Cretaceous-Paleocene-Eocene: Exploring Climate and Climate Sensitivity
Lead Research Organisation:
University of Bristol
Department Name: Geographical Sciences
Abstract
How sensitive is the planet to increasing concentrations of atmospheric carbon dioxide? This crucial question has been the subject of intensive research over the past two decades. Recently, increasing use is being made of past climates, both to evaluate models used for future prediction, and to provide observational constraints on climate sensitivity. However, the relevance of past climates for future sensitivity is yet to be tested. In particular, differing palaeogeography (i.e. continental positions, mountain extents and height, and ocean floor depth) will influence climate and climate sensitivity, but to an extent that is unknown. In this study, we will use a modelling framework to explore the role of palaeogeography in controlling climate and climate sensitivity during the most recent interval of 'greenhouse' climates from the Cretaceous to Eocene (145 to ~35 million years ago; 145-35 Ma). We will investigate uncertainties related to the reconstructed palaeogeographies and the models used. We will evaluate our findings by comparing the model results with observations - compilations of existing data which we will synthesise and re-interpret. The work will provide fascinating insights into how our planet operates on long (multi-million year) timescales, and assess the utility of observations of past warm climates for informing future climate sensitivity.
Three recent developments which make this study timely are: (1) Brand new palaeogeographic maps of the Cretaceous to Eocene which improve greatly on previous representations in terms of both accuracy and temporal resolution, (2) A step change in the computing power available means that for the first time we can spin up large ensembles of simulations climates to equilibrium, allowing us to explore uncertainties, and (3) New understanding of the controls and limitations on palaeoclimate proxies means that we can provide a state-of-the-art comparison of our model simulations with the geological record.
Three recent developments which make this study timely are: (1) Brand new palaeogeographic maps of the Cretaceous to Eocene which improve greatly on previous representations in terms of both accuracy and temporal resolution, (2) A step change in the computing power available means that for the first time we can spin up large ensembles of simulations climates to equilibrium, allowing us to explore uncertainties, and (3) New understanding of the controls and limitations on palaeoclimate proxies means that we can provide a state-of-the-art comparison of our model simulations with the geological record.
Planned Impact
Our Impact Plan has five main components:
(1) An international workshop on using past climate records to inform future climate sensitivity. This will be planned from the outset in collaboration with the main stakeholders, including the scientific community, members of the IPCC, policymakers, and those working on impacts assessments.
(2) The commissioning of a painting, by artist Bob Nicolls, based on our climate and vegetation model simulations of the CPE, to be displayed in a local public space such as the Bristol Museum and Art Gallery. This will hang beside a description of our modelling work, and an short introduction to climate models.
(3) The PI, in his spare time, will carry out climate model simulations of J.R.R. Tolkein's Middle Earth, to coincide with the release of The Hobbit movie, part 2 or 3. This will provoke interest from the public, and highlight the applicability of climate models to geographies very different from modern. This will also be presented alongside our work on the CPE.
(4) We will accompany each publication with a summary document, to be published online, aimed at the general public. This will be highlighted in well-read blogs such as 'All Models Are Wrong'
(5) We will engage with the general public through standard protocols, such as Science fairs.
(1) An international workshop on using past climate records to inform future climate sensitivity. This will be planned from the outset in collaboration with the main stakeholders, including the scientific community, members of the IPCC, policymakers, and those working on impacts assessments.
(2) The commissioning of a painting, by artist Bob Nicolls, based on our climate and vegetation model simulations of the CPE, to be displayed in a local public space such as the Bristol Museum and Art Gallery. This will hang beside a description of our modelling work, and an short introduction to climate models.
(3) The PI, in his spare time, will carry out climate model simulations of J.R.R. Tolkein's Middle Earth, to coincide with the release of The Hobbit movie, part 2 or 3. This will provoke interest from the public, and highlight the applicability of climate models to geographies very different from modern. This will also be presented alongside our work on the CPE.
(4) We will accompany each publication with a summary document, to be published online, aimed at the general public. This will be highlighted in well-read blogs such as 'All Models Are Wrong'
(5) We will engage with the general public through standard protocols, such as Science fairs.
Publications
Adam O
(2022)
Modality of the Tropical Rain Belt Across Models and Simulated Climates
in Journal of Climate
Armstrong H
(2016)
Hadley circulation and precipitation changes controlling black shale deposition in the Late Jurassic Boreal Seaway Jurassic ITCZ
in Paleoceanography
Burls N
(2021)
Simulating Miocene Warmth: Insights From an Opportunistic Multi-Model Ensemble (MioMIP1)
in Paleoceanography and Paleoclimatology
Carmichael M
(2016)
A model-model and data-model comparison for the early Eocene hydrological cycle
in Climate of the Past
Chiarenza AA
(2019)
Ecological niche modelling does not support climatically-driven dinosaur diversity decline before the Cretaceous/Paleogene mass extinction.
in Nature communications
Chiarenza AA
(2020)
Asteroid impact, not volcanism, caused the end-Cretaceous dinosaur extinction.
in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
Crichton K
(2021)
Data-constrained assessment of ocean circulation changes since the middle Miocene in an Earth system model
in Climate of the Past
Dunne E
(2020)
Climatic drivers of latitudinal variation in Late Triassic tetrapod diversity
in Palaeontology
Farnsworth A
(2019)
Climate Sensitivity on Geological Timescales Controlled by Nonlinear Feedbacks and Ocean Circulation
in Geophysical Research Letters
Farnsworth A
(2019)
Past East Asian monsoon evolution controlled by paleogeography, not CO2.
in Science advances
Fenton IS
(2016)
The impact of Cenozoic cooling on assemblage diversity in planktonic foraminifera.
in Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences
Foffa D
(2022)
Scleromochlus and the early evolution of Pterosauromorpha.
in Nature
Inglis G
(2015)
Ecological and biogeochemical change in an early Paleogene peat-forming environment: Linking biomarkers and palynology
in Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology
Inglis G
(2015)
Descent toward the Icehouse: Eocene sea surface cooling inferred from GDGT distributions DESCENT TOWARD THE ICEHOUSE
in Paleoceanography
Inglis G
(2017)
Mid-latitude continental temperatures through the early Eocene in western Europe
in Earth and Planetary Science Letters
Inglis G
(2019)
Terrestrial environmental change across the onset of the PETM and the associated impact on biomarker proxies: A cautionary tale
in Global and Planetary Change
Inglis G
(2020)
A long-term, high-latitude record of Eocene hydrological change in the Greenland region
in Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology
Jones LA
(2019)
Coupling of palaeontological and neontological reef coral data improves forecasts of biodiversity responses under global climatic change.
in Royal Society open science
Jones LA
(2022)
Climatic and tectonic drivers shaped the tropical distribution of coral reefs.
in Nature communications
Joshi M
(2017)
Global warming and ocean stratification: A potential result of large extraterrestrial impacts
in Geophysical Research Letters
Kennedy AT
(2015)
Atmospheric and oceanic impacts of Antarctic glaciation across the Eocene-Oligocene transition.
in Philosophical transactions. Series A, Mathematical, physical, and engineering sciences
Kennedy-Asser A
(2019)
Assessing Mechanisms and Uncertainty in Modeled Climatic Change at the Eocene-Oligocene Transition
in Paleoceanography and Paleoclimatology
Li S
(2018)
Oligocene climate signals and forcings in Eurasia revealed by plant macrofossil and modelling results
in Gondwana Research
Lim J
(2021)
The Cenozoic history of palms: Global diversification, biogeography and the decline of megathermal forests
in Global Ecology and Biogeography
Lunt D
(2017)
The DeepMIP contribution to PMIP4: experimental design for model simulations of the EECO, PETM, and pre-PETM (version 1.0)
in Geoscientific Model Development
Lunt D
(2016)
Palaeogeographic controls on climate and proxy interpretation
in Climate of the Past
Lyster S
(2020)
Predicting sediment discharges and erosion rates in deep time-examples from the late Cretaceous North American continent
in Basin Research
O'Brien C
(2017)
Cretaceous sea-surface temperature evolution: Constraints from TEX86 and planktonic foraminiferal oxygen isotopes
in Earth-Science Reviews
O'Connor L
(2019)
Late Cretaceous Temperature Evolution of the Southern High Latitudes: A TEX 86 Perspective
in Paleoceanography and Paleoclimatology
Petryshyn V
(2020)
The role of temperature in the initiation of the end-Triassic mass extinction
in Earth-Science Reviews
Robinson S
(2016)
Early Jurassic North Atlantic sea-surface temperatures from TEX 86 palaeothermometry
in Sedimentology
Saupe E
(2019)
Extinction intensity during Ordovician and Cenozoic glaciations explained by cooling and palaeogeography
in Nature Geoscience
Saupe EE
(2019)
Climatic shifts drove major contractions in avian latitudinal distributions throughout the Cenozoic.
in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
Srivastava G
(2021)
Climate and vegetation change during the Upper Siwalik-a study based on the palaeobotanical record of the eastern Himalaya
in Palaeobiodiversity and Palaeoenvironments
Tabor C
(2016)
The cause of Late Cretaceous cooling: A multimodel-proxy comparison
in Geology
Xiong Z
(2020)
The early Eocene rise of the Gonjo Basin, SE Tibet: From low desert to high forest
in Earth and Planetary Science Letters
| Description | We have shown the influence of palaeogeography on climate through the Cretaceous-Paleocene-Eocene. It turns out that on a global scale this is minimal, but regionally it can be quite large, associated with ocean circulation changes. Published in Climate of the Past. We have also shown that climate sensitivity varies as a function of paleogeography, and is itself a function of temperature and ocean circulation. Published in GRL Finally, this project has spun out a huge number of papers that explore the model simulations from a range of geological applications, in particular niche modelling. |
| Exploitation Route | The adjustemnts that we provide for 'correcting' palaeo records for direct and indirect tectonic change will be of interest to the entire palaeoceanography community. |
| Sectors | Energy,Environment |
| Description | Climate of Middle Earth impact. |
| First Year Of Impact | 2013 |
| Sector | Environment |
| Impact Types | Societal |
| Description | NERC IOF |
| Amount | £40,000 (GBP) |
| Organisation | Natural Environment Research Council |
| Sector | Public |
| Country | United Kingdom |
| Start | 01/2016 |
| Description | NERC Large Grant |
| Amount | £2,318,987 (GBP) |
| Funding ID | NE/P01903X/1 |
| Organisation | Natural Environment Research Council |
| Sector | Public |
| Country | United Kingdom |
| Start | 08/2017 |
| End | 08/2022 |
| Description | Climate of Middle Earth |
| Form Of Engagement Activity | A press release, press conference or response to a media enquiry/interview |
| Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
| Geographic Reach | International |
| Primary Audience | Public/other audiences |
| Results and Impact | Viral in International media, Twitter, Facebook etc. Several media interviews, Blog reactions, a MOOC, talks at convetions, |
| Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2014 |
| URL | http://www.bris.ac.uk/news/2013/10013.html |