Prevention & Control of Infectious Diseases: Pathogen diversity and the basis of host-adaption and virulence
Lead Research Organisation:
University of Edinburgh
Department Name: The Roslin Institute
Abstract
Abstracts are not currently available in GtR for all funded research. This is normally because the abstract was not required at the time of proposal submission, but may be because it included sensitive information such as personal details.
Technical Summary
This programme will reduce the burden of infectious diseases of farmed animals and zoonoses by defining mechanisms underlying virulence and host-adaptation of pathogens.
Planned Impact
unavailable
Organisations
- University of Edinburgh (Lead Research Organisation)
- Pharmaq (Collaboration)
- Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation (Collaboration)
- International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI) (Collaboration)
- Zoetis (Collaboration)
- RAFT Solutions Ltd. (Collaboration)
- Scotland's Rural College (Collaboration)
- MV Diagnostics Ltd (Collaboration)
- Eco Animal Health Ltd (Collaboration)
Publications
Abdoli B
(2024)
Cold atmospheric pressure air plasma jet disinfection of table eggs: Inactivation of Salmonella enterica, cuticle integrity and egg quality.
in International journal of food microbiology
Akhmetova A
(2023)
Genomic epidemiology of Mycobacterium bovis infection in sympatric badger and cattle populations in Northern Ireland.
in Microbial genomics
Alves J
(2023)
Methylome-dependent transformation of emm1 group A streptococci.
in mBio
Chase-Topping M
(2023)
Analysis of Escherichia coli O157 strains in cattle and humans between Scotland and England & Wales: implications for human health
in Microbial Genomics
Chee M
(2023)
Dual pathogenicity island transfer by piggybacking lateral transduction
in Cell
Coyle N
(2023)
Vibrio aestuarianus clade A and clade B isolates are associated with Pacific oyster (Magallana gigas) disease outbreaks across Ireland
in Microbial Genomics
Daniels A
(2023)
One for all-human kidney Caki-1 cells are highly susceptible to infection with corona- and other respiratory viruses.
in Journal of virology
Diebold O
(2024)
Towards the Development of a Minigenome Assay for Species A Rotaviruses.
in Viruses
Doeschl-Wilson A
(2023)
Evolutionary Dynamics of the Highly Recombinant Avian Coronavirus, Infectious Bronchitis Virus
in SSRN Electronic Journal
| Description | EPIC 4 |
| Amount | £1,800,275 (GBP) |
| Funding ID | Case/56472 |
| Organisation | Government of Scotland |
| Sector | Public |
| Country | United Kingdom |
| Start | 03/2022 |
| End | 03/2025 |
| Description | chicken synthetic microbiota (chisyn) |
| Amount | £77,801 (GBP) |
| Organisation | Technical University of Munich |
| Sector | Academic/University |
| Country | Germany |
| Start | 09/2023 |
| End | 05/2025 |
| Description | dissecting fatty acid metabolism in livestock trypanosomes |
| Amount | £507,271 (GBP) |
| Funding ID | BB/X009807/1 |
| Organisation | Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (BBSRC) |
| Sector | Public |
| Country | United Kingdom |
| Start | 08/2023 |
| End | 08/2026 |
| Description | flu trailmap (transmission and risk of avian influenza: learning more to advance preparedness) |
| Amount | £864,340 (GBP) |
| Funding ID | BB/Y007352/1 |
| Organisation | Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (BBSRC) |
| Sector | Public |
| Country | United Kingdom |
| Start | 11/2023 |
| End | 11/2025 |
| Description | fluswitch: identification of factors driving the emergence and spread of avian influenza viruses with zoonotic potential |
| Amount | £389,623 (GBP) |
| Organisation | Department For Environment, Food And Rural Affairs (DEFRA) |
| Sector | Public |
| Country | United Kingdom |
| Start | 03/2023 |
| End | 12/2027 |
| Description | investigating the potential of bacteriophages to kill scottish streptococcus uberis isolates as a primer for the development of phage therapy for bovine mastitis |
| Amount | £17,091 (GBP) |
| Organisation | Hannah Dairy Research Foundation |
| Sector | Charity/Non Profit |
| Country | United Kingdom |
| Start | 02/2024 |
| End | 01/2026 |
| Description | roslin foundation phd studentships-rf2023/001 |
| Amount | £560,000 (GBP) |
| Organisation | The Roslin Foundation |
| Sector | Charity/Non Profit |
| Country | United Kingdom |
| Start | 09/2023 |
| End | 09/2027 |
| Description | studentship: advancing phage therapy for human urinary tract infections |
| Amount | £113,009 (GBP) |
| Funding ID | PHD-50457-2021 |
| Organisation | Medical Research Scotland |
| Sector | Charity/Non Profit |
| Country | United Kingdom |
| Start | 09/2022 |
| End | 10/2026 |
| Description | Centre for Tropical Livestock Genetics & Health |
| Organisation | Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation |
| Country | United States |
| Sector | Charity/Non Profit |
| PI Contribution | We recently renewed $10M investment from the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation to sustain the Centre for Tropical Livestock Genetics & Health to 2027. CTLGH involves collaboration between The Roslin Institute, ILRI and SRUC and aims to drive genetic gain in poultry and cattle indigenous to sub-Saharan Africa. It involves contributions from researchers funded by this programme and adds significant value to its objectives. |
| Collaborator Contribution | Collaborative research. |
| Impact | Significant progress is being made in dissecting the genomic architecture of production and health traits in farmed animals indigenous to sub-Saharan Africa, as well as the basis of adaptation to different environments. This will inform the design of breeding strategies that aim to bring lasting genetic improvements. |
| Start Year | 2015 |
| Description | Centre for Tropical Livestock Genetics & Health |
| Organisation | International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI) |
| Country | Kenya |
| Sector | Charity/Non Profit |
| PI Contribution | We recently renewed $10M investment from the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation to sustain the Centre for Tropical Livestock Genetics & Health to 2027. CTLGH involves collaboration between The Roslin Institute, ILRI and SRUC and aims to drive genetic gain in poultry and cattle indigenous to sub-Saharan Africa. It involves contributions from researchers funded by this programme and adds significant value to its objectives. |
| Collaborator Contribution | Collaborative research. |
| Impact | Significant progress is being made in dissecting the genomic architecture of production and health traits in farmed animals indigenous to sub-Saharan Africa, as well as the basis of adaptation to different environments. This will inform the design of breeding strategies that aim to bring lasting genetic improvements. |
| Start Year | 2015 |
| Description | Centre for Tropical Livestock Genetics & Health |
| Organisation | Scotland's Rural College |
| Country | United Kingdom |
| Sector | Academic/University |
| PI Contribution | We recently renewed $10M investment from the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation to sustain the Centre for Tropical Livestock Genetics & Health to 2027. CTLGH involves collaboration between The Roslin Institute, ILRI and SRUC and aims to drive genetic gain in poultry and cattle indigenous to sub-Saharan Africa. It involves contributions from researchers funded by this programme and adds significant value to its objectives. |
| Collaborator Contribution | Collaborative research. |
| Impact | Significant progress is being made in dissecting the genomic architecture of production and health traits in farmed animals indigenous to sub-Saharan Africa, as well as the basis of adaptation to different environments. This will inform the design of breeding strategies that aim to bring lasting genetic improvements. |
| Start Year | 2015 |
| Description | Collaboration with pig farmers and veterinary service providers to understand the impact of withdrawal of dietary zinc oxide on post-weaning diarrhoea. |
| Organisation | RAFT Solutions Ltd. |
| Country | United Kingdom |
| Sector | Learned Society |
| PI Contribution | This collaboration was initiated by BBSRC funding via the priming partnerships scheme of the endemic livestock diseases initiative. It involves pig farmers, veterinary services providers (including RAFT Solutions Ltd but also Garth Pig Veterinary Practice), animal feed manufacturers (AB Agri) as well as academic collaborators at the Animal & Plant Health Agency, Scotland's Rural College, Queens University Belfast and the Agri-Food and Biosciences Institute. The consortium recently secured c. £1M BBSRC responsive-mode funding to extend the project to understand the impact of an EU-wide ban on dietary zinc oxide in UK pig production. Emphasis will be placed on the prevalence of post-weaning diarrhoea, pathogens associated with this (particularly ETEC & rotavirus), antimicrobial resistances and the gut microbiota in pigs before and after ZnO withdrawal. |
| Collaborator Contribution | Collection of samples and access to health records. |
| Impact | Ongoing. |
| Start Year | 2022 |
| Description | Development of nanobodies for prevention or treatment of porcine reproductive & respiratory syndrome virus infection. |
| Organisation | Eco Animal Health Ltd |
| Country | United Kingdom |
| Sector | Private |
| PI Contribution | We are collaborating with Eco Animal Health Ltd to explore the potential of nanobodies targeting the CD163 receptor for porcine reproductive & respiratory syndrome virus, both to prevent and treat infections. |
| Collaborator Contribution | Funding, materials and expertise. |
| Impact | Ongoing. |
| Start Year | 2022 |
| Description | Development of novel diagnostic tests. |
| Organisation | MV Diagnostics Ltd |
| Country | United Kingdom |
| Sector | Private |
| PI Contribution | We have been developing serological and sequence-based assays for detection of animal and zoonotic bacterial pathogens, with emphasis on diseases endemic in sub-Saharan Africa and tools that can be used to obtain a rapid in-field diagnosis. |
| Collaborator Contribution | Funding and expertise in kind. MV Diagnostics Ltd are co-located at Easter Bush as a tenant in the Roslin Innovation Centre. |
| Impact | Ongoing. |
| Start Year | 2023 |
| Description | Genomic surveillance of salmon alphavirus |
| Organisation | Pharmaq |
| Country | Norway |
| Sector | Private |
| PI Contribution | We are studying the genetic diversity and epidemiology of salmon alphavirus to inform the design of cross-protective control strategies. |
| Collaborator Contribution | Funding and in-kind contributions. |
| Impact | Ongoing. |
| Start Year | 2023 |
| Description | Understanding the pathogenesis of Ostertagia infection in cattle |
| Organisation | Zoetis |
| Country | United States |
| Sector | Private |
| PI Contribution | With funding from Zoetis, and in collaboration with researchers at the Moredun Research Institute, we are studying the pathogenesis of Ostertagia infections in cattle. Ostertagia is an important abomasal parasite of cattle and we are studying its life cycle in the gut, and how it activates and evades host immune responses to inform the design of control strategies. |
| Collaborator Contribution | Funding and expertise in-kind. |
| Impact | Ongoing. |
| Start Year | 2020 |
| Description | A paper-based PCR simulation activity |
| Form Of Engagement Activity | Engagement focused website, blog or social media channel |
| Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
| Geographic Reach | International |
| Primary Audience | Schools |
| Results and Impact | A paper-based PCR simulation activity to reinforce how PCR works aimed at S6 secondary school pupils, college students and their teachers |
| Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2023,2024 |
| Description | Big Baloon Blow Up - Project Science. This Project Science investigation, designed for teachers to use in the classroom with learners aged 9-14, is used to explore the question "Do yeast need sugar to grow?" |
| Form Of Engagement Activity | Engagement focused website, blog or social media channel |
| Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
| Geographic Reach | International |
| Primary Audience | Schools |
| Results and Impact | This Project Science investigation, designed for teachers to use in the classroom with learners aged 9-14, is used to explore the question "Do yeast need sugar to grow?". The investigation builds confidence in using the scientific method and reveals RI research on the cow microbiome and implications for climate change mitigation. |
| Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2023,2024 |
| Description | Big balloon Project Science . This Project Science investigation, designed for teachers to use in the classroom with learners aged 9-14, is used to explore the question "Do yeast need sugar to grow?". The investigation builds confidence in using the scientific method and reveals RI research on the cow microbiome and implications for climate change mitigation. |
| Form Of Engagement Activity | Engagement focused website, blog or social media channel |
| Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
| Geographic Reach | International |
| Primary Audience | Schools |
| Results and Impact | This Project Science investigation, designed for teachers to use in the classroom with learners aged 9-14, is used to explore the question "Do yeast need sugar to grow?". The investigation builds confidence in using the scientific method and reveals RI research on the cow microbiome and implications for climate change mitigation. |
| Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2023,2024 |
| Description | DNA & the Genome | PCR Masterclass: A Question of Taste. A full-day PCR workshop |
| Form Of Engagement Activity | Participation in an activity, workshop or similar |
| Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
| Geographic Reach | National |
| Primary Audience | Schools |
| Results and Impact | A full-day PCR workshop that aims to engage and inspire final and penultimate high school biology pupils, giving them the opportunity to work with real lab equipment and reagents, supported by RI academic/scientific staff and PGRs, who also discuss their own research and career paths. |
| Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2024 |
| Description | Gel Electrophoresis Wall Tank. A classroom resource to support teachers to explore how gel electrophoresis works with their pupils. |
| Form Of Engagement Activity | Engagement focused website, blog or social media channel |
| Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
| Geographic Reach | International |
| Primary Audience | Schools |
| Results and Impact | A classroom resource to support teachers to explore how gel electrophoresis works with their pupils. |
| Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2023,2024 |
| Description | Lab Techniques: Gel Electrophoresis in Action. Video designed to support Higher Biology and Higher Human Biology learners to develop their knowledge and understanding of PCR. |
| Form Of Engagement Activity | Engagement focused website, blog or social media channel |
| Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
| Geographic Reach | International |
| Primary Audience | Schools |
| Results and Impact | This video has been designed to support Higher Biology and Higher Human Biology learners to develop their knowledge and understanding of PCR. |
| Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2023,2024 |
| Description | Lab Techniques: PCR in Action. Video designed to support Higher Biology and Higher Human Biology learners to develop their knowledge and understanding of gel electrophoresis. |
| Form Of Engagement Activity | Engagement focused website, blog or social media channel |
| Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
| Geographic Reach | International |
| Primary Audience | Schools |
| Results and Impact | This video has been designed to support Higher Biology and Higher Human Biology learners to develop their knowledge and understanding of gel electrophoresis. |
| Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2023,2024 |
| Description | Meet a Roslin Scientist - Free downloadable resources created to engage and inspire upper primary pupils, secondary pupils and teachers |
| Form Of Engagement Activity | Engagement focused website, blog or social media channel |
| Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
| Geographic Reach | International |
| Primary Audience | Schools |
| Results and Impact | Free downloadable resources created to engage and inspire upper primary pupils, secondary pupils and teachers, based on our collection of "Meet a Roslin Scientist" short videos and scientist profiles that explore what scientists do, who they are and how they got into science. |
| Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2023,2024 |
| Description | Pondering Pond Life Microbiology Toolkit. Free, downloadable microbiology toolkit (designed for use with primary and early secondary pupils) was developed with Roslin researchers with funding from the Microbiology Society. The toolkit includes a teaching guide, pupil worksheet, classroom presentation and template risk assessement, and reveals RI research on lung microorganisms. |
| Form Of Engagement Activity | Engagement focused website, blog or social media channel |
| Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
| Geographic Reach | International |
| Primary Audience | Schools |
| Results and Impact | This free, downloadable microbiology toolkit (designed for use with primary and early secondary pupils) was developed with Roslin researchers with funding from the Microbiology Society. The toolkit includes a teaching guide, pupil worksheet, classroom presentation and template risk assessement, and reveals RI research on lung microorganisms. |
| Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2023,2024 |
| Description | Science @Home- Big Balloon Blow Up |
| Form Of Engagement Activity | Engagement focused website, blog or social media channel |
| Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
| Geographic Reach | National |
| Primary Audience | Public/other audiences |
| Results and Impact | This Science@Home investigation (designed for families to use with young learners aged 9-14) is used to explore the question "Do yeast need sugar to grow?". The investigation builds confidence in using the scientific method and reveals RI research on the cow microbiome and implications for climate change mitigation. |
| Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2023,2024 |
| Description | Science @Home- Marvellous Mixtures. 'Science @Home' investigation (designed for families to use with young learners aged 9-14) used to explore the question "Can I separate my leafy mixture?". |
| Form Of Engagement Activity | Engagement focused website, blog or social media channel |
| Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
| Geographic Reach | International |
| Primary Audience | Schools |
| Results and Impact | This 'Science @Home' investigation (designed for families to use with young learners aged 9-14) is used to explore the question "Can I separate my leafy mixture?". The investigation builds confidence in using the scientific method and reveals RI research using chromatography to analyse metabolites. |
| Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2023,2024 |
| Description | article outlining how Experts advise UK Government on bird flu |
| Form Of Engagement Activity | Participation in an activity, workshop or similar |
| Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
| Geographic Reach | International |
| Primary Audience | Industry/Business |
| Results and Impact | article reporting how Scientific specialists contribute to action plan on managing current and future severe bird flu strains. Roslin scientists played a key role in developing a plan to support the UK Government in managing bird flu. Their expertise has been called upon to inform Government decisions during the current severe, prolonged outbreak of avian flu, which is impacting wild and domestic birds around the world. |
| Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2023 |
| URL | https://www.ed.ac.uk/roslin/news-events/latest-news-2023/experts-advise-uk-government-on-bird-flu |
| Description | article outlining that the University and ILRI renew livestock research partnership |
| Form Of Engagement Activity | Engagement focused website, blog or social media channel |
| Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
| Geographic Reach | International |
| Primary Audience | Industry/Business |
| Results and Impact | article around the Renewed Memorandum of Understanding creating research alliance to transform food systems and enhance sustainable livestock production. Article also appeared in Why Africa, Ghana News Online, Research Professional News |
| Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2023 |
| URL | https://www.ed.ac.uk/roslin/news-events/latest-news-2023/university-and-ilri-renew-livestock-researc... |
| Description | interview with CTF on diseases that leap from animals to humans |
| Form Of Engagement Activity | Engagement focused website, blog or social media channel |
| Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
| Geographic Reach | International |
| Primary Audience | Professional Practitioners |
| Results and Impact | interview with Roslin Institute CTF on Tracking and predicting the spread of avian flu and other zoonotic diseases and switching career paths, |
| Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2023 |
| URL | https://www.ed.ac.uk/roslin/news-events/meet-our-scientists/dr-lu-lu-on-diseases-that-leap-from-anim... |
| Description | interview with Discovery Fellow on on studying parasites affecting livestock |
| Form Of Engagement Activity | Engagement focused website, blog or social media channel |
| Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
| Geographic Reach | International |
| Primary Audience | Industry/Business |
| Results and Impact | interview with Discovery Fellow who specialises in studying parasites that affect livestock, and finding ways to target the resulting disease. In this interview, he tells us about his experience in laying new foundations in parasitology. |
| Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2023 |
| URL | https://www.ed.ac.uk/roslin/news-events/meet-our-scientists/dr-pieter-steketee-on-studying-parasites... |
| Description | interview with Roslin Institute Professor on on bacterial adaptation |
| Form Of Engagement Activity | Engagement focused website, blog or social media channel |
| Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
| Geographic Reach | International |
| Primary Audience | Industry/Business |
| Results and Impact | interview with Roslin institue professor on Discovering how bacteria evolve and cause infection, bringing people together and juggling research and managerial responsibilities. |
| Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2023 |
| URL | https://www.ed.ac.uk/roslin/news-events/meet-our-scientists/professor-ross-fitzgerald-on-bacterial-a... |
| Description | post doc interview on parasite diseases in cattle |
| Form Of Engagement Activity | Engagement focused website, blog or social media channel |
| Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
| Geographic Reach | International |
| Primary Audience | Industry/Business |
| Results and Impact | post doc interview on Finding treatment targets for parasitic diseases in sub-Saharan Africa, working with exotic species and advancing novel methods for transcribing the genetic code of animals. |
| Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2023 |
| URL | https://www.ed.ac.uk/roslin/news-events/meet-our-scientists/dr-rachel-owen-on-parasite-diseases-in-c... |
| Description | report outlining how Parasites of viruses drive superbug evolution |
| Form Of Engagement Activity | Engagement focused website, blog or social media channel |
| Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
| Geographic Reach | International |
| Primary Audience | Industry/Business |
| Results and Impact | report outlining how a Newly discovered mechanism enables bacteria to rapidly evolve, and could inform phage therapy. A biological process by which bacteria share their genetic material through viruses has been discovered by scientists. |
| Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2023 |
| URL | https://www.ed.ac.uk/roslin/news-events/latest-news-2023/parasites-of-viruses-drive-superbug-evoluti... |
| Description | report outlining how a Rapid blood test detects prion infections |
| Form Of Engagement Activity | Engagement focused website, blog or social media channel |
| Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
| Geographic Reach | International |
| Primary Audience | Industry/Business |
| Results and Impact | report outlining how Researchers adapt testing platform to develop rapid, reliable blood test for misfolded protein infections, noting how Scientists have developed a potential blood test for detecting prion diseases including vCJD, an infectious, fatal, degenerative brain disorder. Their method employs an existing technology optimised for use with blood samples, to create a rapid test. |
| Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2023 |
| URL | https://www.ed.ac.uk/roslin/news-events/latest-news-2023/rapid-blood-test-detects-prion-infections |
| Description | report outlining how a Rapid infection test could curb antibiotic resistance |
| Form Of Engagement Activity | Engagement focused website, blog or social media channel |
| Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
| Geographic Reach | International |
| Primary Audience | Industry/Business |
| Results and Impact | report outlilning how a novel system speeds diagnosis of bacterial infections, enabling effective choice of treatment and reporting how Scientists have developed a novel way to rapidly diagnose bacterial infections in dogs, enabling testing and treatment with appropriate antibiotics on the same day. The method could eliminate the delays associated with conventional diagnosis, in which a patient sample has to be cultured for several days to identify the bacteria present and test for its sensitivity against different antibiotics, before the appropriate remedy is prescribed. Report also appears in zooinform.ru, VNOnline, Veterinary Practice, MRCVS, VetCommunity |
| Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2023 |
| URL | https://www.ed.ac.uk/roslin/news-events/latest-news-2023/rapid-infection-test-could-curb-antibiotic-... |
| Description | report outlining how a £3.3m award supports research into tackling bird flu |
| Form Of Engagement Activity | Engagement focused website, blog or social media channel |
| Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
| Geographic Reach | International |
| Primary Audience | Industry/Business |
| Results and Impact | report outlining how the Next phase of UK collaboration builds on discoveries around disease immunity, transmission and evolution where A team of scientists studying bird flu has been awarded £3.3 million to further investigate the disease, including understanding immunity in wild birds. The award to the FluMap consortium, led by the Animal Plant Health Agency (APHA) and involving the Roslin Institute, will support the team's ongoing investigations into the evolution and transmission of the disease. Their investigations take place amid an ongoing, severe outbreak of avian flu, which has caused extensive sickness and death in wild and domestic birds around the world. Article also appears in efeedlink. |
| Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2023 |
| URL | https://www.ed.ac.uk/roslin/news-events/latest-news-2023/ps3-3m-award-supports-research-into-tacklin... |
| Description | reporting outlining a Method offering a boost to safety profile of live vaccines |
| Form Of Engagement Activity | Engagement focused website, blog or social media channel |
| Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
| Geographic Reach | International |
| Primary Audience | Professional Practitioners |
| Results and Impact | report showing how a virus weakened by amending the genetic code promises route to large-scale production of live vaccines. Scientists have developed a method that could enable large-scale production of an effective flu vaccine for people with health conditions. The discovery could help produce industrial quantities of vaccines containing live viruses that have been weakened to induce immunity without causing infection - known as live attenuated viruses. |
| Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2023 |
| URL | https://www.ed.ac.uk/roslin/news-events/latest-news-2023/method-offers-boost-to-safety-profile-of-li... |