Cambridge-Chennai Centre Partnership on Antimicrobial Resistant Tuberculosis
Lead Research Organisation:
University of Cambridge
Department Name: Medicine
Abstract
The need for a joint India-UK Centre Partnership focused on drug-resistant tuberculosis (TB) is founded on the scale of the problem both in India and globally, combined with the pressing need to develop new tools and therapeutics to combat it. There were 1,467,585 cases of TB notified in India during 2012 (the largest number of cases in any country worldwide), with a sharp rise in the number of people diagnosed with multidrug resistant (MDR) TB (from 308 to 16,588 laboratory confirmed cases between 2008 and 2012). Our partnership between the University of Cambridge and the National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis (NIRT) in Chennai, India, will bring together a multidisciplinary team to focus on novel diagnostics and therapeutics for TB. This includes the use of emerging sequence-based diagnostics to improve the accuracy of individual patient treatment for MDR and extensively drug resistant (XDR) TB; new drug targets for TB and prediction/investigation of the impact of resistance mutations based on modelling of bacterial genome data; the development of an in-depth understanding of the bacterial genes in diverse populations of Mycobacterium tuberculosis associated with so-called 'drug tolerance'; and novel approaches to treatment of TB based on immunomodulation (enhancement of autophagy and novel enhancers of T cell responsiveness). The Centre Partnership will generate a rich and lasting clinical and genomic dataset. Our objectives require detailed clinical and biological phenotyping and genotyping of patient cohorts, which can be mined to address future questions and will further enhance collaborative research to tackle the burden of drug-resistant TB. We will also innovate in training and knowledge transfer. Leveraging of novel technologies will increase relevant and collaborative research experience for UK and Indian investigators. Transfer of scientific training and technology to India enhances independent research capacity and fosters future international collaborative projects. This will be achieved through mobility and exchange of junior (training) and senior (discipline-hopping) researchers.
Technical Summary
The need for a joint India-UK Centre Partnership focused on drug-resistant tuberculosis (TB) is founded on the scale of the problem both in India and globally, combined with the pressing need to develop new tools and therapeutics to combat it. There were 1,467,585 cases of TB notified in India during 2012 (the largest number of cases in any country worldwide), with a sharp rise in the number of people diagnosed with multidrug resistant (MDR) TB (from 308 to 16,588 laboratory confirmed cases between 2008 and 2012). Our partnership between the University of Cambridge and the National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis (NIRT) in Chennai, India, will bring together a multidisciplinary team to focus on novel diagnostics and therapeutics for TB. This includes the use of emerging sequence-based diagnostics to improve the accuracy of individual patient treatment for MDR and extensively drug resistant (XDR) TB; new drug targets for TB and prediction/investigation of the impact of resistance mutations based on modelling of bacterial genome data; the development of an in-depth understanding of the bacterial genes in diverse populations of Mycobacterium tuberculosis associated with so-called 'drug tolerance'; and novel approaches to treatment of TB based on immunomodulation (enhancement of autophagy and novel enhancers of T cell responsiveness). The Centre Partnership will generate a rich and lasting clinical and genomic dataset. Our objectives require detailed clinical and biological phenotyping and genotyping of patient cohorts, which can be mined to address future questions and will further enhance collaborative research to tackle the burden of drug-resistant TB. We will also innovate in training and knowledge transfer. Leveraging of novel technologies will increase relevant and collaborative research experience for UK and Indian investigators. Transfer of scientific training and technology to India enhances independent research capacity and fosters future international collaborative projects. This will be achieved through mobility and exchange of junior (training) and senior (discipline-hopping) researchers.
Organisations
- University of Cambridge (Lead Research Organisation)
- Juvenile Diabetes Research Foundation (JDRF) (Collaboration)
- LifeArc (Collaboration)
- Type 1 Diabetes Trialnet (Collaboration)
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) (Collaboration)
- The Environmental Determinants of Diabetes in the Young consortium (Collaboration)
- Center for Infectious Disease Research (Collaboration)
- Lupus Research Institute (Collaboration)
- University of Dundee (Collaboration)
- University of Cape Town (Collaboration)
- European Commission H2020 (Collaboration)
- European Commission (Collaboration)
Publications
Adams KN
(2019)
Diverse Clinical Isolates of Mycobacterium tuberculosis Develop Macrophage-Induced Rifampin Tolerance.
in The Journal of infectious diseases
Baddam R
(2018)
Author Correction: Analysis of mutations in pncA reveals non-overlapping patterns among various lineages of Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
in Scientific reports
Baddam R
(2018)
Analysis of mutations in pncA reveals non-overlapping patterns among various lineages of Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
in Scientific reports
Blundell TL
(2017)
Protein crystallography and drug discovery: recollections of knowledge exchange between academia and industry.
in IUCrJ
Chan DS
(2017)
Fragment Screening against the EthR-DNA Interaction by Native Mass Spectrometry.
in Angewandte Chemie (International ed. in English)
Luciani R
(2016)
Virtual Screening and X-ray Crystallography Identify Non-Substrate Analog Inhibitors of Flavin-Dependent Thymidylate Synthase.
in Journal of medicinal chemistry
Malhotra S
(2016)
Structure-guided, target-based drug discovery - exploiting genome information from HIV to mycobacterial infections
in Postepy Biochemii
Malhotra S
(2017)
TIBLE: a web-based, freely accessible resource for small-molecule binding data for mycobacterial species.
in Database : the journal of biological databases and curation
Malhotra S
(2016)
Structure-guided, target-based drug discovery - exploiting genome information from HIV to mycobacterial infections.
in Postepy biochemii
| Description | Our aim was to build on an existing programme of collaborative research on multidrug-resistant and extensively drug-resistant (MDR- and XDR-) tuberculosis (TB). The two nodes (the National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis (NIRT), Chennai, and the University of Cambridge) have highly complementary skills that encompass epidemiology, human and pathogen genetics, immunology, cellular and molecular biology, diagnostic microbiology, drug discovery, and clinical trials experience, together with access to extensive patient populations and isolate collections. This multidisciplinary combination has been used through an effective partnership to develop a holistic approach to new diagnostics, treatment algorithms, and therapeutic approaches for drug-resistant TB. Novel mechanisms of antimicrobial drug resistance in M. tuberculosis have been explored using cutting edge techniques and correlated with clinical outcomes. |
| Exploitation Route | TB sequencing was established at the National TB reference laboratory. |
| Sectors | Healthcare |
| Description | Establish sustainable knowledge transfer by establishing sequencing as a research tool in Chennai. The introduction of an Illumina MiSeq instrument in Chennai as part of this Partnership was successful in transferring capabilities, knowledge and training. The teams in Cambridge and NIRT worked closely together to set up the Illumina MiSeq machine, supported by training in library preparation to achieve optimum performance. Narender Kumar built in-house bioinformatics analysis capacity with a workstation that was configured with all the necessary tools/software installed. In addition, the sequencer, the workstation and the storage place were configured to enable automated data transfer capability. A custom bioinformatics analysis pipeline was designed and implemented at NIRT to process the raw fastq files generated from the sequencer which involved filtering, mapping to H37Rv reference, variant calling. The variants identified were then compared against the local database of mutations to predict resistance. The pipeline has been installed locally and two of the staff members has been trained to run the analysis independently. A basic bioinformatics training was also provided by Narender Kumar to ~10 local staff in batches of 5 at NIRT. The training involved a week-long course including both theoretical and practical sessions. The participants were taught basics of using command line system (Linux/Unix), understanding and assessing the sequence data quality generated from the sequencer, filtering, mapping and father analysis of the sequence data. In addition, information and usage of various publicly available tools were shared for the analysis of the data. Narender Kumar attended a summer school on TB research methods held at McGill Summer Institute in Infectious Diseases and Global Health in Montreal, Canada between 11th to 16th June, 2018. |
| First Year Of Impact | 2017 |
| Sector | Healthcare |
| Impact Types | Societal |
| Description | Chair, BBSRC (Tom Blundell) |
| Geographic Reach | National |
| Policy Influence Type | Implementation circular/rapid advice/letter to e.g. Ministry of Health |
| Impact | The BBSRC has been a leading influence in basic and strategic research underpinning agriculture and food, biotechnology and animal and hum health (one Health) |
| URL | http://www.bbsrc.ac.uk |
| Description | Chapter (on pathogen genomics) in Chief Medical Officer Volume II annual report on the tropic of genomics |
| Geographic Reach | Multiple continents/international |
| Policy Influence Type | Influenced training of practitioners or researchers |
| Description | President of UK Science Council (Tom Blundell) |
| Geographic Reach | National |
| Policy Influence Type | Influenced training of practitioners or researchers |
| Impact | As President of Science Council I have overseen the introduction of professional accreditation, such as CSci, in across 40 professional societies. This is a major initiative to recognise the contributions of professional scientists in |
| URL | http://sciencecouncil.org |
| Description | Tom Blundell, Guest Lecturer International Chair of Therapeutic Innovation, an initiative of the Laboratory of Excellence in Research on Medication and Innovative Therapeutics: dissemination and training program. |
| Geographic Reach | Europe |
| Policy Influence Type | Influenced training of practitioners or researchers |
| Impact | Tom Blundell was Guest Lecturer and Discussant for three days in Paris as part of an initiative Medication and Innovative Therapeutics (LERMIT) as part of a dissemination and training program. |
| URL | http://www.labex-lermit.fr/en/formation/chaire-internationale-d-innovation-therapeutique |
| Description | Cambridge-Chennai centre partnership on antimicrobial resistant tuberculosis |
| Amount | £1,007,929 (GBP) |
| Funding ID | MR/N501864/1 |
| Organisation | Medical Research Council (MRC) |
| Sector | Public |
| Country | United Kingdom |
| Start | 03/2015 |
| End | 06/2019 |
| Description | MRC antimicrobial resistance collaboration |
| Amount | £1,588,479 (GBP) |
| Organisation | Medical Research Council (MRC) |
| Sector | Public |
| Country | United Kingdom |
| Start | |
| Description | UK Rapid Support Team |
| Amount | £11,999,339 (GBP) |
| Organisation | National Institute for Health Research |
| Department | NIHR Biomedical Research Centre |
| Sector | Public |
| Country | United Kingdom |
| Start | |
| Description | Wellcome Collaborative Award |
| Amount | £2,341,255 (GBP) |
| Organisation | Wellcome Trust |
| Sector | Charity/Non Profit |
| Country | United Kingdom |
| Start | 04/2019 |
| End | 03/2024 |
| Description | Wellcome Trust |
| Amount | £250,000 (GBP) |
| Organisation | Wellcome Trust |
| Sector | Charity/Non Profit |
| Country | United Kingdom |
| Start | 04/2016 |
| End | 03/2020 |
| Description | Wellcome Trust |
| Amount | £250,000 (GBP) |
| Organisation | Wellcome Trust |
| Sector | Charity/Non Profit |
| Country | United Kingdom |
| Start | 06/2015 |
| End | 05/2019 |
| Title | mCSM and mCSMlig |
| Description | A machine learning approach to understanding the mechanisms by which mutations affect human genetic disease, drug resistance in cancer and antimicrobial resistance in human and infectious disease |
| Type Of Material | Model of mechanisms or symptoms - human |
| Year Produced | 2015 |
| Provided To Others? | Yes |
| Impact | Demonstration that both genetic disease and drug resistance mechanisms include allosteric and protein interface affects, leading to suggestions about novel therapeutic mechanisms. |
| URL | http://bleoberis.bioc.cam.ac.uk/mcsm/ |
| Title | Chopin |
| Description | Database of the structural proteome of Mycobacterium tuberculosis |
| Type Of Material | Database/Collection of data |
| Year Produced | 2016 |
| Provided To Others? | Yes |
| Impact | Helpful in understanding the druggability of targets for antibacterials for tuberculosis |
| URL | http://mordred.bioc.cam.ac.uk/chopin/about |
| Title | Credo |
| Description | A database of protein interactions, including protein-protein, protein ligand |
| Type Of Material | Database/Collection of data |
| Year Produced | 2013 |
| Provided To Others? | Yes |
| Impact | Used to understand drug interactions with protein targets |
| URL | http://marid.bioc.cam.ac.uk/credo |
| Description | David Sherman RNAseq |
| Organisation | Center for Infectious Disease Research |
| Country | United States |
| Sector | Charity/Non Profit |
| PI Contribution | Provision of patient samples from study. |
| Collaborator Contribution | Dr. David Sherman of the Center for Infectious Diseases, Seattle will perform RNA-seq analysis on patient sputum samples obtained from the study so as to examine directly the expression of efflux pumps and their regulators. These RNAs will also be a resource to examine other genes of interest from other projects as needed. |
| Impact | None yet |
| Start Year | 2017 |
| Description | Early Immune and beta cell monitoring for treatment response prediction |
| Organisation | Juvenile Diabetes Research Foundation (JDRF) |
| Country | United Kingdom |
| Sector | Charity/Non Profit |
| PI Contribution | The project will generate data from an experimental medicine study using belatacept to treat recent-onset T1D. We will collaboratively analyse genomic and biomarker datasets from the project to identify predictors of outcome and/or response. |
| Collaborator Contribution | The JDRF have funded an experimental medicine study using the novel but validated treatment belatacept to improve outcomes in T1D. This project will generate both genomic and functional biomarker data that we will then use to identify and interpret predictors of response. |
| Impact | 1. Collaborative network expanded to include analysts and clinical trialists in the Benaroya Institute, Seattle, WA, USA. The project is otherwise ongoing with outputs expected in 2022. |
| Start Year | 2019 |
| Description | Identifying targets from phenotypic screening in tuberculosis |
| Organisation | University of Dundee |
| Department | College of Life Sciences |
| Country | United Kingdom |
| Sector | Academic/University |
| PI Contribution | Collaboration Funded by Gates Foundation to identification of new targets for drug discovery arising from phenotypic screens. My team has contributed knowledge, databases and software focusing on protein targets in Mycobacterium tuberculosis |
| Collaborator Contribution | Dundee has contributed software and expertise in medicinal chemistry |
| Impact | Talks in meetings identified elsewhere by various participants. Discussions with HIT-TB Consortium |
| Start Year | 2013 |
| Description | LifeArc collaboration |
| Organisation | LifeArc |
| Country | United Kingdom |
| Sector | Charity/Non Profit |
| PI Contribution | We are working with LifeArc to evaluate home monitoring and AI-predictive algorithms in non-CF bronchiectasis and to test new passive wearable sensors |
| Collaborator Contribution | LifeArc have provided funding and expertise |
| Impact | As described above |
| Start Year | 2022 |
| Description | Lupus outcome prediction |
| Organisation | Lupus Research Institute |
| Country | United States |
| Sector | Charity/Non Profit |
| PI Contribution | I was a co-investigator on a Research award from the LRI aiming to develop a whole-blood assay that facilitates prediction of clinical outcome in SLE. I analysed data in the generation of this assay and continue to supervise a post-doc who is finalising the project at present. |
| Collaborator Contribution | The LRI provided funding for consumables, reagents and also for a salary to fund a postdoc to undertake the development work. |
| Impact | 1. Patent output and onward licencing to industry (contractually confidential) |
| Start Year | 2015 |
| Description | RELENT consortium |
| Organisation | European Commission H2020 |
| Country | Belgium |
| Sector | Public |
| PI Contribution | I am a co-investigator on the EC H2020 award and participate in data analysis and supervision of students allocated to the projects. |
| Collaborator Contribution | The EC have contributed funding to generate and analyse geomic data as part of the consoritum and our European partners (in allied Institutions) have contributed samples and konw-how in the development of analytical pipelines. |
| Impact | No outputs yet as the work is ongoing. |
| Start Year | 2015 |
| Description | SYSCID consortium |
| Organisation | European Commission |
| Country | European Union (EU) |
| Sector | Public |
| PI Contribution | I am a co-investigator on the award and have participated in sample processing, data generation, data analysis and in supervision of students attacehd to the project. |
| Collaborator Contribution | The EC funded the generation and analysis of data used in the project while collaborating partners have contributed both biosamples and collaborative expertise in developing analytical pipelines. |
| Impact | 1. publication summarising the communitys position and challenges 2. other outputs are anticipated at the end of the project |
| Start Year | 2016 |
| Description | Shorten-TB |
| Organisation | National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) |
| Country | United States |
| Sector | Public |
| PI Contribution | Analysis of structure, function and druggability of targets in tuberculosis |
| Collaborator Contribution | Drug screening and development |
| Impact | None yet |
| Start Year | 2017 |
| Description | Shorten-TB |
| Organisation | University of Cape Town |
| Department | Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine (IIDMM) |
| Country | South Africa |
| Sector | Academic/University |
| PI Contribution | Analysis of structure, function and druggability of targets in tuberculosis |
| Collaborator Contribution | Drug screening and development |
| Impact | None yet |
| Start Year | 2017 |
| Description | Shorten-TB |
| Organisation | University of Dundee |
| Department | College of Life Sciences |
| Country | United Kingdom |
| Sector | Academic/University |
| PI Contribution | Analysis of structure, function and druggability of targets in tuberculosis |
| Collaborator Contribution | Drug screening and development |
| Impact | None yet |
| Start Year | 2017 |
| Description | TEDDY consortium collaboration |
| Organisation | The Environmental Determinants of Diabetes in the Young consortium |
| Sector | Charity/Non Profit |
| PI Contribution | I have analysed data generated by the TEDDY consortium with a manuscript written and currently under review at Nature. The consortium has provided biosamples from its repository that we have processed to generate new pilot data and we have used that data to apply (to the consortium) for additional funding as indicated to generate more detailed data. We analysed longitudinal blood transcriptomes of 2013 samples from 401 individuals, covering two nested case:control studies of T1D and islet autoimmunity (IA) respectively. We describe extensive gene expression changes in healthy infancy, common to both cases and controls, but also changes correlating with progression to T1D. Distinct changes in gene expression are apparent in patient subgroups defined by their sequence of autoantibody seroconversion. Initial development of insulin autoantibodies (IAA) is associated with an increasing natural killer cell signature, not seen in those initially developing GAD65 reactive islet antibodies (GADA). |
| Collaborator Contribution | The TEDDY consortium is a prospective cohort study aiming to determine genetic and environmental interactions causing T1D. TEDDY has compiled an extensive, prospective biosample collection from children at risk of T1D. They have provided both samples and funding to facilitate our collaboration. |
| Impact | 1. Manuscript submitted describing analysis of longitudinal transcriptomes in children at risk of T1D (under review at Nature) 2. Single cell pilot data generated using samples from the TEDDY repository, indicating the feasibility of undertaking single cell transcriptomic analysis of serial samples from children at risk of T1D. |
| Start Year | 2016 |
| Description | TrialNet consortium Transcriptomic Pipeline |
| Organisation | Juvenile Diabetes Research Foundation (JDRF) |
| Country | United Kingdom |
| Sector | Charity/Non Profit |
| PI Contribution | I have established a transcriptomic pipeline for the generation and analysis of immune cell transcriptomic data, using frozen viable cell populations as substrate. We have thus far processed 1114 samples from 557 children enrolled into TrialNet clinical studies and are continuing to generate more data (aiming to generate ~ x5 that amount). This data is just starting to be analysed at present and we have developed an analytical framework to do so. |
| Collaborator Contribution | TrialNet have carefully collated and annotated a biosample repository from clinical studies in T1D. Frozen, viable lymphocyte samples have been made available to us for processing through the pipeline described above. The JDRF have funded this project. |
| Impact | 1. Generation of >1114 samples of genome wide transcriptional data 2. Collaborative analytical links with TrialNet consortium members |
| Start Year | 2018 |
| Description | TrialNet consortium Transcriptomic Pipeline |
| Organisation | Type 1 Diabetes Trialnet |
| Country | Global |
| Sector | Public |
| PI Contribution | I have established a transcriptomic pipeline for the generation and analysis of immune cell transcriptomic data, using frozen viable cell populations as substrate. We have thus far processed 1114 samples from 557 children enrolled into TrialNet clinical studies and are continuing to generate more data (aiming to generate ~ x5 that amount). This data is just starting to be analysed at present and we have developed an analytical framework to do so. |
| Collaborator Contribution | TrialNet have carefully collated and annotated a biosample repository from clinical studies in T1D. Frozen, viable lymphocyte samples have been made available to us for processing through the pipeline described above. The JDRF have funded this project. |
| Impact | 1. Generation of >1114 samples of genome wide transcriptional data 2. Collaborative analytical links with TrialNet consortium members |
| Start Year | 2018 |
| Title | mCSM |
| Description | Machine learning approach to predicting the impacts of mutations on protein stability and interactions with other proteins, nucleic acids, and small molecule ligands. |
| Type Of Technology | Webtool/Application |
| Year Produced | 2016 |
| Impact | It has significant impact on understanding mutations in genetic disease and drug resistance |
| URL | http://bleoberis.bioc.cam.ac.uk/mcsm/ |
| Title | sdm |
| Description | An updated webserver for the improved SDM, used for predicting the effects of mutations on protein stability. We have updated the environment-specific amino-acid substitution tables based on the current expanded PDB (a 5 fold increases in information), and introduced new residue conformations and interaction parameters, including packing density and residue depth. |
| Type Of Technology | Webtool/Application |
| Year Produced | 2017 |
| Impact | The updated server has been extensively tested using a wide benchmark containing 2690 point mutations from 132 different protein structures. Using an established benchmark, the revised method correlated well against the hypothetical reverse mutations, better than comparable methods built using machine-learning approaches, highlighting the strength of our knowledge-based approach for identifying stabilising mutations. Given a PDB file (a Protein Data Bank file format containing the three-dimensional coordinates of the protein atoms), and a point mutation, the server calculates the stability difference score between the wildtype and mutant protein. |
| URL | http://structure.bioc.cam.ac.uk/sdm2 |
| Description | Antimicrobial Resistance Workshop |
| Form Of Engagement Activity | A formal working group, expert panel or dialogue |
| Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
| Geographic Reach | International |
| Primary Audience | Professional Practitioners |
| Results and Impact | Workshop discussing with policy makers, clinicians, scientists and research students in order to understand and cobalt impacts of antimicrobial resistance, mainly in tuberculosis |
| Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2016 |
| Description | BIOINFORMÁTICA ESTRUTURAL DE PROTEÍNAS: MODELOS, ALGORITMOS E APLICAÇÕES BIOTECNOLÓGICAS, Belo Horizonte, Brasil |
| Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
| Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
| Geographic Reach | National |
| Primary Audience | Professional Practitioners |
| Results and Impact | A joint Brazil-UK workshop bringing together discussion human genetics and race in Brazil with our analyses of the effects of genome mutations on genetic disease, cancer and antimicrobial resistance |
| Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2015 |
| Description | Indian National Science Congress 2016, Mysore |
| Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
| Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
| Geographic Reach | International |
| Primary Audience | Policymakers/politicians |
| Results and Impact | General theme: Science & Technology for Indigenous Development in India. Tom Blundell Plenary Lecturer on Drug discovery for infectious disease in India where budgets have to be low. Open Source Drug Discovery, Biotech Spin-outs and Academia in Research Ecosystems |
| Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2016 |
| URL | http://www.isc103.in |
| Description | Joint Workshop for PhD researchers |
| Form Of Engagement Activity | Participation in an activity, workshop or similar |
| Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
| Geographic Reach | National |
| Primary Audience | Postgraduate students |
| Results and Impact | Increased use of Genome3D databases and software Questions from PhD about visiting lab |
| Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2014 |
| Description | Tom Blundell appointed 8th Distinguished Technopreneur 2015, Singapore |
| Form Of Engagement Activity | Participation in an activity, workshop or similar |
| Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
| Geographic Reach | Local |
| Primary Audience | Policymakers/politicians |
| Results and Impact | A discussion by Tom Blundell of research ecosystems, based on experience of forming companies in London and Cambridge, and looking at options for Singapore. Discussions with Deputy Prime Minister of Singapore; visit of Head of Research to my company on the Science Park |
| Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2015 |
| URL | http://www.science50.com.sg/dts.html |
| Description | Two lectures in University Pretoria, first to broad audience of students, policy makers, teachers; the second to students from the local Ndebele township |
| Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
| Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
| Geographic Reach | Regional |
| Primary Audience | Undergraduate students |
| Results and Impact | Lectures leading to small discussions with groups of mainly Ndebele speaking undergraduate students; followed by visit to local township for discussions mediated by Dr Gugu Motshwene, and ex-tudent now lecturer in the University of Pretoria |
| Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2016 |
| Description | Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute Genomics for Clinicians course |
| Form Of Engagement Activity | Participation in an activity, workshop or similar |
| Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
| Geographic Reach | International |
| Primary Audience | Professional Practitioners |
| Results and Impact | A talk on pathogen genomics to clinical professionals attending a 1 week course to gain an understanding of the application of genomics to clinical practice |
| Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2017 |