Measuring and Evaluating the Travel, Physical Activity and Carbon Impacts of Connect2
Lead Research Organisation:
University of Southampton
Department Name: Faculty of Engineering & the Environment
Abstract
Connect2 is a 138 million investment programme in walking and cycling infrastructure at 79 sites across the UK that provides a unique opportunity to determine the impact of infrastructure provision on walking and cycling and to assess the impact of other interventions including promotional activities. The challenge is to ensure this opportunity is used to fill evidence gaps, assess transferability and influence policy. The aim of this project is therefore to measure and evaluate the travel, physical activity and carbon impacts of interventions to improve the connectivity of infrastructure for walking and cycling. To achieve this aim we have developed an interdisciplinary consortium of eight institutions with expertise in energy, environmental, physical activity, public health and transport research, as well as computerised urban modelling. Our objectives are: (1) to develop and refine measurement instruments and evaluation frameworks for assessing the effects of these interventions on travel activity, physical activity and carbon emissions; (2) to apply these methods in longitudinal population-based studies at a purposive sample of up to six Connect2 case study sites; (3) to determine the likely benefits of additional promotional interventions using a randomised controlled trial at one Connect2 site (provisionally the Road to Nowhere scheme in Glasgow); and (4) to enhance and collate data at all Connect2 sites to develop strategic evaluation measures. Our methodological approach will be informed by the realist approach to evaluation which advocates determining not simply whether an intervention has worked but also understanding why it is effective (or not), in what ways, for whom and in what circumstances. We will therefore collect data on context, mechanisms and outcomes using a longer self complete household questionnaire, to which we anticipate a total of approximately 10,000 useable responses from the main case studies; a shorter user intercept questionnaire, developed in conjunction with Sustrans; and more detailed objective measures from subsets of our study cohorts. The main outputs will be an improved set of measurement and evaluation tools at the strategic and more detailed, local levels, validated using a heterogeneous set of Connect2 case studies; evidence on the impacts of infrastructural and promotional interventions, which will inform policy and practice; and strategic benefit and cost measures which will inform and influence government policy and appraisal of infrastructural interventions. These outputs will have significant generic benefits for central government, local authorities, active travel users and academia.
Organisations
Publications
Ogilvie D
(2011)
An applied ecological framework for evaluating infrastructure to promote walking and cycling: the iConnect study.
in American journal of public health
Goodman A
(2014)
New walking and cycling routes and increased physical activity: one- and 2-year findings from the UK iConnect Study.
in American journal of public health
Sahlqvist S
(2011)
Effect of questionnaire length, personalisation and reminder type on response rate to a complex postal survey: randomised controlled trial.
in BMC medical research methodology
Powell J
(2010)
The Health Economic Case for Infrastructure to Promote Active Travel: A Critical Review
in Built Environment
Götschi T
(2017)
Towards a Comprehensive Conceptual Framework of Active Travel Behavior: a Review and Synthesis of Published Frameworks.
in Current environmental health reports
Song Y
(2013)
What Explains Active Travel Behaviour? Evidence from Case Studies in the UK
in Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space
Goodman A
(2012)
Associations of health, physical activity and weight status with motorised travel and transport carbon dioxide emissions: a cross-sectional, observational study.
in Environmental health : a global access science source
Bird EL
(2013)
Behavior change techniques used to promote walking and cycling: a systematic review.
in Health psychology : official journal of the Division of Health Psychology, American Psychological Association
Humphreys DK
(2016)
Changing the environment to improve population health: a framework for considering exposure in natural experimental studies.
in Journal of epidemiology and community health
Panter J
(2017)
Can environmental improvement change the population distribution of walking?
in Journal of epidemiology and community health
Ogilvie D
(2010)
Methods for Researching the Physical Activity Impacts of 'Natural Experiments' in Modifying the Built Environment
in Journal of Physical Activity and Health
Graham Baker (Author)
(2012)
Examining theory and evidence to inform the development of an active commuting intervention: an iConnect case study
in Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport
Bird E
(2018)
Predicting walking and cycling behaviour change using an extended Theory of Planned Behaviour
in Journal of Transport & Health
Le Gouais A
(2021)
A natural experimental study of new walking and cycling infrastructure across the United Kingdom: The Connect2 programme
in Journal of Transport & Health
Smith L
(2012)
Is active travel to non-school destinations associated with physical activity in primary school children?
in Preventive medicine
Goodman A
(2013)
Who uses new walking and cycling infrastructure and how? Longitudinal results from the UK iConnect study.
in Preventive medicine
Sahlqvist S
(2012)
Is active travel associated with greater physical activity? The contribution of commuting and non-commuting active travel to total physical activity in adults.
in Preventive medicine
Jenna Panter (Author)
(2014)
Patterns and distribution of changes in walking in response to an environmental intervention: latent growth curve and latent class analysis
in Proceedings of ICPAPH
Jenna Panter (Author)
(2014)
Understanding the effects of new infrastructure to promote walking and cycling: a path analysis of environmental and psychosocial mechanisms
in Proceedings of ICPAPH
Pilkington P
(2016)
Evidence-Based Decision Making When Designing Environments for Physical Activity: The Role of Public Health
in Sports Medicine
| Description | This project was undertaken by the iConnect (Impact of Constructing Non-motorised Networks and Evaluating Changes in Travel) consortium that has directly involved ten Universities (with a further three involved indirectly) and ten key stakeholder organisations. A five year project (2008 to 2013), it aimed to measure and evaluate the changes in travel, physical activity and carbon emissions related to the Connect2 programme. Connect2 was a UK-wide programme, led by Sustrans and part-funded by the Big Lottery, that also ran between 2008 and 2013 and promoted active travel in 84 locations by creating new pathways, crossings and bridges to overcome barriers to local walking and cycling journeys such as busy roads, rivers and railways. The iConnect study involves a broad evaluation of the whole Connect2 programme, coupled with detailed investigations at five specific sites: the People's Bridge (Cardiff), the Bridge to Nowhere (Glasgow), the A10 Crossing (Cheshunt, Hertfordshire), the Kenilworth - Berkswell Greenway (Warwickshire) and the Itchen Walkway (Southampton). An evaluation framework was developed, based on a general socio-ecological model that relates changes in walking and cycling behaviour to socio-demographic and attitudinal factors and changes in environmental characteristics. The framework was informed by a critical realist approach to evaluation, which emphasises the inter-relationships between context, mechanisms and outcomes, and middle-range theory was elicited from key informants to understand how particular schemes might work. A postal questionnaire was developed, piloted, tested for reliability and validity and administered in a quasi-experimental study of random samples of the adult population living in the vicinity of three core study sites (Cardiff, Kenilworth and Southampton), with baseline surveys undertaken in 2010 and follow-up surveys undertaken in both 2011 and 2012. A data set of almost 7,000 detailed observations has been amassed, each including a record of the time and distance travelled by mode and purpose over the course of a week. A strategic economic evaluation framework has also been developed that draws on instruments such as HEAT and ITHIM that have been used to assess health and travel benefits and makes use of user intercept surveys collected at a at baseline in all 84 Connect2 sites and 67 sites at follow-up. Findings indicate that the Connect2 schemes are well used, but local people are more likely to report using them for recreation than for transport, and for walking than for cycling. After two years, the three core case study schemes (Cardiff, Kenilworth, Southampton) were associated with population level increases in walking, cycling and physical activity. Residents living 1km from the Connect2 schemes reported a net increase in walking and cycling of 45 minutes per week compared with those living 4km away. Individuals who reported using Connect2 also indicated mode shift from non-active to active travel modes but, due to countervailing external factors, population level increases in active travel share could not be detected. It was also found that transport carbon dioxide emissions were lower for those who walked or cycled more for transport and there was some evidence of modest CO2 reductions but it was not possible to attribute these to Connect2. The strategic evaluation indicated that the Connect2 schemes had important health benefits and overall had high benefit cost ratios. Specialist studies of school travel and of workplace travel have been undertaken at Cheshunt and Glasgow respectively. An important contribution of iConnect has been the development of visualisation images generated from 3D computer models of the Glasgow cycle route at Claremont Street and at the bridge over the M8. This has been used to promote the Connect2 scheme in Glasgow, which is being evaluated using a combination of qualitative and quantitative methods. Related doctoral projects have examined the role of gender and social media, the importance of psycho-economic factors, the use of GPS tracking data, the associations between travel behaviour, physical activity and a range of socio-ecological correlates in adolescents, and the efficacy of marketing materials. The iConnect project has also attracted three holders of fellowships (two funded by the National Institute for Health Research and one funded by the Medical Research Council) to work with the core iConnect dataset and team and enhance the combined scientific outputs. |
| Exploitation Route | iConnect has practical objectives, in particular to monitor and evaluate the Connect2 programme and to explore why these interventions are (or are not) effective, in what ways, for whom and in what circumstances. The lessons learnt are relevant to similar policy interventions, for example, to promote local sustainable transport and more healthy lifestyles. This policy translation has been assisted by iConnect's project partners. Initially, this consisted of five health organisations (the NHS in the East of England, Greater Glasgow and Clyde, Southampton City PCT and Milton Keynes PCT, as well as the Glasgow Centre for Population Health), four governmental organisations (the Scottish Government, the Government Office for the South West, Glasgow City Council and Southampton City Council) and one planning consultancy (RPS). The evaluation framework and survey tools developed by iConnect are being used elsewhere, in particular by the Centre for Sustainable Travel Choices, a partnership between Southampton City Council, Sustrans and the University of Southampton, that is monitoring and evaluating interventions associated with the Local Sustainable Transport Fund. This work has subsequently been extended to include the Department for Transport, Leicestershire County Council, Transport for Greater Manchester and Transport for South Hampshire. In addition, the user intercept survey designed in collaboration with iConnect has been adopted by Sustrans as part of their survey methodology. The visualisation tool developed by iConnect has been used to promote the Connect2 scheme in Glasgow. Further evaluation of the Glasgow site is being undertaken, funded by the University of Edinburgh, with a funding application to the Scottish Government's Chief Scientist Office pending. Members of the iConnect team have also been involved in adapting the HEAT software tool so that it can be applied to walking as well as cycling. iConnect has benefitted from an Advisory Board, chaired by Sustrans, and with members from the Big Lottery, Cavill Associates, the Department for Transport and Living Streets. A feature of iConnect has been a series of national Seminars, including a kick-off event (at St Anne's College, Oxford) in October 2008, a mid-term event (at Girton College, Cambridge) in July 2011 (available as a webcast on the iConnect web site) and a final event (at the Royal Society, London) in September 2013. In addition, to project partners and Advisory Board members, these seminars have involved representatives from organisations such as the Cyclists' Tourist Club, the National Heart Forum, the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence, Transport for Quality of Life and TRL (Transport Research Laboratory). A range of dissemination materials (postcards, leaflets, posters and pull-ups) were produced for the mid-term and Final Seminars. iConnect members have made extensive use of the local media in order to raise the profile of the project and of the surveys that have been undertaken. In terms of academic dissemination, as of January 2014, some 15 journal papers related to the project have been published, or have been accepted for publication, with 13 conference papers having been published and 23 other dissemination outputs produced, including contributing to a session at the Royal Geographical Society's International Conference that brought together the three Walking and Cycling projects funded by EPSRC. It should be noted that by November 2014, 16 papers from iConnect have been published. |
| Sectors | Energy,Environment,Healthcare,Transport |
| URL | http://www.iconnect.ac.uk/ |
| Description | Impact dissemination has been on-going since iConnect's inception. For example, the Final seminar on 24 September 2013 was attended by around 60 delegates, representing 14 different academic organisations, four charities, seven branches of Government and six consultancies. Several stakeholders have been involved in co-production of the findings, most notably Sustrans. The findings have particularly informed the design, promotion and forecasted impacts of physical interventions to promote walking and cycling. In March 2016 a brochure entitled Fit for Life was co-produced with Sustrans to highlight the public health benefits of new walking and cycling routes. In 2017, the iConnect project was mentioned in the foreword to the UN Environment Report on Strengthening the Science-Policy Interface as an example of good practice. Impacts cited included promoting the Active Travel Act in Wales, increasing investment by the Public Health Agency in Northern Ireland, supporting a Cycling and Walking Investment Strategy for England, and significantly increasing investment in active travel in Scotland through the Cycling Action Plan for Scotland. The iConnect project has influenced the EU Horizon 2020 Metamorphosis project (2017- 2020) and the DfID funded Metamorphosis Global project (2018-19) that are trying to make the urban environment more child friendly. It has also influenced the Centre for Sustainable Travel Choices (founded 2012) that is promoting active travel in South Hampshire. |
| Sector | Construction,Energy,Environment,Healthcare,Leisure Activities, including Sports, Recreation and Tourism,Transport |
| Impact Types | Societal,Economic |
| Description | United Nations Environment Programme (2017). Strengthening the Science-policy Interface: A Gap Analysis ISBN No: 978-92-807-3678-6 |
| Geographic Reach | Multiple continents/international |
| Policy Influence Type | Citation in other policy documents |
| Description | Pathway to Impact |
| Amount | £14,000 (GBP) |
| Organisation | University of Southampton |
| Sector | Academic/University |
| Country | United Kingdom |
| Start | 01/2011 |
| End | 03/2011 |
| Description | 'An Investigation into the Changes and Effects in Travel Behaviour in Response to Physical Interventions for Walking and Cycling'. |
| Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
| Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
| Geographic Reach | National |
| Primary Audience | Other academic audiences (collaborators, peers etc.) |
| Results and Impact | 'An Investigation into the Changes and Effects in Travel Behaviour in Response to Physical Interventions for Walking and Cycling'. To increase the knowledge base in this area |
| Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2011 |
| Description | 'Cycling Circles: exploring social influence and gender perspectives'. |
| Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
| Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
| Geographic Reach | National |
| Primary Audience | Professional Practitioners |
| Results and Impact | 'Cycling Circles: exploring social influence and gender perspectives'. To increase the knowledge base in this area |
| Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2011 |
| Description | 'Environmental interventions and physical activity: insights into the magnitude and mechanisms of behaviour change'. |
| Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
| Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
| Geographic Reach | National |
| Primary Audience | Professional Practitioners |
| Results and Impact | Titles of iConnect contributing talks: 'Use and one-year impacts of new walking and cycling infrastructure: a controlled natural experimental study ' and 'Evaluating new infrastructure for walking and cycling: understanding the how and the why'. |
| Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2013 |
| Description | 'Evaluating change in travel and carbon following implementation of interventions to promote walking and cycling: the case of Connect2 Cardiff'. |
| Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
| Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
| Geographic Reach | National |
| Primary Audience | Other academic audiences (collaborators, peers etc.) |
| Results and Impact | 'Evaluating change in travel and carbon following implementation of interventions to promote walking and cycling: the case of Connect2 Cardiff'. To increase the knowledge base in this area |
| Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2011 |
| Description | 'Investigating the effectiveness of the Itchen Riverside Boardwalk, Southampton, as a measure to encourage modal shift'. |
| Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
| Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
| Geographic Reach | National |
| Primary Audience | Other academic audiences (collaborators, peers etc.) |
| Results and Impact | 'Investigating the effectiveness of the Itchen Riverside Boardwalk, Southampton, as a measure to encourage modal shift'. To increase the knowledge in this area |
| Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2011 |
| Description | 'Who encourages us to cycle? A novel approach to researching social influence in UK cycling' |
| Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
| Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
| Type Of Presentation | paper presentation |
| Geographic Reach | National |
| Primary Audience | Professional Practitioners |
| Results and Impact | 'Who encourages us to cycle? A novel approach to researching social influence in UK cycling'. Increase the knowledge base at the UTSG conference |
| Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2011 |
| Description | 'iConnect: Impact of Constructing Non motorised Networks and Evaluating Changes in Travel' |
| Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
| Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
| Geographic Reach | International |
| Primary Audience | Professional Practitioners |
| Results and Impact | 'iConnect: Impact of Constructing Non motorised Networks and Evaluating Changes in Travel'. It increased the knowledge base in this area |
| Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2009 |
| Description | A case study investigating the impact of an environmental intervention on travel behaviour and its correlates in a secondary school population'. |
| Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
| Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
| Geographic Reach | National |
| Primary Audience | Other academic audiences (collaborators, peers etc.) |
| Results and Impact | A case study investigating the impact of an environmental intervention on travel behaviour and its correlates in a secondary school population'. To increase the knowledge base |
| Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2011 |
| Description | A systematic review of effective behaviour change techniques in community walking and cycling interventions: The iConnect study. |
| Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
| Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
| Type Of Presentation | paper presentation |
| Geographic Reach | National |
| Primary Audience | Professional Practitioners |
| Results and Impact | A systematic review of effective behaviour change techniques in community walking and cycling interventions: The iConnect study. To increase the knowledge base in this area |
| Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2012 |
| Description | An Investigation into the Changes and Effects in Travel Behaviour in Response to Physical Interventions for Walking and Cycling |
| Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
| Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
| Geographic Reach | National |
| Primary Audience | Professional Practitioners |
| Results and Impact | An Investigation into the Changes and Effects in Travel Behaviour in Response to Physical Interventions for Walking and Cycling. |
| Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2013 |
| Description | Associations between perceptions of the route to school and mode of travel to and from school in adolescents |
| Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
| Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
| Type Of Presentation | poster presentation |
| Geographic Reach | National |
| Primary Audience | Professional Practitioners |
| Results and Impact | Associations between perceptions of the route to school and mode of travel to and from school in adolescents. To increase the research base in this area |
| Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2012 |
| Description | Associations of health, physical activity and weight status with motorised travel and transport carbon dioxide emissions |
| Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
| Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
| Geographic Reach | National |
| Primary Audience | Other academic audiences (collaborators, peers etc.) |
| Results and Impact | Associations of health, physical activity and weight status with motorised travel and transport carbon dioxide emissions - Poster. To increase the knowledge base |
| Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2012 |
| Description | Associations of health, physical activity and weight status with motorised travel and transport carbon dioxide emissions |
| Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
| Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
| Geographic Reach | International |
| Primary Audience | Other academic audiences (collaborators, peers etc.) |
| Results and Impact | Associations of health, physical activity and weight status with motorised travel and transport carbon dioxide emissions. To increase the knowledge base in this area |
| Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2012 |
| Description | Associations of health, physical activity and weight status with motorised travel and transport carbon dioxide emissions. |
| Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
| Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
| Geographic Reach | National |
| Primary Audience | Professional Practitioners |
| Results and Impact | Associations of health, physical activity and weight status with motorised travel and transport carbon dioxide emissions. |
| Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2013 |
| Description | Cycling circles: social influence and gender perspectives in UK cycling', |
| Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
| Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
| Geographic Reach | National |
| Primary Audience | Other academic audiences (collaborators, peers etc.) |
| Results and Impact | Cycling circles: social influence and gender perspectives in UK cycling',. It increased the knowledge base in this area |
| Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2010 |
| Description | Demonstrating the value: making the economic case for healthy places - new approaches to evaluation and economic analyses |
| Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
| Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
| Geographic Reach | National |
| Primary Audience | Professional Practitioners |
| Results and Impact | Demonstrating the value: making the economic case for healthy places - new approaches to evaluation and economic analyses. |
| Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2011 |
| Description | Demonstrating the value: making the economic case for healthy places - other people's shoes. |
| Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
| Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
| Geographic Reach | National |
| Primary Audience | Professional Practitioners |
| Results and Impact | Demonstrating the value: making the economic case for healthy places - other people's shoes. |
| Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2011 |
| Description | Evaluating change in travel and carbon following implementation of interventions to promote walking and cycling: the case of Connect2 Cardiff |
| Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
| Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
| Geographic Reach | National |
| Primary Audience | Professional Practitioners |
| Results and Impact | Evaluating change in travel and carbon following implementation of interventions to promote walking and cycling: the case of Connect2 Cardiff. |
| Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2013 |
| Description | Invited presentation to WHO Europe HEAT expert meeting on iConnect results (intervention, economic valuation) and relevance to HEAT tool development |
| Form Of Engagement Activity | A formal working group, expert panel or dialogue |
| Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
| Type Of Presentation | paper presentation |
| Geographic Reach | International |
| Primary Audience | Professional Practitioners |
| Results and Impact | Invited presentation to WHO Europe HEAT expert meeting on iConnect results (intervention, economic valuation) and relevance to HEAT tool development. To increase the knowledge base in this area |
| Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2012 |
| Description | Methodological Issues in Measuring and Evaluating Physical Measures to Promote Walking and Cycling |
| Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
| Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
| Geographic Reach | National |
| Primary Audience | Other academic audiences (collaborators, peers etc.) |
| Results and Impact | Methodological Issues in Measuring and Evaluating Physical Measures to Promote Walking and Cycling. It increased the knowledge base in this area |
| Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2008 |
| Description | Reliability and validity of the Transport and Physical Activity Questionnaire (TPAQ) for assessing physical activity behaviour |
| Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
| Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
| Geographic Reach | National |
| Primary Audience | Professional Practitioners |
| Results and Impact | Reliability and validity of the Transport and Physical Activity Questionnaire (TPAQ) for assessing physical activity behaviour. |
| Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2013 |
| Description | iConnect - an integrated approach to measuring and evaluating the physical activity, travel and carbon impacts of interventions to improve the connectivity of infrastructure for walking and cycling in the UK, |
| Form Of Engagement Activity | A formal working group, expert panel or dialogue |
| Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
| Type Of Presentation | poster presentation |
| Geographic Reach | National |
| Primary Audience | Professional Practitioners |
| Results and Impact | iConnect - an integrated approach to measuring and evaluating the physical activity, travel and carbon impacts of interventions to improve the connectivity of infrastructure for walking and cycling in the UK,. It increased the knowledge base in this area |
| Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2008 |
| Description | iConnect First National Seminar, Oxford |
| Form Of Engagement Activity | A formal working group, expert panel or dialogue |
| Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
| Type Of Presentation | paper presentation |
| Geographic Reach | National |
| Primary Audience | Professional Practitioners |
| Results and Impact | iConnect First National Seminar, Oxford. It increased the knowledge base in this area |
| Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2008 |
| Description | iConnect Second National Seminar, Girton College, Cambridge |
| Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
| Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
| Type Of Presentation | paper presentation |
| Geographic Reach | National |
| Primary Audience | Professional Practitioners |
| Results and Impact | iConnect Second National Seminar, Girton College, Cambridge. It increased the knowledge base in this area |
| Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2011 |
| Description | iConnect Third National Seminar, Royal Society, London |
| Form Of Engagement Activity | A formal working group, expert panel or dialogue |
| Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
| Type Of Presentation | paper presentation |
| Geographic Reach | National |
| Primary Audience | Professional Practitioners |
| Results and Impact | iConnect Thid National Seminar, Royal Society, London. To increase the knowledge base in this area |
| Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2013 |