Parenting pre-schoolers with avid appetites: Understanding differential susceptibility to obesogenic environments for future intervention efficacy.
Lead Research Organisation:
Aston University
Department Name: Sch of Life and Health Sciences
Abstract
Childhood obesity is one of the most serious public health challenges of the 21st century, of major societal concern, placing children at high risk of diseases such as diabetes, cardiovascular disease and some cancers in adulthood. Typically, childhood obesity begins in infancy and early childhood, with 90% of children who have obesity at 3 years continuing to have overweight or obesity in adolescence. Understanding the factors which may help to prevent or reduce the risk of childhood obesity, and applying this understanding to develop effective interventions, is of key importance to solving this complex policy and practice challenge.
It is well established that a healthy home environment is protective against the development of obesity. However, some children are more vulnerable to the development of obesity than others, due to their genetic susceptibility to an environment where highly palatable food is plentiful and accessible. Children's appetite and eating behaviours link this genetic risk and the development of obesity. Children's appetite avidity is manifest in their 'food approach' behaviours, which have considerable heritability. Food approach behaviours include wanting to eat (or eating more) in response to the sight, smell or taste of palatable food, greater enjoyment of food, rapid eating, weaker sensitivity to internal cues of 'fullness', as well as eating in response to emotion. Parental feeding practices are a key component of the child's food environment and have the potential to exacerbate or minimise these food approach behaviours across time. However, it can be very difficult for parents of children with high food approach to manage their eating behaviour effectively, and parents report feeling powerless, frustrated and desperate for solutions. Therefore, whilst feeding practices are key intervention targets to change children's eating behaviour and child weight outcomes, there has been little evaluation of how feeding practices interact with children's food approach behaviours to predict eating behaviour and weight gain across time, or how feeding practices can be best tailored for children with high food approach behaviours to protect against the development of obesity. In this project, we will undertake the longitudinal analyses and experimental studies which are needed to disentangle these effects. We will use a wide range of methodologies to answer the questions in this study, including behaviour genetics, longitudinal studies, experimental laboratory studies, qualitative methods, questionnaire measures, and measures which assess children's eating behaviours and parental feeding practices in varied settings in real time. We will use a combination of existing cohort data and collection of novel data from children and families where children show high levels of food approach. Working with parents of children high in food approach behaviours, we will then use the knowledge we generate in those studies to co-develop recommendations for the future design of an intervention focused on parent feeding practices for children with high food approach behaviour.
We do not know what the best advice regarding feeding practice is for parents of children with avid appetites. In particular, we are lacking an evidence base for which feeding practices work best to protect such children from the development of overweight. Current public health advice regarding children's eating and weight is generic, ineffective, and does not tackle variability in children's appetite avidity, which makes behaviour change even more challenging for parents who struggle to manage their child's eating behaviour. Using current theory to inform complex intervention development, our research will examine how parents interact with their pre-school children with avid appetites in the food context, evaluate how these interactions predict short and long-term effects on obesogenic eating behaviour and develop recommendations for intervention.
It is well established that a healthy home environment is protective against the development of obesity. However, some children are more vulnerable to the development of obesity than others, due to their genetic susceptibility to an environment where highly palatable food is plentiful and accessible. Children's appetite and eating behaviours link this genetic risk and the development of obesity. Children's appetite avidity is manifest in their 'food approach' behaviours, which have considerable heritability. Food approach behaviours include wanting to eat (or eating more) in response to the sight, smell or taste of palatable food, greater enjoyment of food, rapid eating, weaker sensitivity to internal cues of 'fullness', as well as eating in response to emotion. Parental feeding practices are a key component of the child's food environment and have the potential to exacerbate or minimise these food approach behaviours across time. However, it can be very difficult for parents of children with high food approach to manage their eating behaviour effectively, and parents report feeling powerless, frustrated and desperate for solutions. Therefore, whilst feeding practices are key intervention targets to change children's eating behaviour and child weight outcomes, there has been little evaluation of how feeding practices interact with children's food approach behaviours to predict eating behaviour and weight gain across time, or how feeding practices can be best tailored for children with high food approach behaviours to protect against the development of obesity. In this project, we will undertake the longitudinal analyses and experimental studies which are needed to disentangle these effects. We will use a wide range of methodologies to answer the questions in this study, including behaviour genetics, longitudinal studies, experimental laboratory studies, qualitative methods, questionnaire measures, and measures which assess children's eating behaviours and parental feeding practices in varied settings in real time. We will use a combination of existing cohort data and collection of novel data from children and families where children show high levels of food approach. Working with parents of children high in food approach behaviours, we will then use the knowledge we generate in those studies to co-develop recommendations for the future design of an intervention focused on parent feeding practices for children with high food approach behaviour.
We do not know what the best advice regarding feeding practice is for parents of children with avid appetites. In particular, we are lacking an evidence base for which feeding practices work best to protect such children from the development of overweight. Current public health advice regarding children's eating and weight is generic, ineffective, and does not tackle variability in children's appetite avidity, which makes behaviour change even more challenging for parents who struggle to manage their child's eating behaviour. Using current theory to inform complex intervention development, our research will examine how parents interact with their pre-school children with avid appetites in the food context, evaluate how these interactions predict short and long-term effects on obesogenic eating behaviour and develop recommendations for intervention.
Organisations
Publications
Edwards K
(2024)
Examining parents' experiences and challenges of feeding preschool children with avid eating behaviour
in Appetite
Kininmonth AR
(2023)
Reciprocal associations between parental feeding practices and child eating behaviours from toddlerhood to early childhood: bivariate latent change analysis in the Gemini cohort.
in Journal of child psychology and psychiatry, and allied disciplines
Kininmonth AR
(2023)
Parental feeding practices as a response to child appetitive traits in toddlerhood and early childhood: a discordant twin analysis of the Gemini cohort.
in The international journal of behavioral nutrition and physical activity
Pickard A
(2022)
Appetite in Preschoolers: Producing Evidence for Tailoring Interventions Effectively - the APPETItE Study Protocol
in Appetite
Pickard A.
(2023)
Profile Analysis of Children's Eating Behaviour: Identifying Avid Eaters
in ANNALS OF NUTRITION AND METABOLISM
Description | BBSRC LIDO lecture |
Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | National |
Primary Audience | Postgraduate students |
Results and Impact | approx 50 students from London Interdisciplinary Biosciences Consortium (LIDo), the largest BBSRC funded Doctoral Training Partnership in the UK. http://lido-dtp.ac.uk/ Blissett contributed a lecture to a week of cross UKRI remit talks and workshops, designed to broaden our BBSRC students understanding of the science that frameworks their own funding body. The event occurred on Friday 24th February 2025 at 12:30 The audience was a mix of students from a broad range of UKRI funded doctoral training programmes, although the core attendees were from a biological background. Students asked great questions and some followed up by email afterwards. |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2023 |
Description | BFDG 2022: Poster presentation of APPETItE project |
Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | National |
Primary Audience | Other audiences |
Results and Impact | Poster of APPETItE protocol and published abstract |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2022 |
Description | CBCD Workshop on Naturalistic Experimentation of Child Development, University of Birkbeck (London) |
Form Of Engagement Activity | Participation in an activity, workshop or similar |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | National |
Primary Audience | Postgraduate students |
Results and Impact | Poster presentation 'Latent Profile Analysis of Children's eating behaviour: identifying avid eaters' |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2022 |
Description | Conference presentation at UK Congress on Obesity 2022. Lancaster, UK. |
Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | National |
Primary Audience | Other audiences |
Results and Impact | Presentation entitled Latent Profile Analysis of Children's eating behaviour: identifying avid eaters. Discussed the findings of the Latent Profile Analysis of children's eating behaviour. |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2022 |
Description | Conference presentation, 31st Annual European Childhood Obesity Group Congress, (Vichy, France) |
Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | International |
Primary Audience | Other audiences |
Results and Impact | Presentation 'Latent Profile Analysis of Children's eating behaviour: identifying avid eaters.' |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2022 |
Description | Dr Pickard: Symposium at Society for Research in Child Development 2023 Biennial Meeting |
Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | International |
Primary Audience | Professional Practitioners |
Results and Impact | Dr Abigail Pickard presented 'Latent Profiles of Children's Eating Behaviour: Identifying Avid Eaters' for the symposium 'Towards a Holistic Developmental Investigation of Children's Eating Behaviors' at the Symposium at Society for Research in Child Development 2023 Biennial Meeting |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2023 |
Description | Durham University Psychology Seminar: The APPETItE Project |
Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | National |
Primary Audience | Other audiences |
Results and Impact | Blissett Gave a seminar at Durham University to academics and students. It summarised the following: Appetite in Preschoolers: Producing Evidence for Tailoring Interventions Effectively (APPETItE) The causes of obesity are multifactorial but a key predictor of individual BMI is the interaction between our genetic predisposition towards obesity and our environmental context. The obesogenic environment does not pose the same risk of overweight and obesity to all individuals. The Behavioural Susceptibility Theory of obesity posits that inherited variation in appetitive traits influence individual differences in responsiveness to the 'obesogenic' environment. The "APPETItE" study examines how this variation in appetitive traits manifests and how it may be moderated by parental feeding practices, with a view to developing interventions that are specifically tailored for those individuals at greatest risk. In this talk I will describe work completed so far in our project, including: person centred conceptualisation of appetite traits, longitudinal assessment of the causal relationships between feeding practices and children's eating behaviour outcomes, and qualitative work with parents of children with very avid appetite. I will finish by discussing the implications of our findings so far for the development of interventions. |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2024 |
Description | Energy Balance presentation, Department of Behavioural Science and Health, University College London |
Form Of Engagement Activity | Participation in an open day or visit at my research institution |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | Regional |
Primary Audience | Professional Practitioners |
Results and Impact | Dr Kininmonth gave a presentation on Parental feeding practices and appetite in toddlerhood and early childhood: a discordant twin analysis of the Gemini cohort as part of the Energy Balance presentation hosted by the Department of Behavioural Science and Health at University College London. |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2023 |
Description | Interview for BBC Radio Bristol |
Form Of Engagement Activity | A press release, press conference or response to a media enquiry/interview |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | National |
Primary Audience | Public/other audiences |
Results and Impact | Abigail Pickard was interviewed by Dohn Darvall (presenter of BBC Radio Bristol) about Eating Profiles in Young Children following the publication of 'Identifying an avid eating profile in childhood and the association with temperament, feeding practices and food insecurity'. |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2023 |
Description | Invited seminar talk at the University of Leeds |
Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | Local |
Primary Audience | Other audiences |
Results and Impact | Dr Pickard and Dr Edwards were invited to give a seminar for the psychology department at the University of Leeds. The talk was titled 'Appetite in pre-schoolers: Appetite in Pre-schoolers: Producing Evidence for Tailoring Interventions Effectively (APPETItE)' and detailed the research findings of the ongoing APPETItE project. |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2023 |
Description | Invited talk - St George's Hospital - Population Health Seminar |
Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | Local |
Primary Audience | Professional Practitioners |
Results and Impact | An invited talk to discuss my work on eating behaviours and parental feeding behaviours. |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2024 |
Description | Invited to discuss ongoing research plans at the Real-Time Eating Activity and Children's Health (REACH) Lab at the University of Southern California |
Form Of Engagement Activity | Participation in an open day or visit at my research institution |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | Local |
Primary Audience | Other audiences |
Results and Impact | Dr Pickard was invited by Dr. Genevieve Dunton to attend a lab meeting of the Real-Time Eating Activity and Children's Health (REACH) Lab at the University of Southern California. Dr Pickard presented the research plans for WP2 Ecological Momentary Assessment study to the research group and was provided feedback on the study protocol. |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2023 |
Description | Oral presentation at Aston Univeristy's Institute of Health and Neurodevelopment Postgraduate and Postdoctoral Research Conference |
Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | Local |
Primary Audience | Postgraduate students |
Results and Impact | Oral presentation by Dr Pickard at Aston Univeristy's Institute of Health and Neurodevelopment Postgraduate and Postdoctoral Research Conference. Talk entitled 'Latent profiles of eating behaviours in childhood and their association with temperament, parenting and food insecurity'. |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2023 |
Description | Oral presentation at research seminar. Institute of Health and Neurodevelopment, Aston University |
Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | Local |
Primary Audience | Other audiences |
Results and Impact | An oral presentation at Aston's Institute of Health and Neurodevelopment. The presentation outlined the findings of a Latent Profile Analysis of Children's Eating Behaviour. |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2022 |
Description | Oral presentation at research seminar. Institute of Health and Neurodevelopment, Aston University |
Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | Local |
Primary Audience | Other audiences |
Results and Impact | An oral presentation at Aston's Institute of Health and Neurodevelopment. The presentation outlined plans for our study using ecological momentary assessment, which led to insightful discussion about our research plans. |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2022 |
Description | Poster presentation at International Society of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity (ISBNPA) 2023 |
Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | International |
Primary Audience | Professional Practitioners |
Results and Impact | Poster presentation by Dr Edwards at International Society of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity (ISBNPA) 2023. Talk entitled Examining Parents' Experiences and Challenges of Feeding Preschool Children with Avid Eating Behaviour. |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2023 |
Description | Poster presentation at Novo Nordisk Foundation Science Cluster Conference: Prevention of Childhood Obesity 2023. |
Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | International |
Primary Audience | Professional Practitioners |
Results and Impact | Poster presentation by Dr Edwards titled 'Examining Parents' Experiences and Challenges of Feeding Preschool Children with Avid Eating Behaviour'. |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2023 |
Description | Poster presentation at the Annual Meeting of the British Feeding and Drinking Group (BFDG) 2023 |
Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | National |
Primary Audience | Professional Practitioners |
Results and Impact | Dr Kininmonth presented a poster on Parental feeding practices and appetite in toddlerhood and early childhood: a discordant twin analysis of the Gemini cohort at the Annual Meeting of the British Feeding and Drinking Group (BFDG) 2023 |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2023 |
Description | Poster presentation at the Annual Meeting of the British Feeding and Drinking Group (BFDG) 2023 |
Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | National |
Primary Audience | Professional Practitioners |
Results and Impact | Poster presentation at the Annual Meeting of the British Feeding and Drinking Group (BFDG) 2023 by Dr Edwards, titled 'A million snacks: Examining caregivers' experiences of feeding preschool children with avid eating behaviour'. |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2023 |
Description | Presentation at Aston Univeristy's Institute of Health and Neurodevelopment Postgraduate and Postdoctoral Research Conference |
Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | Local |
Primary Audience | Postgraduate students |
Results and Impact | Oral presentation by Dr Edwards at Aston Univeristy's Institute of Health and Neurodevelopment Postgraduate and Postdoctoral Research Conference, titled 'Examining Parents' Experiences and Challenges of Feeding Preschool Children with Avid Eating Behaviour'. |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2023 |
Description | Presentation at International Society of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity (ISBNPA) 2023 |
Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | International |
Primary Audience | Professional Practitioners |
Results and Impact | Presentation on Latent profiles of eating behaviours in childhood and their association with temperament, parenting and food insecurity given by Dr Pickard at the International Society of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity (ISBNPA) 2023. |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2023 |
Description | Presentation at International Society of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity (ISBNPA) 2023 |
Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | International |
Primary Audience | Professional Practitioners |
Results and Impact | Dr Kininmonth gave a presentation on Parental feeding practices and appetite in toddlerhood and early childhood: a discordant twin analysis of the Gemini cohort at the International Society of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity (ISBNPA) 2023 |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2023 |
Description | Presentation at Novo Nordisk Foundation Science Cluster Conference: Prevention of Childhood Obesity 2023. |
Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | International |
Primary Audience | Professional Practitioners |
Results and Impact | Presentation by Dr Pickard titled 'Identifying an avid eating profile in childhood: associations with temperament, feeding practices and food insecurity' at the Novo Nordisk Foundation Science Cluster Conference: Prevention of Childhood Obesity 2023. |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2023 |
Description | Presentation at the Annual Meeting of the British Feeding and Drinking Group (BFDG) 2023 |
Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | National |
Primary Audience | Professional Practitioners |
Results and Impact | Oral presentation by Dr Pickard at the Annual Meeting of the British Feeding and Drinking Group (BFDG) 2023. Titled 'Identifying an avid eating profile in childhood and the association with temperament, feeding practices and food insecurity'. |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2023 |
Description | Presentation at the King's Health Partners Women and Children's Health Research Seminar series - Current Approaches in Childhood Obesity |
Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | Local |
Primary Audience | Industry/Business |
Results and Impact | Presentation of APPETITE project and Behavioural Susceptibility theory of childhood obesity |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2023 |
Description | Prof Blissett: Symposium at Society for Research in Child Development 2023 Biennial Meeting |
Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | International |
Primary Audience | Professional Practitioners |
Results and Impact | Prof Blissett gave a talk entitled 'Understanding Differential Susceptibility to Obesogenic Environments: early findings of the APPETItE project' at the symposium entitled 'Influences on child obesity and obesity-related health behaviors from infancy through adolescence' |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2023 |
Description | Public lecture presenting APPETItE project for Aston Originals YouTube channel |
Form Of Engagement Activity | A broadcast e.g. TV/radio/film/podcast (other than news/press) |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | National |
Primary Audience | Public/other audiences |
Results and Impact | The Aston Institute for Health and Neurodevelopment host a public lecture in their series Molecules to Minds. Professor Jackie Blissett will be discussing how one size does not fit all when it comes to children's healthy eating behaviour. Jackie and her team from the Psychology of Eating in Adults and Children (PEACh) research group will explore how we can better understand and support children's healthy eating habits. Molecules to Minds is presented by members of the Aston PEACh Team: Professor Jackie Blissett, Dr Abigail Pickard and Dr Megan Jarman. |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2022 |
URL | https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vB-3roIPsuA&t=2711s&ab_channel=AstonOriginals |
Description | Symposium at UK Society for Behavioural Medicine 18th Annual Scientific Meeting |
Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | National |
Primary Audience | Professional Practitioners |
Results and Impact | Symposium on Appetite in Preschoolers: Understanding differential susceptibility to obesogenic environments for future intervention efficacy, presented by Prof Blissett, Prof Farrow, Dr Edwards, Dr Kininmonth, Dr Pickard |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2023 |