UK Fusion Programme 2008-2010
Lead Research Organisation:
CCFE/UKAEA
Department Name: Culham Centre for Fusion Energy
Abstract
Fusion is the main energy source of the universe; it is the process that powers the sun and the stars. If it can be harnessed economically on earth, it has the potential to be an important component of the portfolio of measures needed to ensure a secure, environmentally responsible, supply of energy, at a time when fossil fuels will be becoming increasingly expensive. There is increasing realisation of this potential as reflected by the launch of the International Tokamak Experimental Reactor (ITER) project, being built in France, which will be the first fusion device to achieve energy gain and sustained burn.In a fusion reaction, large amounts of energy are released when the nuclei of two light atoms fuse together at extremely high temperatures to create a nucleus of a larger atom. In the most promising way to achieve these conditions on earth, strong magnetic fields in a tokamak configuration are used to control and confine the high temperature plasma.UKAEA's Culham Science Centre in Oxfordshire is one of the world's leading fusion research centres, and contributes to fusion research in two ways: (i) through the UK's own programme focused on the spherical tokamak experiment MAST, and (ii) by contributing to the Joint European Torus (JET) programme. International co-operation is strong with the focus on the International Tokamak Experimental Reactor (ITER). EURATOM part-funds all national programmes in Europe including the UK's.Experimental programmes on the MAST and JET tokamaks are performed to help resolve and refine understanding of key physics issues for ITER. In addition, experimental programmes on MAST focus on testing the potential of the spherical tokamak as a more compact option for future fusion devices. A strong theory and modelling group, utilising parallel- and super-computing facilities, supports the experimental programmes and contributes to the research and development of fusion materials and to studies of conceptual fusion power stations. The UK leads the research and development of two ITER specialist (diagnostic and heating) systems, and participates in several others of these large complex projects.The results of the research are presented in reports and publications, and at conferences, expert groups and specialist committees. Collaborations with researchers in other areas of science and technology are pursued strongly, where the research overlaps with fusion R&D, and increasingly there are fusion researchers in universities with whom UKAEA works.The Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EPSRC) and the European Commission fund, provide advice and monitor the UK fusion programme (some of the European funding / for work on ITER systems - is now channelled through the new Fusion for Energy Agency in Barcelona). The Fusion Advisory Board (FAB) advises EPSRC and UKAEA on the programme and on the longer-term strategy for fusion research at Culham; FAB receives reports from the MAST Programme Advisory Committee, a sub-group on ITER and industry, and an annual UK Fusion Materials Forum.
Organisations
Publications
Militello F
(2009)
Error field penetration in the presence of diamagnetic effects
in Nuclear Fusion
Esser H
(2009)
Erosion and deposition behaviour of a-C:H layers in the private flux region of the JET MKII-HD divertor
in Journal of Nuclear Materials
Airila M
(2009)
ERO modelling of local deposition of injected 13 C tracer at the outer divertor of JET
in Physica Scripta
Kempenaars M
(2008)
Enhancement of the JET edge LIDAR Thomson scattering diagnostic with ultrafast detectors.
in The Review of scientific instruments
Phillips G
(2009)
Engineering of diagnostic equatorial port plugs for ITER
in Fusion Engineering and Design
Hamlyn-Harris C
(2009)
Engineering design of an RF vacuum window for the ITER ICRH antenna
in Fusion Engineering and Design
Riccardo V
(2009)
Engineering challenges of the JET ITER-like Wall
in Journal of Nuclear Materials
Aggarwal K
(2010)
Energy levels and radiative rates for transitions in B-like to F-like Xe ions (Xe L-XLVI)
in Atomic Data and Nuclear Data Tables
Aggarwal K
(2008)
Energy levels and radiative rates for transitions in B-like to F-like Kr ions (Kr XXXII-XXVIII)
in Atomic Data and Nuclear Data Tables
Solano E
(2008)
ELMs and strike point movements
in Nuclear Fusion
A Kirk (Author)
(2009)
ELM power loadings and control on MAST using resonant magnetic perturbations
Jakubowski M
(2009)
ELM filament interaction with the JET main chamber
in Journal of Nuclear Materials
W Fundamenski (Author)
(2009)
ELM filament heat loads on plasma facing components in JET and ITER
Nardon E
(2009)
ELM control by resonant magnetic perturbations on JET and MAST
in Journal of Nuclear Materials
Duffy D
(2009)
Electronic effects in radiation damage simulations
in Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section B: Beam Interactions with Materials and Atoms
Aggarwal K
(2009)
Electron impact excitation of Kr XXXII
in Atomic Data and Nuclear Data Tables
Shevchenko V
(2010)
Electron Bernstein wave assisted plasma current start-up in MAST
in Nuclear Fusion
Villone F
(2008)
Effects of three-dimensional electromagnetic structures on resistive-wall-mode stability of reversed field pinches.
in Physical review letters
Reshko M
(2008)
Effects of impurities on electron temperature gradient modes
in Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion
Kirov K
(2009)
Effects of ICRF induced density modifications on LH wave coupling at JET
in Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion
Douglas J
(2008)
Effects of flow shear and Alfvén waves on two-dimensional magnetohydrodynamic turbulence
in Physics of Plasmas
Shinohara K
(2009)
Effects of ferromagnetic components on energetic ion confinement in ITER
in Fusion Engineering and Design
Porro S
(2009)
Effects in CVD diamond exposed to fusion plasmas
in physica status solidi (a)
De Vries P
(2008)
Effect of toroidal field ripple on the formation of internal transport barriers
in Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion
Oyama N
(2008)
Effect of toroidal field ripple and toroidal rotation on H-mode performance and ELM characteristics in JET/JT-60U similarity experiments
in Journal of Physics: Conference Series
V Parail (Co-Author)
(2009)
Effect of the initial ELM on impurity transport in hot ion H mode plasma
Reimerdes H
(2009)
Effect of resonant and non-resonant magnetic braking on error field tolerance in high beta plasmas
in Nuclear Fusion
Cottrell G
(2009)
Effect of plasma rotation on the beam-driven current
in Nuclear Fusion
Delchambre E
(2009)
Effect of micrometric hot spots on surface temperature measurement and flux calculation in the middle and long infrared
in Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion
Ekedahl A
(2009)
Effect of gas injection during LH wave coupling at ITER-relevant plasma-wall distances in JET
in Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion
Jachmich S
(2009)
Effect of external perturbation fields on divertor particle and heat loads during ELMs at JET
in Journal of Nuclear Materials
Waelbroeck F
(2009)
Effect of electrostatic turbulence on magnetic islands
in Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion
Militello F
(2009)
Effect of current corrugations on the stability of the tearing mode
in Physics of Plasmas
R J Hastie (Co-Author)
(2008)
Effect of a runaway electron current on tearing modes
Kalupin D
(2008)
Edge transport barrier formation studies on JET with the JETTO code
in Nuclear Fusion
Alfier A
(2008)
Edge T e and n e profiles during type-I ELM mitigation experiments with perturbation fields on JET
in Nuclear Fusion
Nardon E
(2009)
Edge localized mode control experiments on MAST using resonant magnetic perturbations from in-vessel coils
in Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion
J W Connor (Author)
(2008)
Edge Localised Modes (ELMs): Experiments and Theory
Ward D
(2008)
Economically competitive fusion
in Materials Today
D Ward (Author)
(2009)
Economic consequences of fusion materials development
Kreter A
(2009)
Dynamics of erosion and deposition in tokamaks
in Journal of Nuclear Materials
Rosanvallon S
(2009)
Dust in ITER: Diagnostics and removal techniques
in Journal of Nuclear Materials
Rosanvallon S
(2008)
Dust control in tokamak environment
in Fusion Engineering and Design
Arnoux G
(2009)
Divertor heat load in ITER-like advanced tokamak scenarios on JET
in Journal of Nuclear Materials
Fitzgerald S
(2008)
Dislocation pile-ups in Fe at high temperature
in Proceedings of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences
Nguyen-Manh D
(2008)
Dislocation Driven Problems in Atomistic Modelling of Materials
in MATERIALS TRANSACTIONS
Uytdenhouwen I
(2009)
Dimple optimization for XPS characterization of TEXTOR tile depositions
in Journal of Nuclear Materials
G P Maddison (Author)
(2008)
Dimensionless pedestal identity plasmas on Alcator C-Mod and JET
Maddison G
(2009)
Dimensionless pedestal identity plasmas on Alcator C-Mod and JET
in Nuclear Fusion
Description | Fusion research is focused on ITER (the international experiment being built in France) followed by a demonstration power station (DEMO). The Culham Centre for Fusion Energy (CCFE) is a world-leading fusion research centre. Some highlights from the last two years are summarised below (many the result of collaborations with universities and overseas laboratories). Additional information is in Annual Reports (http://www.ccfe.ac.uk/annual_reports.aspx). Reacting plasmas: The UK programme, funded by EPSRC and EURATOM, is focused on the MAST experiment. Physics studies benefited from high power heating systems and improvements to diagnostics. A major upgrade to the system to measure temperature and density profiles (part funded by York University) was completed and provides unmatched spatial resolution. Important progress from both MAST, and the linked Theory and Modelling programme, has been made in several key areas directly relevant to optimising ITER performance:- energy confinement, enabling more reliable prediction of plasma performance in future devices; control of potentially damaging instabilities; improved understanding of performance limiting core and edge plasma instabilities; gas injection to mitigate the effects of rapid plasma terminations (disruptions), etc. CCFE has contributed to the European JET programme, with notable achievements including operation at high power and current, and substantial progress in scenarios that are suitable for steady state operation in ITER. The EPSRC grant pays the UK contribution to JET operation. Materials: Work included: development of techniques for modelling iron-chromium alloys in the high-temperature limit; modelling of steels and tungsten to compare with experimental data from Oxford University; Ion Beam Analysis measurements of erosion, deposition and hydrogen-isotope retention in tiles removed from the JET tokamak. ITER Systems: CCFE has secured lead roles in two major grants to develop ITER heating systems, and leads a consortium to bid for the LIDAR temperature and density measurement system. CCFE has smaller roles in several other areas. Optimised power plants: Work has concentrated on a detailed assessment of the advantages and disadvantages of pulsed and steady-state DEMOs. Several clear advantages in a steady-state device were identified, however the potential simplification in a pulsed device (greatly reduced need for current drive) is a significant counter-advantage. Conceptual design studies of a spherical tokamak Component Test Facility have continued. A big challenge for any fusion system is dealing with the large exhaust power from burning plasmas. One novel promising option, for both DEMO and CTF, which will be part of the MAST upgrade, is the "Super-X" expanded divertor. Major upgrade to MAST: the design has been developed. The purpose is to give higher performance, longer pulse plasmas allowing definitive tests of the physics of an ST-based CTF, and more exacting studies of ITER physics. In late 2009, RCUK reviewed UK fusion research and following this EPSRC approved funding for the upgrade. In addition CCFE has promoted industry involvement in fusion and significantly assisted UK companies in winning ITER business, increased university involvement (e.g. PhDs), and developed its skills-base for an increased emphasis on technology as recommended by the RCUK review. |
Exploitation Route | In addition CCFE has promoted industry involvement in fusion and significantly assisted UK companies in winning ITER business, increased university involvement (e.g. PhDs), and developed its skills-base for an increased emphasis on technology as recommended by the RCUK review. |
Sectors | Energy |
URL | http://www.ccfe.ac.uk/annual_reports.aspx |
Description | As well as its long term task, developing fusion power, CCFE has promoted industry involvement in fusion. |
First Year Of Impact | 2008 |
Sector | Energy |
Impact Types | Economic |