AIDS Campaigning between the Global South and Western Europe since the 1980s
Lead Research Organisation:
University of Stirling
Department Name: History and Politics
Abstract
Medical humanities research, namely interdisciplinary research in humanities and social sciences studying the links between society and health, is often biased: it focuses on ideas from the Global Northwest or doesn't take into account the importance of movements started by people of colour all over the world. Along with this, studies of global protest cultures have only recently started to try to include the different experiences and voices of people around the world, especially those in Western Europe and the Global South who are facing racism, sexism, and homophobia. So, there is a risk of ignoring the fact that queer people of colour can help fight against social divisions and differences in health between the Global North and South. This is a very important thing to think about right now. Recent data (Platt, 2021; NCBI, 2020) show that AIDS and COVID hurt black people the most around the world. In the meantime, queer people of colour face persistent prejudice across the globe due to their sexual orientation, race, and in some cases, gender identity and religion (Stonewall, 2019).
My research vision is to significantly contribute to an emerging movement of scholars, labelled the critical medical humanities. These researchers try to shed light on understudied social hierarchies in medical humanities and fix this geopolitical gap by bringing in views from outside the West. In particular, my FLF study shows the unexplored importance of AIDS campaigns that have been going on in the Global South since the 1980s for relevant group action in Western Europe. In demonstrating the underexamined importance of various queer activists of colour, migrants and postmigrants, in connecting aids campaigners in Western Europe and the Global South, my proposed research diversifies research on protest cultures but also on sexuality and race. The results of this study will enable me to make health campaigns in the UK more inclusive, which will help them reach more people from black and queer communities. The FLF will also let me work with South Africa's creative economy to make a documentary about AIDS that will feature local queer activists and help South Africa's queer groups deal with social prejudice. My long-term goal is for the FLF to lead to a model study of health activism in general, including efforts to fight major diseases like AIDS, COVID, and HPV. This study will show how campaigners in the Global South and between the Global South and the Global North are connected, while taking into account their geopolitical limits. The FLF will allow me to develop such research and impact through fair partnerships with the Global South and NGOs involving people of colour.
My research vision is to significantly contribute to an emerging movement of scholars, labelled the critical medical humanities. These researchers try to shed light on understudied social hierarchies in medical humanities and fix this geopolitical gap by bringing in views from outside the West. In particular, my FLF study shows the unexplored importance of AIDS campaigns that have been going on in the Global South since the 1980s for relevant group action in Western Europe. In demonstrating the underexamined importance of various queer activists of colour, migrants and postmigrants, in connecting aids campaigners in Western Europe and the Global South, my proposed research diversifies research on protest cultures but also on sexuality and race. The results of this study will enable me to make health campaigns in the UK more inclusive, which will help them reach more people from black and queer communities. The FLF will also let me work with South Africa's creative economy to make a documentary about AIDS that will feature local queer activists and help South Africa's queer groups deal with social prejudice. My long-term goal is for the FLF to lead to a model study of health activism in general, including efforts to fight major diseases like AIDS, COVID, and HPV. This study will show how campaigners in the Global South and between the Global South and the Global North are connected, while taking into account their geopolitical limits. The FLF will allow me to develop such research and impact through fair partnerships with the Global South and NGOs involving people of colour.
Organisations
- University of Stirling (Lead Research Organisation)
- University of Cambridge (Collaboration)
- University of Flensburg (Collaboration)
- UNIVERSITY OF MANCHESTER (Collaboration)
- Sabanci University (Collaboration)
- University of the Witwatersrand (Collaboration, Project Partner)
- Diamond Harbour Women's University (Collaboration)
- Lebanese American University (Collaboration)
- University of Copenhagen (Collaboration, Project Partner)
- University of Leeds (Collaboration)
- Purdue University (Collaboration)
- Ashoka University (Collaboration, Project Partner)
- UNIVERSITY OF EDINBURGH (Collaboration)
- European HIV/AIDS Archive (Project Partner)
- Autonomous University of Madrid (Project Partner)
- Diamond Harbour Women’s University (Project Partner)
- Africa Advocacy Foundation (Project Partner)
- Lebanese American University (Project Partner)
- University of Strathclyde (Project Partner)
- European AIDS Treatment Group (EATG) (Project Partner)
- University of Leeds (Project Partner)
- Virginia Commonwealth University (Project Partner)
- University of Manchester (Project Partner)
- CNRS (Project Partner)
- Hamburg Institute for Social Research (Project Partner)
- CeDInCI (Project Partner)
- University of Edinburgh (Project Partner)
- University of Texas at Austin (Project Partner)
- Waverley Care (Project Partner)
- Bishopsgate Institute (Project Partner)
| Title | Visualisation of the minutes of an impact workshop on HIV activism and transgender people |
| Description | Eddy Phillips, a graphic artist, designed the visual minutes of a session on HIV activism and transgender people in Scotland, which involved researchers, the main HIV charities in Scotland, and community partners advocating for the rights of transgender people. The session forms part of the workshop series on making HIV campaigns in Scotland more inclusive. |
| Type Of Art | Image |
| Year Produced | 2024 |
| Impact | The visual minutes captured very efficiently common themes in talks during the session on the experiences of transgender individuals in HIV activism in various parts of Europe, including Scotland. |
| Description | Findings Overall: My project is still in its infancy, having commenced in September 2024. However, I have already accomplished the following: 1) The first findings of my archival research have revealed manifold ways in which ideas from the Global South have influenced HIV/AIDS campaigns in Europe in the following fields: prevention, treatment, and wellbeing of people with HIV. These findings have also shown the importance of artwork from the Global South for HIV/AIDS campaigns involving minoritised people in Europe. 2) I am currently also reflecting on a socially differentiated periodisation of such interaction, which will show that HIV/AIDS activists from various genders and sexualities began to interact at the global level from different points. 3) In developing my FLF, I have also expanded my research and impact collaborations, as outlined below. My work in the first five months of the project has already started achieving to an extent its four research objectives by producing relevant outputs or commencing the preparation of relevant outputs. I will now elaborate on my activity with regard to each of those four research objectives and the concomitant work packages. Finally, I will address the general training I have completed to enhance my overall skills in leading a small research group. Research objective 1: To relativise Western Europe as a terrain for the unfolding of collective action on AIDS Work package 1: This WP involves archival research and interviews of globally connected campaigns on HIV prevention in the UK, Germany, Spain, Argentina, India, South Africa, and Turkey/Middle East. It also involves the recruitment of four postdoctoral fellows. One of them has already been selected and I am currently advertising the three other positions. My work so far: I have conducted archival research in five archives in the UK (Glasgow Women's Library, Lothian Health Services Archives, the collections of the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, the Wellcome Collection, and The London Archives). I have completed around 80% of the archival research in the UK required for this project. I have also arranged the first five interviews for this project with UK-based HIV activists of colour. Meanwhile, I have checked carefully the material available online on two webpages of German organisations whose study is an integral part of this project (Aidshilfe; Ethno-Medizinisches Zentrum e.V.), and I have started planning my first archival visit in Germany, which will take place probably in early summer. I have delivered or am going to deliver in the coming months six talks pertinent to the project in the following conferences or workshops: Two contributions to roundtable discussions: a) "Queer and Trans Histories of Germany", German History Society annual conference, Manchester, 3-5 September 2024 (roundtable which I also co-organised); b) "Transnational Research on Sexualities: Challenges and Opportunities", Baltic Sexualities in Global Perspective conference, organised by the BASEES Study Group on the Baltic states, online, 31 October-1 November 2024. Co-organisation and contribution to a showcasing event: a) Global Queer History, Scottish Global History Network conference, Glasgow, 27 September 2024). Two invited talks: a) "Transgender oral history and the study of HIV/AIDS activism", Centre for the Social History of Health and Healthcare seminar series, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, 4 February 2025; b) "Visual arts and queer medical humanities", co-organisation and co-delivery of a creative workshop where participants will reflect on the subject matter and do some drawing themselves pertinent to their research, 'Queer Methodologies in Medical Humanities' PhD school, Durham's Institute for Medical Humanities on 24 March 2025; Talk: a) "Translating interviews with Greek transgender HIV/AIDS activists", TONGUES: Medical Humanities across linguistic and cultural frontiers, 21-23 May 2025, online. I am currently preparing a conference panel alongside Ekaterina Suverina (Konstanz) to be submitted for consideration for the European Association for the History of Medicine and Health, which will take place in August 2025 in Berlin. The panel, if accepted, will aim to help decentre the study of sociopolitical reactions to HIV/AIDS in Europe. My paper will be entitled "HIV and AIDS campaigns, religious practices and Black African communities in the UK, 1997-2008". The talk will be the basis of a journal article I intend to prepare and submit in the second year of the FLF. Global research partnerships: In the context of my UKRI-funded project, I have established an International Advisory Board which comprises leading experts on the medical humanities and/or history and sociology of sexuality and gender from eight countries: Argentina, South Africa, Turkey, Lebanon, India, the USA, the UK, Germany. I have already been holding individual meetings with the Board's members to discuss ways in which scholars in the Global South and North decolonise the study of sexuality. To promote this research aim, I have designed a number of research events for late 2025 involving Board members, with a view to intensifying our collaboration and, eventually, the University of Stirling hosting a Global Research Centre on the Study of Sexual Health Activism. I have also consulted with the Board members to ensure that the language in the job advertisements for the project's postdoctoral positions is inclusive and attractive for candidates from the Global South. Such collaboration has been fruitful and has led to several strong candidates from the Global South, particularly Argentina and Brazil, applying for the recent post focusing on HIV activism in Argentina and Spain. Two of the five shortlisted candidates for this position were based in Argentina. I am currently collaborating with the International Advisory Board members for recruiting the three remaining postdoctoral Fellows for my project. My collaboration with members of the International Advisory Board has been equitable: I have supported one of its members in developing and submitting an application for a British Academy Visiting Fellowship. If successful, they will be hosted at the University of Stirling. I am also currently discussing with project partners in Argentina and South Africa how the FLF could be beneficial for research cultures there, such as by potentially contributing to the digitisation of archival material stored in collections in those countries. While working on the FLF, I have expanded my research collaborations: two more scholars, experts on the subject matter, have joined its Advisory Board: Sébastien Tremblay, who specialises in global queer history, and Somak Biswas, an expert on the history of HIV/AIDS activism developed by minoritised groups in the UK. Meanwhile, I have been approached by Michael Nebeling Petersen to participate in the network of historians of HIV/AIDS based in Europe that he is developing. Concurrently, I am actively contributing to the co-ordination of scholars at Stirling working on the medical humanities: I am leading the initiative to revive a cluster on the medical humanities at Stirling and prepare the application that will enable the University of Stirling to join the Northern Network for Medical Humanities Research (NNMHR). The NNMHR will expand the training opportunities for PhD students and early career scholars specialising in the medical humanities in the FAH and the FoSS. Training: To keep myself abreast of state-of-the-art work on the medical humanities and the global histories of protest, I have received the following training: a) I have been a visiting scholar at the Centre for the Social History of Health and Healthcare at the University of Strathclyde, Glasgow b) I have held regular meetings and informal discussions with my mentors and leading experts on the global histories of activism, Holger Nehring and Emma Hunter. Research objective 2: to diversify notions of queerness and race in research on collective action against homophobia, sexism, and racism in Western Europe and the Global South since the 1980s. Work Package 2: This WP involves archival research and interviews of globally connected campaigns on HIV prevention in the UK, Germany, Spain, Argentina, India, South Africa, and Turkey/Middle East. My work so far: The archival research and interview planning I mentioned above also addresses this research objective. Talks: a) "Sexual health, race and sex workers' rights activism", international workshop on race and sexual health organised by the re:share project in Geneva on 18-20 June 2025. My talk at the international workshop of the re:share project will be the basis for a journal article I wish to develop and submit in 2025-26. Meanwhile, I am co-authoring with Ting-Fai Yu (Monash University, Malaysia) an article on global queer history entitled "Queer Migration and Overlapping Globalisation Projects since 1945". Research partnerships, global and domestic: I have become a member of the Black Health and the Humanities Network in the UK following a successful application in 2023, and I have continued to be active in the Network. This Network is a community of academics, artists, activists and writers who are developing novel conceptual approaches to the field of Black Health and aim to make research and policies pertinent to public health more inclusive for Black people. I am designing for this Network a session on the links between queer studies, race studies and the medical humanities. This session will bring together members of the Network and the Queer Studies Reading Group at Stirling, helping promote further the work on Queer Studies done at Stirling. I have co-established and am co-convening the virtual network in 2023 on the study of race, gender and sexuality in West Germany, which comprises more than 40 historians in the UK, USA, Canada, and Germany. This virtual network runs approximately 3 sessions per year, which I am co-designing and co-organising. The online delivery of its sessions maximises inclusivity and enables scholars from several countries to learn from each other's research. I continue to co-convene the network, which has also included recently talks regarding the history of HIV/AIDS in the Federal Republic of Germany. Furthermore, I continue to co-convene the Queer Studies Reading Group at the University of Stirling, which I co-established in 2023. The Reading Group has included sessions which relate to global queer history. To enhance my knowledge of queer studies and race studies from interdisciplinary perspectives, I have received the following training: a) Meetings with my mentor, Churnjeet Mahn, leading expert in queer studies from a transnational and global perspective; b) Meetings with several members of the International Advisory Board of the project, and staff members of the project partner institutions in the Global South, who are experts in the study of activism, gender and sexuality in the fields of history, gender studies, and sociology. Research objective 3: To develop more inclusive HIV/AIDS campaign narratives in the UK. Work Package 3: To work closely with community partners, especially leading HIV/AIDS charities, to identify ways in which HIV/AIDS campaigns can become more intersectional and inclusive, and co-develop relevant material Work so far: I have initiated and have been co-convening an impact project on making HIV campaigns in Scotland more inclusive for people of colour and/or transgender people, who face more challenges in accessing HIV prevention and treatment programmes compared to other social groups. To this end, I have been running a series of workshops alongside the major HIV charities in Scotland and key community partners advocating for the rights of people of colour and/or transgender people. The workshops have received initial financial support from the Faculty of Arts and Humanities and will be hitherto funded from my UKRI FLF grant. We have run two workshops since my FLF commenced. All the aforementioned community partners are very satisfied with our collaboration and the work done in the context of this impact project. As a result, we are currently working together to co-create an open-access best practice manual for HIV campaigns, which will contain suggestions on how to make these campaigns more intersectional and inclusive. Since commencing my FLF, I have expanded the number and diversified the non-academic partners with whom I will co-produce outputs pertinent to the third research objective for my project. Thus, I am going to collaborate with the team of Black African women in the UK "Our Stories Told By Us" to co-author a research-based comic on race and HIV/AIDS activism in the UK, which will also aim to feed into inclusive HIV/AIDS campaigns. I have also been exploring the possibility of the National Library of Scotland contributing or hosting an exhibition of campaigning materials regarding HIV/AIDS that migrants from the Global South have developed in the UK. I am currently exploring synergies for the aforementioned manual and the other outputs relating to inclusive HIV/AIDS campaigns with practitioners, policymakers, and artists. To enhance my skills in generating impact in terms of helping make HIV/AIDS campaigns in the UK more inclusive, I have received or am going to receive in the coming months the following training: Training: • Sessions from the Institute for Advanced Studies (Stirling), and regular meetings with my mentor Peter Matthews on engaging with policymakers to generate impact. • I have been selected and am going to attend the Engaging with Government course from 4 to 6 March in 2025, following a successful application I have submitted. This course is run by the AHRC and the Institute of Government, and aims to enhance the skills of its participants (researchers in the humanities) in influencing policymakers with their research. Research Objective 4: To help enhance the resilience of queer individuals in South Africa when facing prejudice in their everyday lives. Work Package: Co-produce a documentary with the South African film productions company Uhuru Productions. Work so far: I have had several consultation meetings with Uhuru Productions from September 2024 to map out the first steps of our collaboration, and discuss a first draft of the agreement that Uhuru and Stirling will sign later in 2025. Relevant training: • I have attended a session offered by the FLF Development Network on how to commercialise project outputs, as we are currently exploring with Uhuru and Stirling the possibility of the documentary being commercialised. • I have attended lectures at the University of Stirling on how to produce documentaries, offered by Kate Smith and Dario Sinforiani. Broader training on leading a small research group, with an emphasis on fair partnerships with the Global South: • I have held relevant meetings with my mentor, Holger Nehring. • I have attended a session of FLF Development Network on how to recruit postdoctoral Fellows • I have joined an informal working group of Future Leader Fellows who exchange ideas on how to collaborate with researchers from the Global South. |
| Exploitation Route | The project outputs will help researchers in the medical humanities more broadly to decolonise their research in two ways: a) Reflect on ways of considering the impact of ideas from the Global South in developments in health and healthcare in the Global North. b) Showcase ways of establishing equitable partnerships with research organisations and community partners in the Global South. |
| Sectors | Communities and Social Services/Policy Creative Economy Education Healthcare |
| Description | Thanks to my previous AHRC-funded project on transnational histories of HIV and AIDS activism in Western Europe in the 1980s-1990s, I have initiated and have been co-running a series of impact workshops on making HIV campaigns in Scotland more inclusive. I have engaged with several community partners: besides the key HIV charities in Scotland (Waverley Care, Terrence Higgins Trust, National AIDS Trust), I have established links to community groups advocating the rights of transgender people and/or people of colour in Scotland, like Ama-zing Harmonies and Scottish Trans. The workshop series also contains artistic creation: In the latest workshop, we collaborated with Eddy Phillips, a graphic designer who produced a visualization of the key points in the discussion and whose work was welcomed by all participants in the discussion. The workshops have also received around £2000 from the Faculty of Arts and Humanities. Currently, and building on the FLF-funded project, I am developing further this impact project. I am currently co-ordinating the production of an open-access best practice manual that will outline key points on how to make HIV campaigns in Scotland inclusive, and will be used by the abovementioned HIV charities. Meanwhile, I have been developing my impact project in two ways. First, I have been expanding the geographical scope of my impact project by establishing synergies with the Global South, helping develop inclusive HIV campaigns across the UK and in South Africa, and considering the interaction of campaigners between the two countries in the context of my UKRI FLF project. To this end, I am currently co-authoring with the collective of Black women from Africa who live in London, entitled Our Stories Told By Us, a research-based comic that will help decolonize HIV activism in the UK by demonstrating further examples of how HIV campaigns in the UK can learn from HIV campaigning patterns from sub-Saharan Africa. Second, I have been diversifying the outputs that feed into my impact project, and, besides the best practice manual and the comic, I am preparing a documentary. In this vein, I have tentatively agreed with Uhuru Productions, a film production company in South Africa, to co-produce a documentary which will illuminate the global dimensions of South African HIV activists. The documentary will showcase ways in which South African activists have tackled HIV-related racial bias, and will help activists in the UK learn from them in reflecting on how to address HIV-related stigma affecting Black British people. |
| Sector | Healthcare |
| Impact Types | Cultural Societal |
| Description | Engaging with Government course, 2025 |
| Amount | £200 (GBP) |
| Organisation | Arts & Humanities Research Council (AHRC) |
| Sector | Public |
| Country | United Kingdom |
| Start | 03/2025 |
| End | 03/2025 |
| Description | Anindita Ghoshal, International Advisory Board |
| Organisation | Diamond Harbour Women's University |
| Country | India |
| Sector | Academic/University |
| PI Contribution | Our collaboration has begun recently and the project team has not contributed to it yet. |
| Collaborator Contribution | Advice on conceptual approaches to the study of activism and gender in India. |
| Impact | n/a |
| Start Year | 2024 |
| Description | Ayaz Qureshi, International Advisory Board |
| Organisation | University of Edinburgh |
| Country | United Kingdom |
| Sector | Academic/University |
| PI Contribution | Our collaboration has begun recently and the project team has not contributed to it yet. |
| Collaborator Contribution | Advice on state-of-the-art approaches to the study of HIV activism in South Asia. |
| Impact | n/a |
| Start Year | 2024 |
| Description | Cenk Özbay, International Advisory Board |
| Organisation | Sabanci University |
| Country | Turkey |
| Sector | Academic/University |
| PI Contribution | No contribution yet |
| Collaborator Contribution | Feedback on the draft of the job advertisement for the project's postdoctoral Fellowship on the history of HIV activism in the Middle East. |
| Impact | n/a |
| Start Year | 2024 |
| Description | Christopher Ewing, International Advistory Board |
| Organisation | Purdue University |
| Country | United States |
| Sector | Academic/University |
| PI Contribution | The collaboration has just started, so the project team has not reciprocated yet. |
| Collaborator Contribution | Advice on state-of-the-art historiography on HIV activism in Germany |
| Impact | n/a |
| Start Year | 2024 |
| Description | Department of History, Ashoka University |
| Organisation | Ashoka University |
| Country | India |
| Sector | Academic/University |
| PI Contribution | Our collaboration has begun recently and the project team has not contributed to it yet. |
| Collaborator Contribution | Feedback on the draft of the job advertisement of the project's postdoctoral Fellowship on the history of HIV activism in India. |
| Impact | n/a |
| Start Year | 2024 |
| Description | Hounaida El-Jurdi, International Advisory Board |
| Organisation | Lebanese American University |
| Country | Lebanon |
| Sector | Academic/University |
| PI Contribution | Our collaboration has begun recently and the project team has not contributed to it yet. |
| Collaborator Contribution | Advice on research on gender in the Middle East |
| Impact | n/a |
| Start Year | 2024 |
| Description | Michael Nebeling Petersen, International Advisory Board |
| Organisation | University of Copenhagen |
| Country | Denmark |
| Sector | Academic/University |
| PI Contribution | Involvement in the network of historians of HIV in Europe that Nebeling is developing. The exact nature of our collaboration in this network will be clarified in the coming months. |
| Collaborator Contribution | Advice on scholarly approaches to race and sexuality. |
| Impact | n/a |
| Start Year | 2024 |
| Description | Patricio Simonetto, International Advisory Board |
| Organisation | University of Leeds |
| Country | United Kingdom |
| Sector | Academic/University |
| PI Contribution | Our collaboration has begun recently and the project team has not contributed to it yet. |
| Collaborator Contribution | Feedback on the draft job advertisement for the project's postdoctoral position on HIV activism in Argentina and Spain. |
| Impact | n/a |
| Start Year | 2024 |
| Description | Sébastien Tremblay, International Advisory Board |
| Organisation | University of Flensburg |
| Country | Germany |
| Sector | Academic/University |
| PI Contribution | Our collaboration has begun recently and the project team has not contributed to it yet. |
| Collaborator Contribution | Advice on conceptual approaches to the study of global queer history. |
| Impact | n/a |
| Start Year | 2024 |
| Description | Siobhán Hearne, International Advisory Board |
| Organisation | University of Manchester |
| Country | United Kingdom |
| Sector | Academic/University |
| PI Contribution | Our collaboration has begun recently and the project team has not contributed to it yet. |
| Collaborator Contribution | Advice on recent approaches to the study of sexuality and/or HIV in Central Eastern Europe |
| Impact | n/a |
| Start Year | 2024 |
| Description | Somak Biswas, International Advisory Board |
| Organisation | University of Cambridge |
| Country | United Kingdom |
| Sector | Academic/University |
| PI Contribution | Our collaboration has begun recently and the project team has not contributed to it yet. |
| Collaborator Contribution | Feedback on the draft job advertisement of the postdoctoral Fellowship on global HIV activism and India. |
| Impact | n/a |
| Start Year | 2024 |
| Description | University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg |
| Organisation | University of the Witwatersrand |
| Country | South Africa |
| Sector | Academic/University |
| PI Contribution | We are exploring with the Health Sociology programme, the History Workshop group, and archives collaborating with the University of the Witwatersrand the possibility of the programme collecting oral testimonies which will be deposited at the aforementioned archives. If this aspect of our collaboration proceeds, it will be giverned by a formal agreement. |
| Collaborator Contribution | Feedback from the Health Sociology programme, the History Workshop group on the draft of the job advertisement of the project's postdoctoral Fellowship on the history of HIV activism in South Africa and its global dimensions. |
| Impact | n/a |
| Start Year | 2024 |
| Description | Workshops on making HIV campaigns in Scotland more inclusive |
| Form Of Engagement Activity | Participation in an activity, workshop or similar |
| Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
| Geographic Reach | Regional |
| Primary Audience | Third sector organisations |
| Results and Impact | Series of impact workshops on making HIV campaigns in Scotland more inclusive. This series started before the project launched, but have continued thanks to the funding from FLF. I am co-convening and co-running this series of events with other researchers based in Scotland and the leading HIV charity in Scotland Waverley Care. The workshops involve members of key HIV charities active in Scotland (Waverley Care, Terrence Higgins Trust, the National AIDS Trust). They particularly address ways to make HIV campaigns more inclusive and intersectional by ensuring that their content and format are attractive to people of colour and/or transgender people and, crucially, b) that the design and delivery of those HIV campaigns will involve close and fair collaboration with people of colour and/or transgender people, who will ensure that HIV campaigns' style is appropriate for people of colour and/or transgender people and will also serve as multipliers within those communities. Thus, the workshops showcase productive examples of relevant intersectional collaboration and also highlight parameters, economic and cultural, that have made intersectional HIV campaigns fragile, to ensure that these factors are seriously considered in future campaigns. |
| Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2024,2025 |