Inspiring Futures for Zero Carbon Mobility (INFUZE)
Lead Research Organisation:
University of Leeds
Department Name: Institute for Transport Studies
Abstract
Transportation is the largest contributor of carbon emissions in the UK (23%). Tackling transport emissions is one of the defining challenges of the UK Government's Net Zero Strategy. The Climate Change Committee consistently finds that lower travel demand futures are necessary to meet our carbon budgets but, as yet, there is a lack of credible solutions in the UK or internationally which can deliver change at scale.
Sharing mobility assets, 'right-sizing' of vehicles, and powered light electric mobility could counter the focus on heavier vehicles and accelerate electric vehicle uptake by lowering costs and widening access. New service design options such as demand-responsive transport, service integration across products, radical road space reallocation, and virtual technologies could also improve the attractiveness of non-car-based options. However transport science, has focused only on measuring, predicting, and acting under assumptions of increasing car use. It lacks the data, the models, the methods, and the mandate to inform more radical transformation to new forms of mobility access not predicated on individual ownership. The INFUZE project seeks to address this major gap with a vision:
To transform the process of understanding, designing, and implementing transport system interventions to enable and ensure the rapid transition to zero carbon mobility through accessing mobility on demand.
INFUZE will develop a ground breaking approach to participatory mobility science to build a unique suite of data-enabled decision tools to identify and galvanise the opportunities for emerging mobility service systems which capture the impact of place, social learning, and tipping points. We will test, evaluate, and learn through a series of ambitious real-world trials how to stimulate a transition from individual ownership to mobility access. The question is not 'can you live without your car?' but 'what would a world where people did not need to own their own cars look like?'
INFUZE will answer this question by achieving seven key objectives:
Co-design with communities and stakeholders a set of vision-led approaches to building mobility systems which provide a positive alternative to car-ownership
Develop new tools and conceptual models to understand the propensity to shift mobility ownership to mobility access taking account of new mobility service characteristics
Build a world leading Agent Based Modelling platform which enables the joint modelling of mobility ownership, access and mobility choices
Create and deploy new forms of data visualisation to enable stakeholders to engage with, scrutinise and impact our models to build enhanced scientific legitimacy
Test, learn, iterate and validate our tools through a transdisciplinary, experimental approach that integrates participatory design science, data science and behavioural science
Identify the governance and policy changes which will enable new mobility packages to be scaled up and transferred nationally and beyond
Change how mobility transitions are researched, developing a new approach to participatory mobility science for change
INFUZE will open up opportunities for researchers to develop new projects and businesses to develop and test algorithms and services. The grant will act as a springboard to a new National Centre of Excellence in Low Carbon Mobility Transitions as a major 'place-based' investment that will enable partners from across the UK, and globally, to design and evaluate interventions building on our unique data assets, models, and whole life carbon assessment tools. Our participatory mobility science will change the way consultancies and governments approach the mobility transition challenge.
Sharing mobility assets, 'right-sizing' of vehicles, and powered light electric mobility could counter the focus on heavier vehicles and accelerate electric vehicle uptake by lowering costs and widening access. New service design options such as demand-responsive transport, service integration across products, radical road space reallocation, and virtual technologies could also improve the attractiveness of non-car-based options. However transport science, has focused only on measuring, predicting, and acting under assumptions of increasing car use. It lacks the data, the models, the methods, and the mandate to inform more radical transformation to new forms of mobility access not predicated on individual ownership. The INFUZE project seeks to address this major gap with a vision:
To transform the process of understanding, designing, and implementing transport system interventions to enable and ensure the rapid transition to zero carbon mobility through accessing mobility on demand.
INFUZE will develop a ground breaking approach to participatory mobility science to build a unique suite of data-enabled decision tools to identify and galvanise the opportunities for emerging mobility service systems which capture the impact of place, social learning, and tipping points. We will test, evaluate, and learn through a series of ambitious real-world trials how to stimulate a transition from individual ownership to mobility access. The question is not 'can you live without your car?' but 'what would a world where people did not need to own their own cars look like?'
INFUZE will answer this question by achieving seven key objectives:
Co-design with communities and stakeholders a set of vision-led approaches to building mobility systems which provide a positive alternative to car-ownership
Develop new tools and conceptual models to understand the propensity to shift mobility ownership to mobility access taking account of new mobility service characteristics
Build a world leading Agent Based Modelling platform which enables the joint modelling of mobility ownership, access and mobility choices
Create and deploy new forms of data visualisation to enable stakeholders to engage with, scrutinise and impact our models to build enhanced scientific legitimacy
Test, learn, iterate and validate our tools through a transdisciplinary, experimental approach that integrates participatory design science, data science and behavioural science
Identify the governance and policy changes which will enable new mobility packages to be scaled up and transferred nationally and beyond
Change how mobility transitions are researched, developing a new approach to participatory mobility science for change
INFUZE will open up opportunities for researchers to develop new projects and businesses to develop and test algorithms and services. The grant will act as a springboard to a new National Centre of Excellence in Low Carbon Mobility Transitions as a major 'place-based' investment that will enable partners from across the UK, and globally, to design and evaluate interventions building on our unique data assets, models, and whole life carbon assessment tools. Our participatory mobility science will change the way consultancies and governments approach the mobility transition challenge.
Organisations
- University of Leeds (Lead Research Organisation)
- ARUP (Project Partner)
- Enterprise Car Club (Project Partner)
- First Bus (Project Partner)
- Transport for the North (Project Partner)
- Calderdale Council (Project Partner)
- Padam Mobility (Project Partner)
- Mobilityways Limited (Project Partner)
- TRANSPORT FOR WEST MIDLANDS (Project Partner)
- Steer (Project Partner)
- DEPARTMENT FOR TRANSPORT (Project Partner)
- Zemo Partnership (Project Partner)
- Beryl (Project Partner)
- LEEDS CITY COUNCIL (Project Partner)
- RideTandem (Project Partner)
- West Yorkshire Combined Authority (Project Partner)
Publications
Ternes V
(2024)
A just transition or just a transition? The understanding and relevance of fairness in planning for a decarbonised transport system
in Energy Research & Social Science
Beecham R
(2025)
gridmappr: An R package for creating small multiple gridmap layouts
in Environment and Planning B: Urban Analytics and City Science
Beecham R
(2026)
Open spatial science as routine practice: Urban Data/Code contributions from GISRUK 2024
in Environment and Planning B: Urban Analytics and City Science
Mehdizadeh M
(2025)
Rethinking electric vehicles in research and planning
in npj Sustainable Mobility and Transport
Brand C
(2025)
Achieving deep transport energy demand reductions in the United Kingdom
in Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews
Mehdizadeh M
(2026)
Cross-sectional illusions: what we have learned about the attitude-behaviour relationship and its policy implications
in Transport Reviews
Mehdizadeh M
(2026)
Dynamics of car consumption and attitudes towards car characteristics: Insights from a large-scale panel model in the United Kingdom
in Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice
De Vos J
(2026)
The impact of travel on perceived activity performance
in Transportation Research Part F: Traffic Psychology and Behaviour
Connected Places Catapult
(2025)
INFUZE user stories - What users need from car sharing models
Levermore, T
(2025)
Carsharing Models and Influences - A Literature Review
Levermore T
(2025)
Carsharing Models and Influences - A Literature Review
Marsden, G., Lyons G., And Rothnie A
(2024)
Paying for Driving: Is Doing Nothing an Option?
Connected Places Catapult
(2025)
INFUZE User Stories - What Users Need from Car Sharing Models
| Title | INFUZE Creative Assembly 1 |
| Description | A short video about the first INFUZE Creative Assembly held in March 2025 |
| Type Of Art | Film/Video/Animation |
| Year Produced | 2026 |
| Impact | The video has sparked interest in the community and inspired more people to get involved in the project. |
| URL | https://youtube.com/shorts/0i_JwTPvahg |
| Title | INFUZE Creative Assembly 2 |
| Description | A short video about the second INFUZE Creative Assembly held in May 20205 |
| Type Of Art | Film/Video/Animation |
| Year Produced | 2026 |
| Impact | The video has sparked interest in the local community and inspired more people to get involved with the project. |
| URL | https://youtube.com/shorts/3_MnSTklzQY |
| Title | INFUZE Manifesto |
| Description | A short newspaper style document printed in vibrant colours summarising findings from surveys, workshops and focus groups with Leeds residents. The document will be used as a catalyst to engage more Leeds residents in an ongoing dialogue about how we work together to design transport systems that are better for people and places |
| Type Of Art | Artefact (including digital) |
| Year Produced | 2026 |
| Impact | We've just received the final version but have not yet had the chance to share it. |
| Description | Citation of research in Scottish Parliament Official Report - Public Audit Committee |
| Geographic Reach | National |
| Policy Influence Type | Citation in other policy documents |
| URL | https://www.parliament.scot/api/sitecore/CustomMedia/OfficialReport?meetingId=16382 |
| Description | DfT "Future Transport Systems" Away Day |
| Geographic Reach | National |
| Policy Influence Type | Influenced training of practitioners or researchers |
| Description | Environmental Audit Committee Report on Seventh Carbon Budget |
| Geographic Reach | National |
| Policy Influence Type | Citation in other policy documents |
| URL | https://committees.parliament.uk/work/9361/the-seventh-carbon-budget/ |
| Description | Integrated National Transport Strategy: a call for ideas |
| Geographic Reach | National |
| Policy Influence Type | Contribution to a national consultation/review |
| URL | https://www.gov.uk/government/calls-for-evidence/integrated-national-transport-strategy-a-call-for-i... |
| Description | Oral Evidence to the Scottish Parliament's Net Zero, Energy and Transport Committee - Draft Climate Change Plan (2025) |
| Geographic Reach | National |
| Policy Influence Type | Contribution to a national consultation/review |
| URL | https://www.parliament.scot/chamber-and-committees/committees/current-and-previous-committees/sessio... |
| Description | Participation in National Institute for Health Care and Research, Decarbonising Health & Social Care Research Committee |
| Geographic Reach | National |
| Policy Influence Type | Participation in a guidance/advisory committee |
| URL | https://www.nihr.ac.uk/our-commitments-climate-health-and-sustainability-2024-2026 |
| Description | Scottish Government Climate Change Plan Advisory Group |
| Geographic Reach | National |
| Policy Influence Type | Participation in a guidance/advisory committee |
| URL | https://www.gov.scot/policies/climate-change/ |
| Description | Transport Select Committee: Joined-up journeys: achieving and measuring transport integration |
| Geographic Reach | National |
| Policy Influence Type | Contribution to a national consultation/review |
| URL | https://in-fuze.org.uk/infuze-responds-to-joined-up-journeys-inquiry/ |
| Description | Healthy and Sustainable Places Data Service |
| Amount | £5,124,857 (GBP) |
| Funding ID | ES/Z504336/1 |
| Organisation | Economic and Social Research Council |
| Sector | Public |
| Country | United Kingdom |
| Start | 01/2025 |
| End | 03/2029 |
| Title | INFUZE Call to Action 1 |
| Description | 400 responses the Call to Action survey |
| Type Of Material | Database/Collection of data |
| Year Produced | 2025 |
| Provided To Others? | No |
| Impact | This dataset has shaped how we plan co-design and outreach activities and has been feed back to our project partners in government and industry |
| URL | https://in-fuze.org.uk/leeds-residents-tell-us-what-journeys-would-be-most-difficult-without-a-car/ |
| Title | INFUZE LCA Tool |
| Description | 1. The LCA tool can be described as a life cycle assessment modelling framework. It functions as a data analysis and emissions accounting tool rather than a standalone dataset. It is is used to quantify carbon emissions across the full vehicle life cycle (cradle-to-grave). It enables scenario analysis, allowing us to assess how changes in fleet composition ( e.g. electrification ), utilisation, and ownership patterns affect total emissions. |
| Type Of Material | Data analysis technique |
| Year Produced | 2026 |
| Provided To Others? | No |
| Impact | 3. We are preparing the input data and writing up findings related to fleet classification and future fleet projections. These outputs will form direct inputs into the LCA modelling. The work is intended to contribute to academic outputs and future policy-relevant analysis. |
| Description | CARS / INFUZE / RAC / AECOM MOT Data & Fleet Modelling Meeting/Workshop |
| Form Of Engagement Activity | A formal working group, expert panel or dialogue |
| Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
| Geographic Reach | National |
| Primary Audience | Professional Practitioners |
| Results and Impact | This workshop brought together teams from the CARS, INFUZE and RAC Foundation projects alongside AECOM to exchange methods, data, and modelling approaches for analysing UK vehicle fleets using MOT, DVLA and ANPR datasets. The session covered modelling of annual mileage by vintage, fleet turnover and fuel type, projections of electrification, scenario tools, and methodological challenges including lease vehicle distortions, NI-GB differences, keeper location data, and long-term fleet sustainability. Participants reviewed comparative results between AECOM and CARS models, identified shared research priorities, and agreed actions for collaboration, data validation, and future in-person technical sessions. The purpose was to coordinate analytical approaches, accelerate joint methodological development, and ensure consistency across projects working on transport decarbonisation evidence. |
| Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2026 |
| Description | Expert Advisor for Earth 2050 Climate Solutions Video Series - Future of Road Transport |
| Form Of Engagement Activity | A formal working group, expert panel or dialogue |
| Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
| Geographic Reach | International |
| Primary Audience | Media (as a channel to the public) |
| Results and Impact | Invited by Earth 2050, a UK charity focused on science communication, to act as an expert advisor on a public-facing animated video on the Future of Road Transport, narrated by Stephen Fry. The video is part of a series of 50 educational resources addressing climate change solutions. The contribution involves reviewing the draft script for accuracy, highlighting omissions, and ensuring clarity for a lay audience. The project is guided by Earth 2050's commitment to unbiased, evidence-based educational content, aimed at improving public understanding of net zero transport pathways. |
| Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2025 |
| URL | https://earth2050.com/ |
| Description | How to Fix...podcast: How can we build a future where we don't need to own a car |
| Form Of Engagement Activity | A broadcast e.g. TV/radio/film/podcast (other than news/press) |
| Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
| Geographic Reach | International |
| Primary Audience | Public/other audiences |
| Results and Impact | How To Fix is a podcast from the University of Leeds providing hopeful solutions to the greatest challenges humanity faces, directly from the scientists and researchers on the front line. This episode focusses on what a future where we don't need to own a car might look like Host Rich Williams is joined by Greg Marsden, Professor of Transport Governance, Dr Ian Philips, Senior Research Fellow exploring sustainable and equitable transport, and Jillian Anable, Professor of Transport and Energy at the Institute of Transport Studies |
| Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2024 |
| URL | https://open.spotify.com/episode/3i1XL2fnEoBDn1PyIIj6AP |
| Description | IAAPS Doctoral Conference Presentation - "Electric cars and vans: why we still cannot guarantee consumers will 'do the right thing'" |
| Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
| Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
| Geographic Reach | National |
| Primary Audience | Professional Practitioners |
| Results and Impact | Prof. Jillian Anable delivered a presentation at the IAAPS Doctoral Conference (Bath, UK) titled "Electric cars and vans: why we still cannot guarantee that consumers will 'do the right thing'". Abstract: Despite most energy and carbon modelling exercises clearly indicating that electric vehicles will not allow the transport sector to stay within carbon budgets on their own, the setting of ambitious adoption targets for these vehicles is the main tenet of most develop economies' transport decarbonisation strategies. The transition to EVs is essentially taken for granted, although the rate of uptake remains uncertain among mainstream consumers as well as the hardest to reach groups. This talk will highlight just how far and how fast we need consumers to embrace and adopt this technology and the multifaceted package of policies that will be required to achieve this. Differences among social groups, places and markets will be addressed, with particular emphasis on the need to combine policies in specific ways in order to achieve a just transition. Serious questions will be posed as to the legitimacy of relying on the model of private ownership of EVs as the only route to transport sector decarbonisation taken seriously in current policy portfolios. The session was attended by doctoral researchers, industry engineers and practitioners, and generated discussion on behavioural, social and equity dimensions of the transition to electric mobility. |
| Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2025 |
| Description | INFUZE Creative Assemblies |
| Form Of Engagement Activity | Participation in an activity, workshop or similar |
| Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
| Geographic Reach | Local |
| Primary Audience | Public/other audiences |
| Results and Impact | INFUZE Researchers held two half-day co-design workshops with Leeds residents. We brought citizens together from across Leeds to listen, learn and collaborate. We explored our shared philosophies, values and emotions and together we designed a set of guiding principles for a future transport system that's better for people and places. A few months later, we came back together, to look at how we might create positive change. Guided by our design and emotional principles, we reimagined how we might get around, how our streets and public spaces should make us feel and what we want our communities be like in future. |
| Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2025 |
| URL | https://in-fuze.org.uk/creating-a-shared-vision-for-a-better-future/ |
| Description | INFUZE School Design Sprints |
| Form Of Engagement Activity | Participation in an activity, workshop or similar |
| Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
| Geographic Reach | Local |
| Primary Audience | Schools |
| Results and Impact | INFUZE researchers worked with Ahead Partnership and other government and business partners to deliver workshops at four local high schools attended by roughly 200 pupils in total. The workshops sparked lively discussions around sustainable living and inclusivity and how public spaces and transport could better serve young people. The workshops received positive feedback from students and our delivery partners from government and industry commented that they had gained valuable insights. Insights from these workshops will inform our work moving forward. |
| Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2025 |
| URL | https://in-fuze.org.uk/could-we-all-become-winners/ |
| Description | INFUZE on BBC Look North |
| Form Of Engagement Activity | A press release, press conference or response to a media enquiry/interview |
| Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
| Geographic Reach | Regional |
| Primary Audience | Public/other audiences |
| Results and Impact | BBC Look North feature (aired 16 May 2024) announcing plans for INFUZE. The segment includes an interview with Greg Marsden and with Leeds residents who are actively working to reduce car use |
| Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2024 |
| URL | https://in-fuze.org.uk/infuze-on-bbc-look-north/ |
| Description | Invitation to speak: Net Zero All-Party Parliamentary Group, Road to Net Zero Transport, Unblocking the Barriers |
| Form Of Engagement Activity | A formal working group, expert panel or dialogue |
| Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
| Geographic Reach | National |
| Primary Audience | Policymakers/politicians |
| Results and Impact | Invitation to speak: Net Zero All-Party Parliamentary Group, Road to Net Zero Transport, Unblocking the Barriers 22/04/2025 Session focused on the following question: "What policy incentives would unblock the barriers to cleaner greener journeys and make Net Zero transport an affordable, accessible, attractive, available and reliable choice for all?" Professor Jillian Anable delivered a sharp critique of UK transport policy, arguing it misjudges public behaviour and systemic barriers to decarbonisation. She highlighted flaws in EV policy-such as inequitable access and misleading "zero-emission" claims-and stressed the need for structural reforms, including disincentives for high-carbon travel (e.g., congestion charges) alongside incentives. Anable challenged the focus on short trips, emphasising that long-distance car journeys drive most emissions, and proposed bold measures like restricting ICE vehicles in national parks and integrating transport planning. Her key message: meaningful change requires transparency, equity, and systemic shifts. |
| Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2025 |
| URL | https://netzeroappg.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2025/04/Meeting-notes_-Road-to-Net-Zero-Accelerating-N... |
| Description | Judge - Transport Decarbonisation Awards |
| Form Of Engagement Activity | A formal working group, expert panel or dialogue |
| Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
| Geographic Reach | National |
| Primary Audience | Professional Practitioners |
| Results and Impact | Prof. Anable served as a judge for the Transport Decarbonisation Awards, contributing expert assessment of shortlisted submissions relating to innovation and practice in low-carbon mobility. Her role involved reviewing entries, applying formal evaluation criteria, and participating in panel discussions to determine winners across several award categories. The purpose of the activity was to support recognition of high-quality, evidence-based transport decarbonisation initiatives and to highlight best practice across industry and local government. Outcomes included strengthening links between academic and practitioner communities, improving the visibility of impactful decarbonisation projects, and supporting a credible, expert-led awards process. |
| Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2026 |
| URL | https://www.decarbonisingtransportawards.uk/2026-award-finalists |
| Description | Keynote Speaker - TOD2 International Conference (Session 3: Accessibility, Automation & Evolving Mobility Hubs) |
| Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
| Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
| Geographic Reach | International |
| Primary Audience | Professional Practitioners |
| Results and Impact | Prof. Jillian Anable delivered a keynote presentation at TOD2: The International Conference on Next-Generation Transit-Oriented Development (Bath, UK), for Session 3: "Accessibility, Automation & the Evolving Mobility Hub: Planning from Regional Science to Robotaxis." |
| Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2025 |
| Description | Quoted in Doncaster Free Press article on SUV 'carspreading' |
| Form Of Engagement Activity | A press release, press conference or response to a media enquiry/interview |
| Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
| Geographic Reach | Regional |
| Primary Audience | Public/other audiences |
| Results and Impact | Jillian Anable, Professor of Transport & Energy at the University of Leeds, quoted in Doncaster Free Press "Doncaster has some of the most supersized SUVs in country too big to park" and said: "I believe we will look back with disbelief at how we allowed larger and larger vehicles to take hold. SUVs require more land to park them on, more materials to produce them with, more road space to drive them along and more fuel to travel the equivalent distance by smaller vehicles. Even electric and hybrid SUVs will delay the transition to Net Zero as their larger batteries require more electricity." |
| Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2025 |
| URL | https://www.doncasterfreepress.co.uk/community/doncaster-has-some-of-the-most-supersized-suvs-in-cou... |
| Description | Quoted in Yorkshire Post article on SUV growth ("Carspreading Revealed") |
| Form Of Engagement Activity | A press release, press conference or response to a media enquiry/interview |
| Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
| Geographic Reach | Regional |
| Primary Audience | Public/other audiences |
| Results and Impact | Jillian Anable, Professor of Transport & Energy at the University of Leeds, was quoted in the Yorkshire post in "Carspreading Revealed: the Yorkshire areas with the highest numbers of supersized SUVs too big to park": "I believe we will look back with disbelief at how we allowed larger and larger vehicles to take hold. SUVs require more land to park them on, more materials to produce them with, more road space to drive them along and more fuel to travel the equivalent distance by smaller vehicles. Even electric and hybrid SUVs will delay the transition to Net Zero as their larger batteries require more electricity." |
| Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2025 |
| URL | https://www.yorkshirepost.co.uk/read-this/carspreading-revealed-the-yorkshire-areas-with-the-highest... |
| Description | UTSG 2025 Presentation: Changes in Household Car Ownership and the Impact of Covid-19 - A Panel Case Study of Shifting Trends |
| Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
| Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
| Geographic Reach | National |
| Primary Audience | Professional Practitioners |
| Results and Impact | presented research from the INFUZE and TRANSAS programmes examining how household car ownership changed in the years surrounding the Covid-19 pandemic. Using longitudinal (panel) data, the study analysed shifts in purchase, disposal, and usage patterns, highlighting differential impacts across demographic groups and regions. The presentation contributed to UTSG's thematic session on shared mobility and post-pandemic behavioural change. |
| Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2025 |
| Description | UTSG 2025 Presentation: What Goes Up Must Come Down? A Systematic Review of the Processes of Change in Levels of Car Ownership |
| Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
| Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
| Geographic Reach | National |
| Primary Audience | Professional Practitioners |
| Results and Impact | Conference presentation at the Universities' Transport Studies Group (UTSG) Annual Conference. The talk reported findings from a systematic review examining the processes underlying increases and decreases in household car ownership over time, drawing on evidence across demographic, economic, behavioural, and spatial factors. The presentation contributed to broader discussions on shared mobility transitions and was linked to the INFUZE and TRANSAS research programmes. |
| Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2025 |
