COVID-19 and councils' finances: understanding risks and impacts and improving policy
Lead Research Organisation:
Institute for Fiscal Studies
Department Name: IFS Research Team
Abstract
Councils are on the front line of the coronavirus crisis, being responsible for key services like social care and homelessness prevention and facing revenues falling due to lockdown. Government has provided them with billions of additional funding, but more may be required.
A key challenge is ensuring this is allocated appropriately. Without such targeting, either more than is needed across the sector has to be provided or the most exposed and least resilient councils could run out of money or be unable to maintain services. Councils also need to understand how their residents are being differentially affected by the crisis.
To help address these issues, we will analyse:
1. A suite of ex-ante indicators of the population and financial risks facing different English councils and their potential financial resilience, and publish the compiled data:
2. Actual changes in residents' incomes and spending, council tax payments and problems, and benefit claims by local area across the UK, which will provide evidence on how key risks are crystallising;
3. How different English councils' spending and revenues are changing during the course of the crisis, and the extent to which this corresponds to the aforementioned ex-ante and real-time indicators;
We are having frequent discussions with central and local government, and the new research proposed here would directly feed into this - and inform wider public and political debate -, allowing us to help policymakers ensure councils have the funding and flexibility so that vital services can continue to operate and meet new demands
A key challenge is ensuring this is allocated appropriately. Without such targeting, either more than is needed across the sector has to be provided or the most exposed and least resilient councils could run out of money or be unable to maintain services. Councils also need to understand how their residents are being differentially affected by the crisis.
To help address these issues, we will analyse:
1. A suite of ex-ante indicators of the population and financial risks facing different English councils and their potential financial resilience, and publish the compiled data:
2. Actual changes in residents' incomes and spending, council tax payments and problems, and benefit claims by local area across the UK, which will provide evidence on how key risks are crystallising;
3. How different English councils' spending and revenues are changing during the course of the crisis, and the extent to which this corresponds to the aforementioned ex-ante and real-time indicators;
We are having frequent discussions with central and local government, and the new research proposed here would directly feed into this - and inform wider public and political debate -, allowing us to help policymakers ensure councils have the funding and flexibility so that vital services can continue to operate and meet new demands
Publications
Alex Davenport
(2020)
The geographic impact of the pandemic on household spending
Ogden K
(2021)
IFS Green Budget
Kate Ogden
(2020)
Observation
Davenport A
(2020)
The geographic impact of the pandemic on household spending
| Description | This project aimed to use ex-ante, rapidly available and outturn data to analyse the financial impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on local government through a series of reports. The key findings were that: • The exposure of different councils to different types of financial risks associated with COVID-19 varied given significant variation in reliance on different income streams, and different socio-economic characteristics of populations. Broadly speaking, urban and relatively more affluent areas were exposed more to income risks and more deprived areas more exposed to expenditure risks, especially in the medium term (given pre-existing population vulnerabilities). Financial resilience also varied significantly and although councils with riskier financial profiles also tended to have greater financial resilience (e.g. higher reserves), this was not always the case. The potential for highly variable impacts and highly variable resilience suggests that rather than providing funding upfront based on generic formulas, the government should (and since has) provided compensation based on actual estimated impacts, and provide borrowing powers for councils if necessary to bridge the gap. • While more affluent areas rely more on risky income streams, risks for council tax at least have actually crystallised more for deprived areas, with bigger increases in non-payment and claims for means-tested council tax discounts. This is despite the fact that there are fewer jobs in locked-down sectors in more deprived areas - with some exceptions in London and major cities like Liverpool and Manchester. As a result of this, overall impacts of reduced council tax collections are broadly similar between more affluent and more deprived areas (i.e. the bigger falls in collections offset the lower reliance on council tax among more deprived areas). • London has been particularly hard hit across a range of measures which will have implications for local government - including employment, consumer spending and footfall, commuting, and council tax payment. However, employment and incomes remain lower in most of the North and Midlands, meaning COVID-19 is complicated rather than overturning the logic of the 'levelling up' agenda. • Evidence on the sufficiency of the additional funding for local government evolved significantly over time as (a) the amount of support provided by the government increased, and (b) additional data on councils' actual spending and incomes during the pandemic became available. For example, while funding was initially insufficient to meet councils' self-reported financial pressures, by the end of the year, it was just more than enough to meet pressures across the sector as a whole, albeit with variation across councils (and the majority of shire districts looking to be unfunded). However, data on actual spending and incomes which became available in late 2021 suggests that the funding substantially exceeded financial pressures in 2020-21, with councils' self-reports substantially overstating the increase in expenditures (but not the falls in income) they actually faced. Thus, local government as a whole was able to build up reserves, although this was not true of all councils, and a few with pre-existing financial weaknesses faced particular difficulties. • If another extreme adverse shock were to take place, the government would almost certainly wish to survey councils on the expected financial impacts, to guide its decisions over funding. However, based on experience in 2020-21, it should subject a proportion of survey responses to vetting and enquire about areas where spending is expected to be lower as well as those where it is expected to be higher. Ex ante analysis of councils' financial risk and resilience may also be worthwhile: the indicators of reliance on SFCs income and financial reserves included in our 'dashboard' published in June 2020 are predictors of subsequent financial impacts. |
| Exploitation Route | As discussed in the impact section, our analysis has informed both local and central government's decisions on local government funding policy during the pandemic. We believe the lessons drawn, particularly on the role of ex ante data in predicting financial risk, and the discrepancy between rapid self-reported financial forecasts and actual outturns spending and income data will inform government policy to possible future major adverse shocks. Academically, our work has illustrated the challenges in using public bodies' self-reported financial forecasts and estimates where financial incentives for misreporting exist. |
| Sectors | Government, Democracy and Justice |
| URL | https://ifs.org.uk/research/197 |
| Description | Our work has achieved impact in several ways. First, our work has potentially informed government policy. We communicated with MHCLG in the preparation of this project and our Risk and Resilience Dashboard, kept them up to date with each stage of our work, and discussed both data and findings in meetings in August, September and November 2020 and January 2021. Some of the policies that have been adopted - such as providing a proportion of support as compensation of estimated losses rather than as upfront grants, and provision of borrowing powers to councils with particular financial difficulties - have been consistent with recommendations made in our reports. And our independent reports are an authoritative source government can cite in order to justify these kinds of policies. For example, the Permanent Secretary at the Department for Levelling Up, Housing and Communities cited our recent report on the 'over-compensation' of local government in evidence to parliament on the local government funding situation and why it was not providing further funding to the sector as a whole. Second, our work has informed local government. In particular, our partnership with the LGA, which was facilitated via our ESRC-funded work, fed directly into their engagement and Spending Review submissions, and has been used by LA officials in their discussions with councillors on the financial impacts of the COVID-19 crisis. By speaking at multiple conferences and holding our own event as part of the Festival of Social Science, we have reached hundreds of officials and councillors - providing information on the broader economic, fiscal and policy outlook, as well as how the impact of the COVID-19 crisis is differing across different spaces. Third, we have helped support parliamentary scrutiny of both central and local government, giving evidence to the HCLG committee's inquiry on Local Government and the 2020 Spending Review. We provided the main independent input into this inquiry, with other participants being representations of local government or their financial staff. Fourth, our work has informed media coverage and public debate about the financial impacts of the COVID-19 crisis on local government. Overall, in 2020, the IFS received over 1,000 mentions for articles covering 'local government', 'councils' or 'local authorities' in print and online outlets. The organisation also provided multiple broadcast interviews for national radio stations. Over the year our work and commentary in this field generated front page stories, including in The Guardian in July ('Councils lose millions after virus hits investments'), as well as prominent stories in the Daily Telegraph, Independent, Mirror, Financial Times, and in the regional, local and specialist press. We have continued to inform coverage in 2021, with our figures breaking down council tax forecasts and outturns for each LA being covered by multiple regional papers via the Press Association: illustrating the impact of the COVID-19 crisis on councils' finances in every part of England. This builds on the use of our Risk and Resilience Dashboard by the media to highlight particular financial risks for different councils (e.g. Croydon). Our analysis of the medium-term outlook for local government funding in October 2021 and our final report that found councils were, on average, significantly 'over-compensated' for COVID-19 pressures also generated significant media coverage and provided important context for often simplistic public debates about local government. In particular, these reports together highlighted how the short-term funding situation for local government was less problematic than is often presumed given the positive net financial impact of the COVID-19 pandemic and associated increases in government funding. We have been informed by the Department of Levelling Up, Housing and Communities that our findings were key to their funding decisions for local government - and by local government that they accepted these conclusions as valid (despite them being difficult for the sector). |
| First Year Of Impact | 2020 |
| Sector | Government, Democracy and Justice |
| Impact Types | Policy & public services |
| Description | Citation in Local Government Association Spending Review Submission |
| Geographic Reach | National |
| Policy Influence Type | Citation in other policy documents |
| URL | https://www.local.gov.uk/publications/re-thinking-public-finances |
| Description | IFS report cited in DLUHC officials evidence to the Levelling Up, Housing, and Communities Committee |
| Geographic Reach | National |
| Policy Influence Type | Citation in other policy documents |
| Description | Levelling Up, Housing and Communities Committee enquiry on local authority financial sustainability and the section 114 regime - oral evidence and citation of research |
| Geographic Reach | National |
| Policy Influence Type | Citation in other policy documents |
| Description | Local Government Dashboard |
| Geographic Reach | National |
| Policy Influence Type | Participation in a guidance/advisory committee |
| Impact | Suggestions taken into consideration. |
| Description | Collaboration with the Local Government Association |
| Organisation | Local Government Association |
| Country | United Kingdom |
| Sector | Public |
| PI Contribution | Building on the work undertaken and planned as part of our ESRC award, we have collaborated with the Local Government Association (LGA) to examine the short and medium term impacts of the COVID-19 crisis on local government revenues and spending, and local economic outcomes (e.g. spending, income, etc.). Our contribution has been to: undertake the analysis, utilising the data provided by the LGA, in conjunction with the data sourced and utilised as part of our ESRC funded work (including local socio-economic and financial data, from USoc and from Money Dashboard); write-up and disseminate findings; and engage with the LGA and local government sector more generally both in the production of analysis and dissemination of findings. |
| Collaborator Contribution | Sharing of data on councils' forecasts for the revenue and spending impacts of the COVID-19 crisis. Advice and feedback on analysis. Co-funding of the reports produced as part of this partnership. |
| Impact | [To insert] |
| Start Year | 2020 |
| Description | 'Pandemic patterns: research reveals a diversity of effects on local government finances', Room 151 magazine, July 2020 |
| Form Of Engagement Activity | A magazine, newsletter or online publication |
| Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
| Geographic Reach | Local |
| Primary Audience | Policymakers/politicians |
| Results and Impact | Kate Ogden (2020), 'Pandemic patterns: research reveals a diversity of effects on local government finances', Room 151 magazine, July 2020 |
| Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2020 |
| Description | Benefit claims up and council tax revenues down most in London and deprived parts of England |
| Form Of Engagement Activity | A press release, press conference or response to a media enquiry/interview |
| Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
| Geographic Reach | National |
| Primary Audience | Media (as a channel to the public) |
| Results and Impact | IFS press release |
| Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2021 |
| Description | COVID-19, the SR and District Councils |
| Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
| Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
| Geographic Reach | National |
| Primary Audience | Policymakers/politicians |
| Results and Impact | Kate Ogden (2021), 'COVID-19, the SR and District Councils', District Councils' Network webinar for council finance officers, 5th October 2021 (online, c80 Chief Finance Officers from district councils) |
| Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2021 |
| Description | Changing consumer behaviour has big implications for councils, not just businesses, and especially for those in major cities |
| Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
| Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
| Geographic Reach | National |
| Primary Audience | Policymakers/politicians |
| Results and Impact | IFS Observation on consumer behaviour. (Ogden K. & Phillips D.) |
| Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2020 |
| URL | https://ifs.org.uk/publications/15239 |
| Description | Councils' core funding per resident to be lower next year than 2015-16, despite real-term council tax increases of 16% |
| Form Of Engagement Activity | A press release, press conference or response to a media enquiry/interview |
| Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
| Geographic Reach | National |
| Primary Audience | Media (as a channel to the public) |
| Results and Impact | IFS press release |
| Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2020 |
| Description | Councils' finances performed much more strongly than initially expected during the first year of the COVID-19 pandemic |
| Form Of Engagement Activity | A press release, press conference or response to a media enquiry/interview |
| Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
| Geographic Reach | National |
| Primary Audience | Media (as a channel to the public) |
| Results and Impact | In a new report, funded by the Economic and Social Research Council, IFS researchers find that English councils' finances held up much better during the first year of the COVID-19 pandemic, 2020-21, than previously thought. This finding has important implications for local government funding policy in the coming year, and for how the government should respond if councils face another extreme adverse shock in future. |
| Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2022 |
| URL | https://ifs.org.uk/publications/15899 |
| Description | David Phillips (2020) Interviews, COVID and local government funding for LBC (August 2020), Times Radio (August 2020) and Bloomberg Radio (September 2020) |
| Form Of Engagement Activity | A press release, press conference or response to a media enquiry/interview |
| Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
| Geographic Reach | National |
| Primary Audience | Media (as a channel to the public) |
| Results and Impact | David Phillips (2020) Interviews, COVID and local government funding for LBC (August 2020), Times Radio (August 2020) and Bloomberg Radio (September 2020) |
| Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2020 |
| Description | David Phillips (2020), 'COVID-19 and councils: impacts, responses and recovery', Festival of Social Science, 9th November 2020David Phillips (2020), 'COVID-19 and councils: impacts, responses and recovery', Festival of Social Science, 9th November 2020 |
| Form Of Engagement Activity | Participation in an activity, workshop or similar |
| Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
| Geographic Reach | National |
| Primary Audience | Policymakers/politicians |
| Results and Impact | David Phillips (2020), 'COVID-19 and councils: impacts, responses and recovery', Festival of Social Science, 9th November 2020 Online event with main presentation by IFS researchers and panel discussion with representatives from local government - aimed at providing an non-technical summary of the fiscal and local economic impacts of COVID for councillors, LA staff and interested members of the public. |
| Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2020 |
| Description | David Phillips (2020), 'COVID-19 and local government funding: risk, resilience and responses', July 2020. Presentation at the GovTech webinar on COVID-19 and local government funding on 16^th July. |
| Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
| Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
| Geographic Reach | Local |
| Primary Audience | Policymakers/politicians |
| Results and Impact | Presentation at the GovTech webinar on COVID-19 and local government funding on 16^th July 2020. |
| Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2020 |
| Description | David Phillips (2020), 'Councils stare into a highly uncertain financial future', The MJ Magazine, October 2020 |
| Form Of Engagement Activity | A magazine, newsletter or online publication |
| Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
| Geographic Reach | Local |
| Primary Audience | Media (as a channel to the public) |
| Results and Impact | David Phillips (2020), 'Councils stare into a highly uncertain financial future', The MJ Magazine, October 2020 |
| Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2020 |
| Description | David Phillips (2020), 'The fiscal impacts of Covid-19 on local government', June 2020. Presentation at a CIPFA webinar on COVID-19 and public finances on 18^th June. |
| Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
| Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
| Geographic Reach | Local |
| Primary Audience | Policymakers/politicians |
| Results and Impact | Presentation at a CIPFA webinar on COVID-19 and public finances |
| Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2020 |
| Description | David Phillips (2020), 'The medium-term funding outlook', District Councils Network, 14th October 2020 |
| Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
| Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
| Geographic Reach | Local |
| Primary Audience | Industry/Business |
| Results and Impact | David Phillips (2020), 'The medium-term funding outlook', District Councils Network, 14th October 2020 |
| Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2020 |
| Description | David Phillips (2020), 'The medium-term funding outlook', Social Impact Investors Group, 18th November 2020 |
| Form Of Engagement Activity | A formal working group, expert panel or dialogue |
| Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
| Geographic Reach | Local |
| Primary Audience | Industry/Business |
| Results and Impact | David Phillips (2020), 'The medium-term funding outlook', Social Impact Investors Group, 18th November 2020 |
| Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2020 |
| Description | David Phillips (2020), 'The outlook for public sector finances and funding', Central and Local Government Finance Conference, 14th October 2020 |
| Form Of Engagement Activity | Participation in an activity, workshop or similar |
| Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
| Geographic Reach | Regional |
| Primary Audience | Policymakers/politicians |
| Results and Impact | David Phillips (2020), 'The outlook for public sector finances and funding', Central and Local Government Finance Conference, 14th October 2020 |
| Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2020 |
| Description | David Phillips (2021), 'COVID, finance reform and funding outlook: some issues for District Councils", APPG for Distict Councils, 23rd February 2021 |
| Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
| Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
| Geographic Reach | Regional |
| Primary Audience | Policymakers/politicians |
| Results and Impact | David Phillips (2021), 'COVID, finance reform and funding outlook: some issues for District Councils", APPG for Distict Councils, 23rd February 2021 |
| Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2021 |
| Description | David Phillips (2021), 'Local government funding and fiscal devolution', MHCLG/BEIS Local Growth Unit Seminar, 21st January 2021 |
| Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
| Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
| Geographic Reach | Local |
| Primary Audience | Industry/Business |
| Results and Impact | David Phillips (2021), 'Local government funding and fiscal devolution', MHCLG/BEIS Local Growth Unit Seminar, 21st January 2021 |
| Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2021 |
| Description | Even after the COVID-19 crisis, councils will need billions of extra funding to address a growing funding gap |
| Form Of Engagement Activity | A press release, press conference or response to a media enquiry/interview |
| Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
| Geographic Reach | National |
| Primary Audience | Media (as a channel to the public) |
| Results and Impact | IFS press release |
| Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2020 |
| Description | Implications of the Spending Review for local government across the UK |
| Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
| Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
| Geographic Reach | National |
| Primary Audience | Policymakers/politicians |
| Results and Impact | Kate Ogden (2021) 'Implications of the Spending Review for local government across the UK', Local Government Associations' webinar, 12th November 2021 (online, c270 attendees from councils in England and the devolved nations) |
| Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2021 |
| Description | Kate Ogden & David Phillips (2020), 'Spending Review 2020 and council funding: COVID and (kicked) cans', LGA Finance Conference, 12th January 2021 |
| Form Of Engagement Activity | Participation in an activity, workshop or similar |
| Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
| Geographic Reach | National |
| Primary Audience | Media (as a channel to the public) |
| Results and Impact | Kate Ogden & David Phillips (2020), 'Spending Review 2020 and council funding: COVID and (kicked) cans', LGA Finance Conference, 12th January 2021 |
| Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2021 |
| Description | Kate Ogden (2020) 'The fiscal impacts of Covid-19 on local government', Sheffield City Region, 23 July 2020 |
| Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
| Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
| Geographic Reach | Local |
| Primary Audience | Policymakers/politicians |
| Results and Impact | Kate Ogden (2020) 'The fiscal impacts of Covid-19 on local government', Sheffield City Region, 23 July 2020 |
| Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2020 |
| Description | Kate Ogden (2021), 'The uneven impact of COVID-19 on council tax revenues', Public Finance Magazine, February 2021 |
| Form Of Engagement Activity | A magazine, newsletter or online publication |
| Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
| Geographic Reach | Local |
| Primary Audience | Media (as a channel to the public) |
| Results and Impact | Kate Ogden (2021), 'The uneven impact of COVID-19 on council tax revenues', Public Finance Magazine, February 2021 |
| Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2020 |
| Description | Kate Ogden and David Phillips (2020), 'Councils in deprived and affluent areas face serious financial risks from the COVID-19 crisis as incomes fall and costs grow, but nature and timing differ', London: The IFS, Jun 2020 |
| Form Of Engagement Activity | A press release, press conference or response to a media enquiry/interview |
| Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
| Geographic Reach | National |
| Primary Audience | Media (as a channel to the public) |
| Results and Impact | IFS press release |
| Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2020 |
| Description | Kate Ogden and David Phillips (2020), 'English councils' forecasts imply billions of additional support or new borrowing powers may be needed this year', London: the IFS, Aug 2020 |
| Form Of Engagement Activity | A press release, press conference or response to a media enquiry/interview |
| Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
| Geographic Reach | National |
| Primary Audience | Media (as a channel to the public) |
| Results and Impact | IFS press release |
| Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2020 |
| Description | Local Government Dashboard, Kate Ogden and David Phillips |
| Form Of Engagement Activity | Engagement focused website, blog or social media channel |
| Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
| Geographic Reach | Local |
| Primary Audience | Media (as a channel to the public) |
| Results and Impact | Local Government Dashboard |
| Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2020 |
| Description | Second English lockdown led to much smaller reduction in spending than the first, though London lags behind |
| Form Of Engagement Activity | A press release, press conference or response to a media enquiry/interview |
| Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
| Geographic Reach | National |
| Primary Audience | Media (as a channel to the public) |
| Results and Impact | IFS press release |
| Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2020 |
| Description | Spending Review 2020 and council funding: COVID and (kicked) cans |
| Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
| Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
| Geographic Reach | National |
| Primary Audience | Policymakers/politicians |
| Results and Impact | Kate Ogden and David Phillips (2021), 'Spending Review 2020 and council funding: COVID and (kicked) cans', Local Government Association annual Local Government Finance Conference, 12th January 2021 (online) |
| Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2021 |
| Description | Spending Review 2021 and council funding |
| Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
| Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
| Geographic Reach | National |
| Primary Audience | Policymakers/politicians |
| Results and Impact | Kate Ogden (2021), 'Spending Review 2021 and council funding', Local Government Association annual conference, July 2021 (online) |
| Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2021 |
| Description | Spending Review 2021 and the wider fiscal outlook |
| Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
| Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
| Geographic Reach | National |
| Primary Audience | Policymakers/politicians |
| Results and Impact | David Phillips (2022) 'Spending Review 2021 and the wider fiscal outlook', Local Government Association annual finance conference, 13th January 2022 (online) |
| Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2022 |
| Description | Spending Review 2021 and the wider funding outlook |
| Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
| Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
| Geographic Reach | Regional |
| Primary Audience | Policymakers/politicians |
| Results and Impact | In this presentation at the Local Government Association's Annual Local Government Finance Conference (2022), IFS researchers explained the economic and fiscal outlook, looked at how councils' finances have fared during the pandemic, and the funding outlook and issues facing the sector in the next few years. |
| Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2022 |
| URL | https://www.nber.org/conferences/business-taxation-federal-system-fall-2021 |
| Description | The Impact of Covid-19 on Council Funding and Income |
| Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
| Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
| Geographic Reach | Regional |
| Primary Audience | Policymakers/politicians |
| Results and Impact | Kate Ogden (2021), 'The Impact of Covid-19 on Council Funding and Income', Local Council Recovery and Income Generation Conference organised by Inside Government, 16th March 2021 (online, c50 attendees from councils) |
| Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2021 |
| Description | What's happened and what's next: The outlook for local government finance |
| Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
| Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
| Geographic Reach | Regional |
| Primary Audience | Policymakers/politicians |
| Results and Impact | Kate Ogden (2021), 'What's happened and what's next: The outlook for local government finance', District Councils' Network annual conference, 21st October 2021 (in person, c160 council leaders and Chief Executives) |
| Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2021 |