file main_analyses_figures_code.txt can be used along with the data file to reproduce the main results in Segura et al. (2023). Additional information The North Wyke Farm Platform is a UK National Capability supported by the Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (BBS/E/C/000J0100). We acknowledge the interests of the Ecological Continuity Trust (ECT), whose national network of LTEs includes the experiment on which this research was conducted. Meteorological data adapted from Crown copyright data supplied by the Met Office. During the embargo period, please contact carmen.segura-quirante@rothamsted.ac.uk if you wish to access the data. 
Type Of Material Database/Collection of data 
Year Produced 2023 
Provided To Others? Yes  
Impact No impacts yet 
URL https://repository.rothamsted.ac.uk/item/98y60/field-features-of-the-north-wyke-farm-platform-weathe...
 
Title JR and international community released new genome annotation for IPO323 Zt reference 
Description Zymoseptoria genome annotation 
Type Of Material Database/Collection of data 
Year Produced 2023 
Provided To Others? Yes  
Impact no impacts yet 
URL https://doi.org/10.1101/2023.04.26.53748
 
Title Simulation dataset of annual yields, GHG emissions and SOC stocks under current and projected climate conditions for major crops with current and reduced fertiliser rates in Southwest, England 
Description Using site specific spatial data and information, two agroecosystem models (SPACSYS and RothC) were integrated to quantify the effects of 3 fertiliser reductions (10%, 30% and 50%) under baseline and projected climate scenarios (RCP2.6, RCP4.5 and RCP8.5) in Southwest, England. 48 unique combinations of soil types, climate conditions and fertiliser inputs were evaluated for five major arable crops (winter wheat, maize, winter barley, spring barley, winter oilseed rape) plus ryegrass. Modelled annual estimates of crop yields, biomass, emissions of GHG gases (nitrous oxide, methane, carbon) and SOC stocks in the topsoil (0-30 cm) were tabulated with relevant metadata attached. 
Type Of Material Database/Collection of data 
Year Produced 2024 
Provided To Others? Yes  
Impact Simulated data for multiple outcomes to fertilizer shocks 
URL https://zenodo.org/doi/10.5281/zenodo.10700084
 
Title Soil Map of Rothamsted Estate 
Description The soil map of Rothamsted Estate is a new version of the original map published by Avery and Catt (1995). The current map was generated by creating a series of shapefiles in QGIS (v.3.22.8). 
Type Of Material Database/Collection of data 
Year Produced 2024 
Provided To Others? Yes  
Impact no impact yet 
URL https://repository.rothamsted.ac.uk/item/98z89/soil-map-of-rothamsted-estate
 
Title Woburn Erosion Reference Experiment crop yields. 
Description Annual arable crop yields for each plot of the Woburn Erosion Reference Experiment, 1988-1998. Also potato % ware, sugar beet % sugar, and other sugar beet yield components. Also annual fertilizer applications. There were eight plots, in a 2x2 factorial, with two blocks. Treatments were two directions of cultivation (cultivated and drilled parallel to the contour v up and down the slope) and two types of cultivation (standard cultivation, residue removed v minimal tillage, residues retained). All plots grew the same crops each year, in a rotation typical of the sandy soils of Bedfordshire. We acknowledge support from the Growing Health (BB/X010953/1) and Resilient Farming Futures (BB/X010961/1) Institute Strategic Programmes. 
Type Of Material Database/Collection of data 
Year Produced 2024 
Provided To Others? Yes  
Impact no impacts yet 
URL https://www.era.rothamsted.ac.uk/dataset/wrn20/01-RN20YLD
 
Description Collaboration with Kostya Kanyuka 
Organisation National Institute of Agronomy and Botany (NIAB)
Country United Kingdom 
Sector Academic/University 
PI Contribution Experimental planning & data interpretation
Collaborator Contribution Provision of expertise
Impact Improved data analysis
Start Year 2023
 
Description Collaboration with Mike Deeks & Steven Bates 
Organisation University of Exeter
Country United Kingdom 
Sector Academic/University 
PI Contribution Experimental planning & data interpretation
Collaborator Contribution Provision of expertise
Impact Improved data analysis
Start Year 2023
 
Description Devon and Cornwall Soils Alliance 
Organisation Westcountry Rivers Trust
Country United Kingdom 
Sector Charity/Non Profit 
PI Contribution Sharing of knowledge on soils
Collaborator Contribution Sharing of knowledge on soils
Impact Improved knowledge for Farm Advisors
Start Year 2023
 
Description Experimental design and infrastructure - Anne Plessis 
Organisation University of Plymouth
Country United Kingdom 
Sector Academic/University 
PI Contribution Sharing of knowledge on pot experiments
Collaborator Contribution Provision of expertise
Impact Guidance on experimental platform design
Start Year 2024
 
Description Resilient Farming Futures Advisory Group 
Organisation ADAS
Country United Kingdom 
Sector Private 
PI Contribution Provision of advice, development of scenarios and pathways for resilient farming futures
Collaborator Contribution Provision of expertise for net zero
Impact Improved pathways for agricultural net zero
Start Year 2023
 
Description Resilient Farming Futures Advisory Group 
Organisation Agricultural Industries Confederation
Country United Kingdom 
Sector Charity/Non Profit 
PI Contribution Provision of advice, development of scenarios and pathways for resilient farming futures
Collaborator Contribution Provision of expertise for net zero
Impact Improved pathways for agricultural net zero
Start Year 2023
 
Description Resilient Farming Futures Advisory Group 
Organisation Department For Environment, Food And Rural Affairs (DEFRA)
Country United Kingdom 
Sector Public 
PI Contribution Provision of advice, development of scenarios and pathways for resilient farming futures
Collaborator Contribution Provision of expertise for net zero
Impact Improved pathways for agricultural net zero
Start Year 2023
 
Description Resilient Farming Futures Advisory Group 
Organisation Environment Agency
Country United Kingdom 
Sector Public 
PI Contribution Provision of advice, development of scenarios and pathways for resilient farming futures
Collaborator Contribution Provision of expertise for net zero
Impact Improved pathways for agricultural net zero
Start Year 2023
 
Description Resilient Farming Futures Advisory Group 
Organisation James Hutton Institute
Country United Kingdom 
Sector Charity/Non Profit 
PI Contribution Provision of advice, development of scenarios and pathways for resilient farming futures
Collaborator Contribution Provision of expertise for net zero
Impact Improved pathways for agricultural net zero
Start Year 2023
 
Description Resilient Farming Futures Advisory Group 
Organisation Meteorological Office UK
Country United Kingdom 
Sector Academic/University 
PI Contribution Provision of advice, development of scenarios and pathways for resilient farming futures
Collaborator Contribution Provision of expertise for net zero
Impact Improved pathways for agricultural net zero
Start Year 2023
 
Description Resilient Farming Futures Advisory Group 
Organisation University of Cambridge
Country United Kingdom 
Sector Academic/University 
PI Contribution Provision of advice, development of scenarios and pathways for resilient farming futures
Collaborator Contribution Provision of expertise for net zero
Impact Improved pathways for agricultural net zero
Start Year 2023
 
Description Resilient Farming Futures Advisory Group 
Organisation University of Southampton
Country United Kingdom 
Sector Academic/University 
PI Contribution Provision of advice, development of scenarios and pathways for resilient farming futures
Collaborator Contribution Provision of expertise for net zero
Impact Improved pathways for agricultural net zero
Start Year 2023
 
Title Python version of RothC Official Rothamsted Research Release 
Description The Rothamsted carbon model Python version (RothC_Py) Purpose RothC models the turnover of organic carbon in non-waterlogged top-soil. It accounts for the effects of soil texture, temperature, moisture content and plant cover on the turnover process. It uses a monthly time step to calculate total organic carbon (t ha-1), microbial biomass carbon (t ha-1) and ?14C (from which the equivalent radiocarbon age of the soil can be calculated). Development history The first version of RothC created by David Jenkinson and James Rayner in 1977 (Jenkinson and Rayner, 1977). In 1987 an updated version was published, see Jenkinson et al. (1987). This version included the prediction of the radiocarbon age of the soil, the pools POM (physically stabilized organic matter) and COM (chemically stabilized organic matter) were replaced with Hum (humified organic matter) and IOM (inert organic matter), and the microbial biomass pool was split into BioA (autochthonous biomass) and BioZ (zymogenous biomass). In 1990, the two biomass pools were combined into a single pool (Jenkinson, 1990) this version is the standard version of the model, that this code refers to. Other published developments of the model include: Farina et al. (2013) modified the soil water dynamics for semi-arid regions. Giongo et al. (2020) created a daily version and modified the soil water dynamics, for Caatinga shrublands, in the semiarid region, North-East Brazil. Description of files included RothC_description.pdf This file contains the description of the model. RothC_Py.py This file contains the RothC code in Python language. Details of the inputs required, pools modelled, and units are in the code. RothC_input.dat This file contains input variables for the model. At the start of the file values for clay (%), soil depth (cm), inert organic matter (IOM, t C ha-1) and number of steps (nsteps) are recorded.Following that there is a table which records monthly data on year, month, percentage of modern carbon (%), mean air temperature (Tmp, °C), total monthly rainfall (Rain, mm), total monthly open-pan evaporation (Evap, mm), all carbon input entering the soil (from plants, roots, root exudates) (C_inp, t C ha-1), carbon input from farmyard manure (FYM, t C ha-1), plant cover (PC, 0 for no plants e.g. bare or post-harvest, 1 for plants e.g. crop or grass), and the DPM/RPM ratio (DPM_RPM) of the carbon inputs from plants. year_results.csv This file contains the yearly values of the SOC (both the pools and Total) and the delta 14-carbon. The pools are:YearMonth - Always December for the yearly outputDPM - Decomposable plant material (t C ha-1)RPM - Resistant plant material (t C ha-1)BIO - Microbial biomass (t C ha-1)HUM - Humified organic matter (t C ha-1)IOM - Inert organic matter (t C ha-1)SOC - Total soil organic carbon (t C ha-1)deltaC - delta 14C (‰) The total organic carbon (soil organic carbon) is equal to the sum of the 5 pools. TOC or SOC = DRM + RPM + BIO + HUM + IOM month_results.csv This file contains the monthly inputs, rate modifying factors, SOC pools. YearMonthDPM_t_C_ha - Decomposable plant material (t C ha-1)RPM_t_C_ha - Resistant plant material (t C ha-1)BIO_t_C_ha - Microbial biomass (t C ha-1)HUM_t_C_ha - Humified organic matter (t C ha-1)IOM_t_C_ha - Inert organic matter (t C ha-1)SOC_t_C_ha - Total soil organic carbon (t C ha-1) Requirements The code was written in Python 3.9.7. Installation/set-up A directory path will need to be provided as indicated in the code (["INPUT DIRECTORY PATH"]), to read in RothC_input.dat. Example of how to run the modelThe file RothC_input.dat contains all the inputs data needed to run the model. The month results (month_results.csv) and year results (year_results.csv) files correspond to this input file as an example. The model is normally run to equilibrium using average temperature, rainfall, open pan evaporation, an average carbon input to the soil, the equilibrium run is to initialise the soil carbon pools. Once the soil carbon pools have been initialised, the model is run for the period of interest. The met data (temperature, rainfall and evaporation) can be average or actual weather data. The carbon input to the soil can be: 1) adjusted so the modelled output matches the measured data, or 2) can be estimated from yield data (Bolinder et al., 2007), or NPP data. References Bolinder MA, Janzen HH, Gregorich EG, Angers DA, VandenBygaart AJ. An approach for estimating net primary productivity and annual carbon inputs to soil for common agricultural crops in Canada. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment 2007; 118: 29-42.Farina R, Coleman K, Whitmore AP. Modification of the RothC model for simulations of soil organic C dynamics in dryland regions. Geoderma 2013; 200: 18-30.Giongo V, Coleman K, Santana MD, Salviano AM, Olszveski N, Silva DJ, et al. Optimizing multifunctional agroecosystems in irrigated dryland agriculture to restore soil carbon - Experiments and modelling. Science of the Total Environment 2020; 725.Jenkinson DS. The Turnover of Organic-Carbon and Nitrogen in Soil. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, Series B: Biological Sciences 1990; 329: 361-368.Jenkinson DS, Hart PBS, Rayner JH, Parry LC. Modelling the turnover of organic matter in long-term experiments at Rothamsted. INTECOL Bulletin 1987; 15: 1-8.Jenkinson DS, Rayner JH. Turnover of soil organic matter in some of the Rothamsted classical experiments. Soil Science 1977; 123: 298-305. 
Type Of Technology Software 
Year Produced 2024 
Open Source License? Yes  
Impact no impacts yet 
URL https://zenodo.org/doi/10.5281/zenodo.10732265
 
Title RothC Official Rothamsted Research Release 
Description The Rothamsted carbon model (RothC) Purpose Roth C models the turnover of organic carbon in non-waterlogged top-soil.  It accounts for the effects of soil texture, temperature, moisture content and plant cover on the turnover process. It uses a monthly time step to calculate total organic carbon (t ha -1), microbial biomass carbon (t ha -1) and ?14C (from which the equivalent radiocarbon age of the soil can be calculated).   Development history The first version of RothC created by David Jenkinson and James Rayner in 1977 (Jenkinson and Rayner, 1977). In 1987 an updated version was published, see Jenkinson et al. (1987).  This version included the prediction of the radiocarbon age of the soil, the pools POM (physically stabilized organic matter) and COM (chemically stabilized organic matter) were replaced with Hum (humified organic matter) and IOM (inert organic matter), and the microbial biomass pool was split into BioA (autochthonous biomass) and BioZ (zymogenous biomass). In 1990, the two biomass pools were combined into a single pool (Jenkinson, 1990) this version is the standard version of the model, that this code refers to. Other published developments of the model include: Farina et al. (2013) modified the soil water dynamics for semi-arid regions. Giongo et al. (2020) created a daily version and modified the soil water dynamics, for Caatinga shrublands, in the semiarid region, North-East Brazil.   Description of files included RothC_description.docx This file contains the description of the model.   RothC.for This file contains the RothC code, it can be used as a standalone subroutine or used with shell.for to create an exe file. Details of the inputs required, pools modelled, and units are in the code.   Shell.for This file is intended as an example of how to: 1)      read in the input data 2)      call the subroutine 3)      created monthly and yearly outputs The file can be used to create a standalone exe, or you can replace it with your own code to call and run RothC. Details of the inputs required, pools modelled, and units are in the code.   RothC_input.dat This file contains input variables for the model.    At the start of the file values for clay (%), soil depth (cm), inert organic matter (IOM, t C ha-1) and number of steps (nsteps) are recorded. Following that there is a table which records monthly data on  year, month, percentage of modern carbon  (%), mean air temperature (Tmp, °C), total monthly rainfall (Rain, mm), total monthly open-pan evaporation (Evap, mm), all carbon input entering the soil (from plants, roots, root exudates) (C_inp, t C ha-1), carbon input from farmyard manure (FYM, t C ha-1), plant cover (PC, 0 for no plants e.g. bare or post-harvest, 1 for plants e.g. crop or grass), and the DPM/RPM ratio (DPM_RPM) of the carbon inputs from plants.   year_results.out This file contains the yearly values of the SOC (both the pools and Total) and the delta 14-carbon. The pools are: Year Month - Always December for the yearly output DPM      - Decomposable plant material (t C ha-1) RPM      - Resistant plant material (t C ha-1) BIO         - Microbial biomass (t C ha-1) HUM     - Humified organic matter (t C ha-1) IOM       - Inert organic matter (t C ha-1) SOC        - Total soil organic carbon (t C ha-1) deltaC   - delta 14C (‰)   The total organic carbon (soil organic carbon) is equal to the sum of the 5 pools.   TOC or SOC = DRM + RPM + BIO + HUM + IOM      month_results.out This file contains the monthly inputs, rate modifying factors, SOC pools. Year Month C_Inp_t_C_ha                    - C input (t C ha-1) FYM_Inp_t_C_ha             - Farmyard manure (t C ha-1) TEMP_C                               - Air temperature (C) RM_TMP                             - Rate modifying factor for temperature (-) RAIN_mm                           - Rainfall (mm) PEVAP_mm                        - Open pan evaporation (mm) SWC_mm                            - Accumulated soil water deficit (mm) RM_Moist                           - Rate modifying factor for soil moisture (-) PC                                           - Soil plant cover (0 bare or 1 covered) RM_PC                                 - rate modifying factor for crop cover DPM_t_C_ha                      - Decomposable plant material (t C ha-1) RPM_t_C_ha                      - Resistant plant material (t C ha-1) BIO_t_C_ha                        - Microbial biomass (t C ha-1) HUM_t_C_ha                     - Humified organic matter (t C ha-1) IOM_t_C_ha                       - Inert organic matter (t C ha-1) SOC_t_C_ha                       - Total soil organic carbon (t C ha-1)   Requirements The code does not require any particular of version of Fortran, so can be compiled in both windows and Linux.   Installation/set-up A Fortran compiler is needed.   The code can be used in the following ways: 1.       The two Fortran files (RothC.for and Shell.for) can either be compiled and linked to create a standalone exe, which uses the input file (RothC_input.dat), when run, monthly (month_results.out) and yearly (year_results.out) output files are created.   2.       The file (shell.for) can be modified to read in required data in the format you have, your modified code can be compiled and linked to RothC.for. 3.       The file (RothC.for) can be called by your exiting code as a subroutine.         Example of how to run the model The file RothC_input.dat contains all the inputs data needed to run the model. The month results (month_results.out) and year results (year_results.out) files correspond to this input file as an example. The model is normally run to equilibrium using average temperature, rainfall, open pan evaporation, an average carbon input to the soil, the equilibrium run is to initialise the soil carbon pools. Once the soil carbon pools have been initialised, the model is run for the period of interest. The met data (temperature, rainfall and evaporation) can be average or actual weather data. The carbon input to the soil can be: 1) adjusted so the modelled output matches the measured data, or 2) can be estimated from yield data (Bolinder et al., 2007), or NPP data.     References   Bolinder MA, Janzen HH, Gregorich EG, Angers DA, VandenBygaart AJ. An approach for estimating net primary productivity and annual carbon inputs to soil for common agricultural crops in Canada. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment 2007; 118: 29-42. Farina R, Coleman K, Whitmore AP. Modification of the RothC model for simulations of soil organic C dynamics in dryland regions. Geoderma 2013; 200: 18-30. Giongo V, Coleman K, Santana MD, Salviano AM, Olszveski N, Silva DJ, et al. Optimizing multifunctional agroecosystems in irrigated dryland agriculture to restore soil carbon - Experiments and modelling. Science of the Total Environment 2020; 725. Jenkinson DS. The Turnover of Organic-Carbon and Nitrogen in Soil. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, Series B: Biological Sciences 1990; 329: 361-368. Jenkinson DS, Hart PBS, Rayner JH, Parry LC. Modelling the turnover of organic matter in long-term experiments at Rothamsted. INTECOL Bulletin 1987; 15: 1-8. Jenkinson DS, Rayner JH. Turnover of soil organic matter in some of the Rothamsted classical experiments. Soil Science 1977; 123: 298-305. 
Type Of Technology Software 
Year Produced 2024 
Open Source License? Yes  
Impact No impacts yet 
URL https://zenodo.org/doi/10.5281/zenodo.10707407
 
Description ABC Radio (Australia) South Australia Country Hour interview on 22 Nov 2023 
Form Of Engagement Activity A broadcast e.g. TV/radio/film/podcast (other than news/press)
Part Of Official Scheme? No
Geographic Reach International
Primary Audience Public/other audiences
Results and Impact ABC Radio (Australia) South Australia Country Hour interview on 22 Nov 2023 -https://www.abc.net.au/listen/programs/sa-country-hour/sa-country-hour/103116490 (Ist 11.20 minutes out of 55 minute show).
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity 2023
URL https://www.abc.net.au/listen/programs/sa-country-hour/sa-country-hour/103116490
 
Description Advisory Group Meeting - Resilient Farming Futures - 31.01.24 
Form Of Engagement Activity A formal working group, expert panel or dialogue
Part Of Official Scheme? No
Geographic Reach National
Primary Audience Professional Practitioners
Results and Impact RFF Advisory Group - 31.01.2024
(Cambridge University, Met Office, Defra, Environment Agency, Southampton University, James Hutton Institute, ADAS, Agricultural Industries Confederation (AIC), The Global Panel on Agriculture and Food Systems for Nutrition
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity 2024
 
Description Advisory Group Meeting - Resilient Farming Futures - 19.07.23 
Form Of Engagement Activity A formal working group, expert panel or dialogue
Part Of Official Scheme? No
Geographic Reach National
Primary Audience Professional Practitioners
Results and Impact RFF Advisory Group & Co-Development Partnership - 19.07.23
(Cambridge University, Met Office, Defra, Environment Agency, Southampton University, James Hutton Institute, ADAS, Agricultural Industries Confederation (AIC), The Global Panel on Agriculture and Food Systems for Nutrition
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity 2023
 
Description BSPP-AAB Plant Pathology 2023 conference, Edgbaston, Birmingham, 6th - 8th September 2023. 
Form Of Engagement Activity A talk or presentation
Part Of Official Scheme? No
Geographic Reach International
Primary Audience Professional Practitioners
Results and Impact Invited keynote presentation at BSPP-AAB Plant Pathology 2023 conference, Edgbaston, Birmingham, 6th - 8th September 2023.
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity 2023
URL https://www.bspp.org.uk/conferences/plant-pathology-2023/
 
Description British Crop protection Council 
Form Of Engagement Activity A formal working group, expert panel or dialogue
Part Of Official Scheme? No
Geographic Reach National
Primary Audience Professional Practitioners
Results and Impact Workshop British Crop Protection Council (BCPC), discussing current and future weed threats related to RFF
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity 2023
 
Description Cereals 2023 
Form Of Engagement Activity Participation in an activity, workshop or similar
Part Of Official Scheme? No
Geographic Reach International
Primary Audience Industry/Business
Results and Impact Exhibited recent developments regarding methods to monitor airborne crop pathogens as part of Integrated Pest Management, to farmers, extension workers, Ag-chem industry and students over two days (13-14 June 2023). John West
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity 2023
 
Description Cereals: Participation at the CEREALS meeting and presentation 2023 
Form Of Engagement Activity Participation in an activity, workshop or similar
Part Of Official Scheme? No
Geographic Reach Regional
Primary Audience Professional Practitioners
Results and Impact Cereals: Participation at the CEREALS meeting and presentation of soil health management as well as spectral soil analysis and its application. At the Thoresby Estate, Nottinghamshire, on the 13th and 14th June 2023. Stephan Haefele
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity 2023
 
Description Check Your Thread: Sustainable Food Production 
Form Of Engagement Activity A broadcast e.g. TV/radio/film/podcast (other than news/press)
Part Of Official Scheme? No
Geographic Reach International
Primary Audience Media (as a channel to the public)
Results and Impact A podcast interview targeted at people interested in sustainability. Interview was around sustainable food choices
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity 2023
 
Description Devon Agri-tech alliance: Nutrients in soils 
Form Of Engagement Activity Participation in an activity, workshop or similar
Part Of Official Scheme? No
Geographic Reach Local
Primary Audience Professional Practitioners
Results and Impact Presentation and discussions on keeping nitrogen where you want it, maximising use of livestock manure and digestates and reducing reliance on synthetic fertilisers
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity 2023
 
Description Devon and Cornwall Soils Alliance Meeting 
Form Of Engagement Activity A talk or presentation
Part Of Official Scheme? No
Geographic Reach National
Primary Audience Professional Practitioners
Results and Impact Presentation on phosphate cycling in soils and aspects of RFF ISP related to phosphate.
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity 2023
 
Description Efficient Fertilizer Consortium Convening Event 
Form Of Engagement Activity A formal working group, expert panel or dialogue
Part Of Official Scheme? No
Geographic Reach International
Primary Audience Professional Practitioners
Results and Impact Efficient Fertilizer Consortium Convening Event, organized by Foundation for Food & Agriculture Research (FFAR). Developing Common Evaluation Protocols for Enhanced Efficiency & Novel Fertilizers. January 23-24, 2024, NW Washington, DC 20036, USDA. Stephan Haefele
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity 2024
 
Description Fungal Genetics Conference 
Form Of Engagement Activity Participation in an activity, workshop or similar
Part Of Official Scheme? No
Geographic Reach International
Primary Audience Professional Practitioners
Results and Impact Conference representation and developing collaborations - Richard Haslam
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity 2024
URL https://genetics-gsa.org/fungal-2024/
 
Description Groundswell: Participation and presentation 2023 
Form Of Engagement Activity Participation in an activity, workshop or similar
Part Of Official Scheme? No
Geographic Reach Regional
Primary Audience Professional Practitioners
Results and Impact Groundswell: Participation at the Groundswell meeting and presentation of soil health monitoring tools. At the Lannock Manor Farm, Hertfordshire, on the 28th and 29th June 2023.
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity 2023
 
Description IUGG Berlin 2023 Conference 
Form Of Engagement Activity Participation in an activity, workshop or similar
Part Of Official Scheme? No
Geographic Reach International
Primary Audience Professional Practitioners
Results and Impact IUGG Conference Berlin representation of RFF by Simon Pulley - 12.07.23
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity 2023
URL https://www.iugg2023berlin.org/
 
Description Invited Keynote presentation at Australasian Plant Pathology Society conference, 21 November 2023, Adelaide 
Form Of Engagement Activity A talk or presentation
Part Of Official Scheme? No
Geographic Reach International
Primary Audience Professional Practitioners
Results and Impact Invited Keynote presentation at Australasian Plant Pathology Society conference, 21 November 2023, Adelaide.
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity 2023
URL https://eventstudio.eventsair.com/apps2023/program
 
Description Long Term Experiment Conference 2023 
Form Of Engagement Activity Participation in an activity, workshop or similar
Part Of Official Scheme? No
Geographic Reach International
Primary Audience Professional Practitioners
Results and Impact Mud, mud, glorious mud - impacts of modern farming and extreme weather on soil loss revealed ADIE COLLINS - Long Term Experiments:
Meeting future challenges - 20th-22nd June 2023
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity 2023
URL https://farmpep.net/sites/default/files/2023-04/AAB%20Conference%20Hybrid%20-%20programme.pdf
 
Description NEW-IPM ONE HEALTH, SWANSEA UNIVERSITY, 5-7 September 2023 
Form Of Engagement Activity A talk or presentation
Part Of Official Scheme? No
Geographic Reach National
Primary Audience Industry/Business
Results and Impact Presentation at NEW-IPM ONE HEALTH, SWANSEA UNIVERSITY, 5-7 September 2023
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity 2023
URL https://www.swansea.ac.uk/bioscience/research-and-impact/natural-products-biohub-project/naturalprod...
 
Description Natural England SW Advisors engagement 
Form Of Engagement Activity Participation in an activity, workshop or similar
Part Of Official Scheme? No
Geographic Reach Regional
Primary Audience Professional Practitioners
Results and Impact Discussion around ways to minimise nitrogen losses from livestock manures and organic fertilisers
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity 2023
 
Description Presentation at DSV variety launch on oilseed rape disease biology and control, 24 May 2023 
Form Of Engagement Activity A talk or presentation
Part Of Official Scheme? No
Geographic Reach National
Primary Audience Industry/Business
Results and Impact Presentation to growers at DSV variety launch on oilseed rape disease biology and control, 24 May 2023
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity 2023
 
Description Research Insights event: Fertilisers: quantifying their environmental impacts and opportunities to mitigate these 
Form Of Engagement Activity A talk or presentation
Part Of Official Scheme? No
Geographic Reach Regional
Primary Audience Professional Practitioners
Results and Impact Discussion around ways to minimise nitrogen losses from livestock manures and organic fertilisers
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity 2023
 
Description Rootstock Conference 2024 
Form Of Engagement Activity Participation in an activity, workshop or similar
Part Of Official Scheme? No
Geographic Reach National
Primary Audience Professional Practitioners
Results and Impact Workshop & conference representation of RFF by Adie Collins - 14.02.24
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity 2024
URL https://rootstock.ag/
 
Description University of Exeter & Rothamsted joint collaboration workshop 
Form Of Engagement Activity Participation in an activity, workshop or similar
Part Of Official Scheme? No
Geographic Reach National
Primary Audience Professional Practitioners
Results and Impact Workshop sharing Resilient Farming Futures and developing collaborative opportunities - 12.06.2023
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity 2023
 
Description University of Plymouth & Rothamsted joint collaboration workshop 
Form Of Engagement Activity Participation in an activity, workshop or similar
Part Of Official Scheme? No
Geographic Reach National
Primary Audience Professional Practitioners
Results and Impact Workshop sharing Resilient Farming Futures and developing collaborative opportunities - 08.11.2023
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity 2023
 
Description Visit by The Department for International Trade with CREA, INIA and INTA Argentina and Uruguay 
Form Of Engagement Activity Participation in an activity, workshop or similar
Part Of Official Scheme? No
Geographic Reach International
Primary Audience Professional Practitioners
Results and Impact Visit by The Department for International Trade with CREA, INIA and INTA Argentina and Uruguay in which the RFF ISP was presented, alongside other projects/activities.
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity 2023
 
Description Weed Resistance Action Group 
Form Of Engagement Activity A formal working group, expert panel or dialogue
Part Of Official Scheme? No
Geographic Reach National
Primary Audience Professional Practitioners
Results and Impact A meeting of the Weed Resistance Action Group steering committee (WRAG) to discuss sustainable weed management. David Comont
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity 2024
 
Description presentation at the Plant Health Surveillance workshop, SARDI-Adelaide, 20 Nov 2023 
Form Of Engagement Activity A talk or presentation
Part Of Official Scheme? No
Geographic Reach International
Primary Audience Professional Practitioners
Results and Impact presentation at the Plant Health Surveillance workshop, SARDI-Adelaide, 20 Nov 2023.
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity 2023