Manufacture of chiral amines using catalytic and flow processing methods
Lead Research Organisation:
University of Leeds
Department Name: Sch of Chemistry
Abstract
Chiral amines are important building blocks used in 40% of pharmaceutical products and 20% crop protection compounds
and are high value chemical intermediates. However, current methods of manufacture are inefficient, wasteful, and often
unsuitable for complex structures. In particular, a lack of good methods to make secondary and heterocyclic chiral amines
was identified by the collaborating end users. The usual processes employ enantiomer resolution (50% max yield), which
adds processing steps and costs. In fact, the ASC pharmaceutical roundtable has listed this class of reactions as one of the
most important to solve, and continuous processing as the No 1 target in the key green engineeing reseacrh areas. The
chiral amine processes have all been studied and published by Blacker and Xiao using batch processing but not in flow.
Separation of the catalyst and its cost within the processes have prevented industry adoption. These issues will be
overcome in the current project using the Cp-star catalysts in flow.
The Leeds team is responsible for the testing, process development and scale-up/out of up to 5 different processes to
make homochiral secondary or tertiary heterocyclic amines (WP2). The studies require solid supported catalysts (Cp-Star)
and ligands generated at Liverpool (WP1) and YPT (WP3) and Leeds will test these in flow process equipment already in
the iPRD process lab, or slurry reactors developed and transferred to Leeds by AMT (WP4). The starting materials and
analytical methods will be supplied by the collaborating end-user companies (AZ, Pfizer, Syngenta and Dr Reddys)(WP5)
and the process data Leeds generates on product quality, cost, productivity will be used to compare with existing poor
methods for chiral amine manufacture. The processes to make homochiral amines are: (a) asymmetric reductive amination
(catalyst being developed at Liverpool, Leeds can undertake scale-up if required); (b) asymmetric transfer hydrogenation;
(c) amine DKR by immobilised enzyme resolution, continuous product separation and Cp-star catalysed racemisationrecycle
(d) crystallisation induced asymmetric transformation involving chiral amine crystallisation and catalysed
racemisation of the mother liquors (e) redox-neutral amine alkylation using hydrogen borrowing enantioselectively alkylate
amines. The chiral amines required by industry are heterocyclic secondary and tertiary amines such as piperidine,
piperazine, pyrrolidies, indolines etc. Within the project the companies will supply real examples of each class of chiral
amine to illustrate the potential for this technology. The use of flow methodology facilitates screening of multiple
compounds.
The flow reactors that will be used are fixed and trickle bed, cascade CSTR and the novel slurry reactors that are being
designed by AMT and transferred to Leeds for evaluation in these systems. The reactors are all meso-scale which is
required to generate data suitable for scale-up to manufacture. The measurable outputs of the work are entantioselectivity,
conversion, yield, kinetics and reation rate, mass balance (ie green metrics eg process efficiency and waste), productivity,
manufacturing process cost prediction (raw material, operational and capital). This data will be compared with existing
processes to the same products to enable cost benefit analysis thereby achieve the main objective of this part of the
project.
and are high value chemical intermediates. However, current methods of manufacture are inefficient, wasteful, and often
unsuitable for complex structures. In particular, a lack of good methods to make secondary and heterocyclic chiral amines
was identified by the collaborating end users. The usual processes employ enantiomer resolution (50% max yield), which
adds processing steps and costs. In fact, the ASC pharmaceutical roundtable has listed this class of reactions as one of the
most important to solve, and continuous processing as the No 1 target in the key green engineeing reseacrh areas. The
chiral amine processes have all been studied and published by Blacker and Xiao using batch processing but not in flow.
Separation of the catalyst and its cost within the processes have prevented industry adoption. These issues will be
overcome in the current project using the Cp-star catalysts in flow.
The Leeds team is responsible for the testing, process development and scale-up/out of up to 5 different processes to
make homochiral secondary or tertiary heterocyclic amines (WP2). The studies require solid supported catalysts (Cp-Star)
and ligands generated at Liverpool (WP1) and YPT (WP3) and Leeds will test these in flow process equipment already in
the iPRD process lab, or slurry reactors developed and transferred to Leeds by AMT (WP4). The starting materials and
analytical methods will be supplied by the collaborating end-user companies (AZ, Pfizer, Syngenta and Dr Reddys)(WP5)
and the process data Leeds generates on product quality, cost, productivity will be used to compare with existing poor
methods for chiral amine manufacture. The processes to make homochiral amines are: (a) asymmetric reductive amination
(catalyst being developed at Liverpool, Leeds can undertake scale-up if required); (b) asymmetric transfer hydrogenation;
(c) amine DKR by immobilised enzyme resolution, continuous product separation and Cp-star catalysed racemisationrecycle
(d) crystallisation induced asymmetric transformation involving chiral amine crystallisation and catalysed
racemisation of the mother liquors (e) redox-neutral amine alkylation using hydrogen borrowing enantioselectively alkylate
amines. The chiral amines required by industry are heterocyclic secondary and tertiary amines such as piperidine,
piperazine, pyrrolidies, indolines etc. Within the project the companies will supply real examples of each class of chiral
amine to illustrate the potential for this technology. The use of flow methodology facilitates screening of multiple
compounds.
The flow reactors that will be used are fixed and trickle bed, cascade CSTR and the novel slurry reactors that are being
designed by AMT and transferred to Leeds for evaluation in these systems. The reactors are all meso-scale which is
required to generate data suitable for scale-up to manufacture. The measurable outputs of the work are entantioselectivity,
conversion, yield, kinetics and reation rate, mass balance (ie green metrics eg process efficiency and waste), productivity,
manufacturing process cost prediction (raw material, operational and capital). This data will be compared with existing
processes to the same products to enable cost benefit analysis thereby achieve the main objective of this part of the
project.
Planned Impact
This project aims to develop commercially-viable catalytic methods for continuous production of one of the most important
fine chemical, pharmaceutical and agrochemical products, chiral amines, through joint effort between manufacturers,
academia and end users, this project addresses two key areas of this TSB call, changing batch to continuous processes
and using novel catalysis, contributing to sustainable manufacturing for the process industry.
The project will impact on large companies involved in fine chemical, pharmaceutical and agrochemical manufacturing, as
well as SME's involved in supplying to this sector catalysts and chemical reactor technology. The project addresses a
market gap and involves specific companies that wish to collaborate with the academic partners that together are able to
address this business opportunity by forming a chiral amine supply chain.
By developing innovative catalytic technology, the project aims to reduce the costs of manufacturing complex organic
products and make more available chiral amine materials increasingly required in their production. This opens new
business opportunities for chiral amine suppliers and in turn the technology companies supplying them with catalysts and
equipment. Chiral amines are important building blocks used in 40% of pharmaceutical products and 20% crop protection
compounds and are high value chemical intermediates. However, current manufacturing methods are inefficient, wasteful,
and often unsuitable for complex structures.
The ability to make cheaper chiral amines will not only generate new business and create jobs for the fine chemical
suppliers, but will generate revenues and IP for the technology providers. Reducing manufacturing costs and environmental
impact at the large companies improves their competitiveness and contributes to their sustainability as important employers
in the chemical sector. In particular, the continuous chiral amine production methods will impact upon many companies that
manufacture these products in the UK and globally, and the catalysts and reactors will assist the growth of two SMEs.
The UK industry as well as academia will not only benefit from the exploitation and application of the technology delivered
by this project but will also gain from the knowledge generated and from training highly skilled personnel adept in catalyst
science, who are essential to maintain the vibrant, inventive research community that is essential to a knowledge-based
society/economy.
fine chemical, pharmaceutical and agrochemical products, chiral amines, through joint effort between manufacturers,
academia and end users, this project addresses two key areas of this TSB call, changing batch to continuous processes
and using novel catalysis, contributing to sustainable manufacturing for the process industry.
The project will impact on large companies involved in fine chemical, pharmaceutical and agrochemical manufacturing, as
well as SME's involved in supplying to this sector catalysts and chemical reactor technology. The project addresses a
market gap and involves specific companies that wish to collaborate with the academic partners that together are able to
address this business opportunity by forming a chiral amine supply chain.
By developing innovative catalytic technology, the project aims to reduce the costs of manufacturing complex organic
products and make more available chiral amine materials increasingly required in their production. This opens new
business opportunities for chiral amine suppliers and in turn the technology companies supplying them with catalysts and
equipment. Chiral amines are important building blocks used in 40% of pharmaceutical products and 20% crop protection
compounds and are high value chemical intermediates. However, current manufacturing methods are inefficient, wasteful,
and often unsuitable for complex structures.
The ability to make cheaper chiral amines will not only generate new business and create jobs for the fine chemical
suppliers, but will generate revenues and IP for the technology providers. Reducing manufacturing costs and environmental
impact at the large companies improves their competitiveness and contributes to their sustainability as important employers
in the chemical sector. In particular, the continuous chiral amine production methods will impact upon many companies that
manufacture these products in the UK and globally, and the catalysts and reactors will assist the growth of two SMEs.
The UK industry as well as academia will not only benefit from the exploitation and application of the technology delivered
by this project but will also gain from the knowledge generated and from training highly skilled personnel adept in catalyst
science, who are essential to maintain the vibrant, inventive research community that is essential to a knowledge-based
society/economy.
Publications
Chapman M
(2017)
Simple and Versatile Laboratory Scale CSTR for Multiphasic Continuous-Flow Chemistry and Long Residence Times
in Organic Process Research & Development
Kwan MHT
(2021)
Continuous Flow Chiral Amine Racemization Applied to Continuously Recirculating Dynamic Diastereomeric Crystallizations.
in The Journal of organic chemistry
Leonard J
(2015)
A Survey of the Borrowing Hydrogen Approach to the Synthesis of some Pharmaceutically Relevant Intermediates
in Organic Process Research & Development
Lucas S
(2013)
A robust method to heterogenise and recycle group 9 catalysts
in Chemical Communications
Sherborne GJ
(2015)
Activation and deactivation of a robust immobilized Cp*Ir-transfer hydrogenation catalyst: a multielement in situ X-ray absorption spectroscopy study.
in Journal of the American Chemical Society
Description | This funding has developed a new method for recycling the waste from resolution processes that make chiral amines used in making complex organic chemicals such as pharmaceuticals, agrochemicals and fine chemicals. The impact of this is reduced waste and lower production costs. The project assisted in the development of a new laboratory-scale continuous flow reactor capable of using or making solids, liquids or gases. The Freactor is being used by over a dozen different labs in evaluating new chemistries in continuous flow, overcoming one of the main barriers - the use of solids. |
Exploitation Route | The industrial collaborators are currently transferring and evaluating the technology on their own development and manufactured products |
Sectors | Chemicals,Manufacturing, including Industrial Biotechology,Pharmaceuticals and Medical Biotechnology |
Description | The research findings are being evaluated by the industrial project partners. It is hoped that this work will support changes to chemical manufacturing of chiral amines that are used in a wide variety of pharmaceutical, agrochemical and fine chemical products. |
Sector | Chemicals,Manufacturing, including Industrial Biotechology,Pharmaceuticals and Medical Biotechnology |
Impact Types | Economic |
Description | AstraZeneca and YProTech Industrial EPSRC CASE Award |
Amount | £60,000 (GBP) |
Funding ID | EPSRC iCASE voucher, number 13550002 (SME) |
Organisation | Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EPSRC) |
Sector | Public |
Country | United Kingdom |
Start | 09/2014 |
End | 08/2018 |
Description | Combined Bio- and Chemo- Catalysis: Methods for Making Secondary and Tertiary Chiral Amines |
Amount | £24,000 (GBP) |
Funding ID | 1367311 |
Organisation | Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EPSRC) |
Sector | Public |
Country | United Kingdom |
Start | 10/2013 |
End | 03/2017 |
Description | EPSRC and AstraZeneca CASE Award |
Amount | £29,400 (GBP) |
Organisation | AstraZeneca |
Department | Research and Development AstraZeneca |
Sector | Private |
Country | United Kingdom |
Start | 10/2015 |
End | 03/2019 |
Description | IL6 Russia - Non Newton |
Amount | £150,000 (GBP) |
Funding ID | 352397111 |
Organisation | British Council |
Sector | Charity/Non Profit |
Country | United Kingdom |
Start | 02/2018 |
End | 02/2021 |
Description | Resolution and Racemisation Processes for the Synthesis of Chiral Amines |
Amount | £24,000 (GBP) |
Funding ID | 1524632 |
Organisation | Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EPSRC) |
Sector | Public |
Country | United Kingdom |
Start | 10/2014 |
End | 03/2018 |
Title | Immobilised Catalyst Continuous Processing |
Description | Immobilised Catalyst for chemical reactions to enable recovery and recycle and prevent product contamination with catalyst |
Type Of Material | Technology assay or reagent |
Year Produced | 2011 |
Provided To Others? | Yes |
Impact | Two publications. On-going industrial evaluation |
Title | Laboratory scale continuous flow stirred tank reactors |
Description | The ability to carry out continuous flow reactions in the laboratory with multi-phasic systems has been limited. A new magnetically stirred reactor (CSTR) with 2mL volume has been developed partly as a result of the chiral amine project. The Freactor is a multi-stage or cascade CSTR able to use and make mixtures of solids-gases and liquids to do chemical reactions that are useful in developing production processes. |
Type Of Material | Improvements to research infrastructure |
Year Produced | 2016 |
Provided To Others? | Yes |
Impact | The Freactor is being used by more than a dozen other chemical labs in academia and industry, enabling them to evaluate reactions that were hitherto not possible. Talks are on-going with an equipment supplier to exploit this system and make it more widely available. |
URL | http://www.iprd.leeds.ac.uk/test/freactors.html |
Description | Chiral Amines Continuous Resolution Recycle |
Organisation | Amtech |
Country | United Kingdom |
Sector | Private |
PI Contribution | We have contributed expertise, facilities, intellectual input to the collaboration |
Collaborator Contribution | The partners have contributed their time, materials, problems, expertise and facilities to the collaboration |
Impact | University of Leeds have a Patent on the technology that is partially granted in a number of countries |
Start Year | 2014 |
Description | Chiral Amines Continuous Resolution Recycle |
Organisation | AstraZeneca |
Department | Research and Development AstraZeneca |
Country | United Kingdom |
Sector | Private |
PI Contribution | We have contributed expertise, facilities, intellectual input to the collaboration |
Collaborator Contribution | The partners have contributed their time, materials, problems, expertise and facilities to the collaboration |
Impact | University of Leeds have a Patent on the technology that is partially granted in a number of countries |
Start Year | 2014 |
Description | Chiral Amines Continuous Resolution Recycle |
Organisation | Dr. Reddy's Laboratories |
Country | India |
Sector | Private |
PI Contribution | We have contributed expertise, facilities, intellectual input to the collaboration |
Collaborator Contribution | The partners have contributed their time, materials, problems, expertise and facilities to the collaboration |
Impact | University of Leeds have a Patent on the technology that is partially granted in a number of countries |
Start Year | 2014 |
Description | Chiral Amines Continuous Resolution Recycle |
Organisation | Pfizer Ltd |
Country | United Kingdom |
Sector | Private |
PI Contribution | We have contributed expertise, facilities, intellectual input to the collaboration |
Collaborator Contribution | The partners have contributed their time, materials, problems, expertise and facilities to the collaboration |
Impact | University of Leeds have a Patent on the technology that is partially granted in a number of countries |
Start Year | 2014 |
Description | Chiral Amines Continuous Resolution Recycle |
Organisation | Syngenta International AG |
Department | Syngenta Ltd (Bracknell) |
Country | United Kingdom |
Sector | Private |
PI Contribution | We have contributed expertise, facilities, intellectual input to the collaboration |
Collaborator Contribution | The partners have contributed their time, materials, problems, expertise and facilities to the collaboration |
Impact | University of Leeds have a Patent on the technology that is partially granted in a number of countries |
Start Year | 2014 |
Description | Chiral Amines Continuous Resolution Recycle |
Organisation | YProTech Ltd |
Country | United Kingdom |
Sector | Private |
PI Contribution | We have contributed expertise, facilities, intellectual input to the collaboration |
Collaborator Contribution | The partners have contributed their time, materials, problems, expertise and facilities to the collaboration |
Impact | University of Leeds have a Patent on the technology that is partially granted in a number of countries |
Start Year | 2014 |
Title | COMPOUNDS FOR USE AS LIGANDS |
Description | The present invention relates to compounds and their use as ligands, in particular in metal catalyst complexes. The ligands of the invention are capable of binding to a solid support. The invention includes the ligands in their own right and when bound to a support and the compounds may be used to prepare metal catalyst complexes. |
IP Reference | WO2009093059 |
Protection | Patent granted |
Year Protection Granted | 2009 |
Licensed | Yes |
Impact | Evaluation by collaborating industry partners and other academic institutions |
Company Name | YProTech |
Description | SIC 20037310 - Research And Experimental Development On Natural Sciences And Engineering SIC 200772110 - Research And Experimental Development On Biotechnology Keywords biotechnology research & development natural science research & development research & development engineering research & development chemical substance development chemistry process technology scales pharmaceutical research hydrogenation customs |
Year Established | 2008 |
Impact | Development of immobilised catalysts |
Website | http://www.yprotech.com |
Description | Catalysis - Fundamentals and Practice (2015) |
Form Of Engagement Activity | Participation in an activity, workshop or similar |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | National |
Primary Audience | Postgraduate students |
Results and Impact | To illustrate to students the use and potential of catalysis within fine chemical manufacturing. |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2015 |
URL | http://www.catalysis-cdt.ac.uk/catalysis-fundamentals-and-practice-2015 |
Description | Continuous flow synthesis of chiral amines ACS Conference |
Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | International |
Primary Audience | Professional Practitioners |
Results and Impact | Project PDRA Presentation at International Chemistry Conference |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2014 |
URL | http://acselb-529643017.us-west-2.elb.amazonaws.com/chem/248nm/program/view.php |
Description | International Symposium on Synthesis and Catalysis (Evora) |
Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | International |
Primary Audience | Postgraduate students |
Results and Impact | A 9 minute flash presentation was given titled 'Overcoming the limitation of diastereomeric crystallisation' to give a brief introduction on the integration of batch resolution and flow racemisation in the synthesis of chiral amines. |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2017 |
Description | SCI Continuous FlowConference |
Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | International |
Primary Audience | Industry/Business |
Results and Impact | Presentation of research resulting from this research project to a specialist audience that has resulted in follow-ups with several companies |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2016 |
URL | http://www.rsc.org/events/detail/18985/sci-rsc-continuous-flow-technology-iii |
Description | UK Catalysis Hub |
Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | International |
Primary Audience | Professional Practitioners |
Results and Impact | The plenary lecture generated much interest about the spend on catalysis R&D vs impact and has helped focus research so that industry adoption is easier helping overcome problems in transferring technology from academia to industry. |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2016 |
URL | https://www.qub.ac.uk/sites/UKCC2016/ |