The North Atlantic Climate System Integrated Study
Lead Research Organisation:
University of Leeds
Department Name: National Centre for Atmospheric Science
Abstract
Major changes are occurring across the North Atlantic climate system: in ocean and atmosphere temperatures and circulation, in sea ice thickness and extent, and in key atmospheric constituents such as ozone, methane and particles known as aerosols. Many observed changes are unprecedented in instrumental records. Changes in the North Atlantic directly affect the UK's climate, weather and air quality, with major economic impacts on agriculture, fisheries, water, energy, transport and health. The North Atlantic also has global importance, since changes here drive changes in climate, hazardous weather and air quality further afield, such as in North America, Africa and Asia.
ACSIS is a 5 year strategic research programme that brings together and exploits a wide range of capabilities and expertise in the UK environmental science community. It's goal is to enhance the UK's capability to detect, attribute (i.e. explain the causes of) and predict changes in the North Atlantic Climate System. ACSIS will deliver new understanding of the NA climate system by integrating new and old observations of atmospheric physics and chemistry, of the ocean state and of Arctic Ice. The observations will be complemented by detailed data analysis and numerical simulations. Observations will come from existing networks, from NERC's own observational sites in the North Atlantic, and from space. Seasonal surveys using the NCAS FAAM aeroplane will further enhance our observational strategy. A key dimension of the observational opportunity is that data records of sufficient length, for multiple variables, are becoming available for the first time. The modelling component will involve core numerical simulations with cutting-edge atmosphere, ocean, sea ice, chemistry and aerosol models using the latest parameterizations and unprecedented spatial detail, as well as bespoke experiments to investigate specific time periods or to explore and explain particular observations.
ACSIS will provide advances in understanding and predicting changes in the NA climate system that can be exploited to assess the impact of these changes on the UK and other countries - for example in terms of the consequences for hazardous weather risk, the environment and businesses. ACSIS outputs will also inform policy on climate change adaptation and air quality.
ACSIS is a 5 year strategic research programme that brings together and exploits a wide range of capabilities and expertise in the UK environmental science community. It's goal is to enhance the UK's capability to detect, attribute (i.e. explain the causes of) and predict changes in the North Atlantic Climate System. ACSIS will deliver new understanding of the NA climate system by integrating new and old observations of atmospheric physics and chemistry, of the ocean state and of Arctic Ice. The observations will be complemented by detailed data analysis and numerical simulations. Observations will come from existing networks, from NERC's own observational sites in the North Atlantic, and from space. Seasonal surveys using the NCAS FAAM aeroplane will further enhance our observational strategy. A key dimension of the observational opportunity is that data records of sufficient length, for multiple variables, are becoming available for the first time. The modelling component will involve core numerical simulations with cutting-edge atmosphere, ocean, sea ice, chemistry and aerosol models using the latest parameterizations and unprecedented spatial detail, as well as bespoke experiments to investigate specific time periods or to explore and explain particular observations.
ACSIS will provide advances in understanding and predicting changes in the NA climate system that can be exploited to assess the impact of these changes on the UK and other countries - for example in terms of the consequences for hazardous weather risk, the environment and businesses. ACSIS outputs will also inform policy on climate change adaptation and air quality.
Planned Impact
Policy makers: Advances in understanding the role of natural and anthropogenic drivers in North Atlantic climate change delivered by ACSIS will contribute to the next Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Assessment Report (AR6) and to national and international policy-making on climate change adaptation and mitigation. Improved understanding of the impact of stratospheric ozone change on tropospheric composition and climate will inform assessments for the Montreal Protocol. Advances in understanding the role of emissions, relative to other factors, in shaping UK air quality will benefit policy formulation in Defra. Representatives of relevant government departments will be invited to the Community Meetings that are a planned part of the programme. These meetings will include specific sessions on stakeholder needs.
The Met Office and its customers will benefit from the process-based evaluation of their models and forecast systems. Improvements in modelling and understanding will be exploited to improve the accuracy and reliability of climate forecasts and projections. This will happen efficiently through the co-delivery of ACSIS by Met Office and NERC scientists.
The EU Copernicus Climate Change Service will benefit from advances in observations, models, understanding and predictions of changes in the regional climate of the North Atlantic/European region. ACSIS partners are already directly engaged in the development of relevant services and this engagement will increase through the programme.
Businesses concerned with changing weather and weather-related risks will benefit from advances in understanding the drivers of changing risk. ACSIS partners have established collaborations with the insurance and energy industries in particular, and these collaborations will provide an important pathway for communication of ACSIS findings. These interactions will be enhanced internationally through related work in the EU PRIMAVERA programme, as well as through the Community Meetings mentioned above.
General public and the media. The observations of declining Arctic sea-ice have become an iconic symbol of our changing climate system for the media and the general public. The ACSIS Essential Climate Variables, presented in accessible form and updated regularly on the ACSIS website, will provide a similar but broader based snap-shot of how the climate system is changing in the UK's backyard. The presentation of multiple variables in a consistent format will provide an important regular opportunity for ACSIS scientists to discuss and explain the complex nature of changes in a way that is accessible and engaging. We anticipate a high level of media interest in this dimension of the programme.
ACSIS is specifically designed to enable as well as deliver research and as such there is a wide community of academic beneficiaries (see separate summary), who will themselves contribute to enhancing the overall impacts of the programme.
The Met Office and its customers will benefit from the process-based evaluation of their models and forecast systems. Improvements in modelling and understanding will be exploited to improve the accuracy and reliability of climate forecasts and projections. This will happen efficiently through the co-delivery of ACSIS by Met Office and NERC scientists.
The EU Copernicus Climate Change Service will benefit from advances in observations, models, understanding and predictions of changes in the regional climate of the North Atlantic/European region. ACSIS partners are already directly engaged in the development of relevant services and this engagement will increase through the programme.
Businesses concerned with changing weather and weather-related risks will benefit from advances in understanding the drivers of changing risk. ACSIS partners have established collaborations with the insurance and energy industries in particular, and these collaborations will provide an important pathway for communication of ACSIS findings. These interactions will be enhanced internationally through related work in the EU PRIMAVERA programme, as well as through the Community Meetings mentioned above.
General public and the media. The observations of declining Arctic sea-ice have become an iconic symbol of our changing climate system for the media and the general public. The ACSIS Essential Climate Variables, presented in accessible form and updated regularly on the ACSIS website, will provide a similar but broader based snap-shot of how the climate system is changing in the UK's backyard. The presentation of multiple variables in a consistent format will provide an important regular opportunity for ACSIS scientists to discuss and explain the complex nature of changes in a way that is accessible and engaging. We anticipate a high level of media interest in this dimension of the programme.
ACSIS is specifically designed to enable as well as deliver research and as such there is a wide community of academic beneficiaries (see separate summary), who will themselves contribute to enhancing the overall impacts of the programme.
Organisations
- University of Leeds (Lead Research Organisation)
- University of Lincoln (Collaboration)
- Meteorological Office UK (Collaboration)
- British Geological Survey (Collaboration)
- NATIONAL OCEANOGRAPHY CENTRE (Collaboration)
- PLYMOUTH MARINE LABORATORY (Collaboration)
- UK Centre For Ecology & Hydrology (Collaboration)
- National Centre for Earth Observation (Collaboration)
- British Antarctic Survey (Collaboration)
- MET OFFICE (Project Partner)
- NCAR (Project Partner)
- Duke University (Project Partner)
- University of Texas at Austin (Project Partner)
Publications
Abraham N
(2018)
Using a virtual machine environment for developing, testing, and training for the UM-UKCA composition-climate model, using Unified Model version 10.9 and above
in Geoscientific Model Development
Aksenov Y
(2017)
On the future navigability of Arctic sea routes: High-resolution projections of the Arctic Ocean and sea ice
in Marine Policy
Alexander-Turner R
(2018)
How Robust Are the Surface Temperature Fingerprints of the Atlantic Overturning Meridional Circulation on Monthly Time Scales?
in Geophysical Research Letters
Allard R
(2018)
Utilizing CryoSat-2 sea ice thickness to initialize a coupled ice-ocean modeling system
in Advances in Space Research
Andersson T
(2022)
Seasonal Arctic sea ice forecasting with probabilistic deep learning
Andersson TR
(2021)
Seasonal Arctic sea ice forecasting with probabilistic deep learning.
in Nature communications
Andrews M
(2020)
Historical Simulations With HadGEM3-GC3.1 for CMIP6
in Journal of Advances in Modeling Earth Systems
Andrews M
(2019)
Observed and Simulated Teleconnections Between the Stratospheric Quasi-Biennial Oscillation and Northern Hemisphere Winter Atmospheric Circulation
in Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres
Anstey J
(2020)
The SPARC Quasi-Biennial Oscillation initiative
in Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society
| Description | 1. Advances in understanding the processes governing decadal variability in the North Atlantic Climate System. ACSIS provided a multivariate perspective that demonstrated coordinated changes across North Atlantic Climate System components: ocean, sea ice, and atmosphere. This was an important part of delivering improved understanding of links between observed multi-decadal shifts in Atlantic sea-surface temperature (known as Atlantic Multi-decadal Variability (AMV)), and atmospheric circulation (troposphere and stratosphere), how climate models represent these links, and how they vary seasonally. ACSIS used climate models and observations to show that ocean dynamics connect changes in seawater density in the subpolar North Atlantic to the Atlantic-wide ocean circulation, impacting the amplitude and timing of AMV. These discoveries allow better prediction of AMV and its many climate impacts. 2. Advances in understanding the role of atmospheric aerosols in the North Atlantic Climate System By bringing together a highly multidisciplinary team, ACSIS advanced fundamental understanding and quantification of the multiple processes and causal linkages that connect anthropogenic aerosol (AA) precursor emissions (e.g. sulphur dioxide) to impacts on climate variables such as atmospheric temperatures and clouds, ocean heat content and circulation, and sea-ice extent. Key advances included: discovery of a new chemical species (HPMTF) involved in the oxidation of sulphur dioxide; quantification of the processes that govern the North Atlantic cloud and radiation response to AA emissions; and elucidation of a new mechanism via which AA emissions influence the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC). 3. Advances in understanding the predictability of North Atlantic Climate and advances in prediction capabilities. ACSIS research contributed to important evidence that shows that the North Atlantic is much more predictable than previously thought, especially atmospheric circulation in winter on seasonal to decadal timescales. Furthermore, ACSIS has shown that higher predictability extends to summer on seasonal timescales, and has provided new insights into some of key mechanisms involved, including the roles of ocean-atmosphere interactions and of the stratosphere. ACSIS has also made advances in Arctic sea ice predictions and provided further evidence that changes in the North Atlantic can have world-wide influences with implications for predictability of global monsoons and climatic conditions over East Asia and the Pacific ocean. To help policy makers understand potential near-term changes in North Atlantic atmosphere and ocean circulation, and associated impacts and risks, ACSIS has developed innovative storylines of future changes in the jet stream and in regional sea level. |
| Exploitation Route | There are many opportunities to build on the achievements of the ACSIS programme. These include: (i) further analysis of the many observation-based datasets which quantify recent changes in the North Atlantic climate system; (ii) further analysis of the numerical simulations supported by ACSIS in particular high resolution ocean and coupled simulations; (iii) further research to understand the predictability of climate in the North Atlantic region; (iv) work to exploit ACSIS findings to build improved capabilities for seasonal and longer term climate predictions. |
| Sectors | Agriculture Food and Drink Energy Environment Financial Services and Management Consultancy Leisure Activities including Sports Recreation and Tourism Transport |
| URL | https://sites.google.com/ncas.ac.uk/acsis/posters |
| Description | ACSIS has made significant contributions relevant to climate policy through its input to the UK's contribution to the sixth coupled model intercomparison project (in support of the sixth assessment report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Chage, AR6), especially through its evaluation, development and running of the UK Earth System Model (UKESM1), and the evaluation of the Met Office physical climate model (HadGEM3-GC3.1). Several ACSIS scientists have contributed to the assessment of the current state of knowledge through their roles as lead or contributing authors or reviewers of the AR6, and ACSIS publications were included in the IPCC Special Report on the Ocean and Cryosphere in a Changing Climate. ACSIS science is also contributing to advances in seasonal-to-decadal prediction. Advances made in understanding the fundamental ocean-atmosphere mechanisms that shape variations in the climate of the North Atlantic region on seasonal and longer timescales are being used to inform development of seasonal-to-decadal prediction capabilities, in particular those at the Met Office. The World Meteorological Organization has recently begun to produce a regular 'annual-to-decadal climate update'. These reports are freely available and are read by all WMO prediction centres world-wide. ACSIS has contributed directly to the first report and will build on this contribution in the upcoming years. Wider ACSIS impacts include: a major role in shaping a new World Climate Research Programme Lighthouse Activity on Explaining and Predicting Earth System Change; contributions to the UK's Joint Marine Modelling Programme (JMMP); establishing a lasting multi-disciplinary community to focus on North Atlantic science and related areas.The legacy of ACSIS is assured by more than 250 scientific publications and by observational and model data sets stored long-term at CEDA (Archibald et al, in prep), and their continued use, including within the outward facing Met Office Climate Indicators webpage and in new LTS-M programmes, such as CANARI. |
| First Year Of Impact | 2017 |
| Sector | Environment,Government, Democracy and Justice |
| Impact Types | Policy & public services |
| Description | Citation in the IPCC Special Report on the Ocean and Cryosphere in a Changing Climate |
| Geographic Reach | Multiple continents/international |
| Policy Influence Type | Citation in systematic reviews |
| Impact | This report is part of the IPCc series of report and as such has helped to change public and government attitudes to climate change and its impacts. This report is expected to have substantial impacts on government policy in respect of climate change adaptation and mitigation policies, both nationally and internationally. |
| URL | https://www.ipcc.ch/srocc/ |
| Description | Citation in the Marine Climate Change Impacts Partnership |
| Geographic Reach | Multiple continents/international |
| Policy Influence Type | Citation in systematic reviews |
| URL | http://www.mccip.org.uk/media/2013/10_sea_ice_2020.pdf |
| Description | Reports for the Marine Climate Change Impacts Partnership |
| Geographic Reach | National |
| Policy Influence Type | Citation in systematic reviews |
| Impact | UK Businesses and Local Governments use the MCCIP Science Review for formulating and implementing adaptation policy with respect to climate change. |
| URL | http://www.mccip.org.uk/climate-smart-adaptation/ |
| Description | (Blue-Action) - Arctic Impact on Weather and Climate |
| Amount | € 8,103,125 (EUR) |
| Funding ID | 727852 |
| Organisation | European Commission |
| Sector | Public |
| Country | European Union (EU) |
| Start | 12/2016 |
| End | 02/2021 |
| Description | (COMFORT) - Our common future ocean in the Earth system - quantifying coupled cycles of carbon, oxygen, and nutrients for determining and achieving safe operating spaces with respect to tipping points |
| Amount | € 8,482,147 (EUR) |
| Funding ID | 820989 |
| Organisation | European Commission |
| Sector | Public |
| Country | European Union (EU) |
| Start | 08/2019 |
| End | 08/2023 |
| Description | (DivPredSkill) - Climate model diversity in the North Atlantic and its impact on prediction skill on interannual-to-decadal timescales |
| Amount | € 212,934 (EUR) |
| Funding ID | 101026271 |
| Organisation | European Commission |
| Sector | Public |
| Country | European Union (EU) |
| Start | 06/2021 |
| End | 06/2023 |
| Description | Atmospheric Composition and Radiative forcing changes due to UN International Ship Emissions regulations (ACRUISE) |
| Amount | £391,261 (GBP) |
| Funding ID | NE/S005390/1 |
| Organisation | Natural Environment Research Council |
| Sector | Public |
| Country | United Kingdom |
| Start | 01/2019 |
| End | 01/2024 |
| Description | Atmospheric Composition and Radiative forcing changes due to UN International Ship Emissions regulations (ACRUISE) |
| Amount | £275,236 (GBP) |
| Funding ID | NE/S005099/1 |
| Organisation | Natural Environment Research Council |
| Sector | Public |
| Country | United Kingdom |
| Start | 01/2019 |
| End | 01/2024 |
| Description | Atmospheric Composition and Radiative forcing changes due to UN International Ship Emissions regulations (ACRUISE) |
| Amount | £276,448 (GBP) |
| Funding ID | NE/S004807/1 |
| Organisation | Natural Environment Research Council |
| Sector | Public |
| Country | United Kingdom |
| Start | 01/2019 |
| End | 01/2023 |
| Description | Atmospheric Composition and Radiative forcing changes due to UN International Ship Emissions regulations (ACRUISE) |
| Amount | £363,917 (GBP) |
| Funding ID | NE/S004467/1 |
| Organisation | Natural Environment Research Council |
| Sector | Public |
| Country | United Kingdom |
| Start | 02/2019 |
| End | 02/2024 |
| Description | Atmospheric Composition and Radiative forcing effects_due to UN International Ship Emissions regulations |
| Amount | £136,219 (GBP) |
| Funding ID | NE/S004564/1 |
| Organisation | Natural Environment Research Council |
| Sector | Public |
| Country | United Kingdom |
| Start | 01/2019 |
| End | 01/2024 |
| Description | Atmospheric reactive nitrogen cycling over the ocean |
| Amount | £618,334 (GBP) |
| Funding ID | NE/S000518/1 |
| Organisation | Natural Environment Research Council |
| Sector | Public |
| Country | United Kingdom |
| Start | 01/2019 |
| End | 12/2021 |
| Description | CERAF |
| Amount | £5,212,426 (GBP) |
| Funding ID | NE/V017756/1 |
| Organisation | Natural Environment Research Council |
| Sector | Public |
| Country | United Kingdom |
| Start | 03/2021 |
| End | 03/2025 |
| Description | Consequences of Arctic Warming for European Climate and Extreme Weather |
| Amount | £290,138 (GBP) |
| Funding ID | NE/V004875/1 |
| Organisation | Natural Environment Research Council |
| Sector | Public |
| Country | United Kingdom |
| Start | 11/2020 |
| End | 11/2023 |
| Description | Explaining and Predicting the Ocean Conveyor (EPOC) |
| Amount | € 9,549,760 (EUR) |
| Organisation | European Commission |
| Sector | Public |
| Country | European Union (EU) |
| Start | 08/2022 |
| End | 10/2027 |
| Description | Integrating Nature-Climate Scenarios & Analytics for Financial Decision-Making (INCAF) |
| Amount | £45,927 (GBP) |
| Funding ID | NE/X016358/1 |
| Organisation | Natural Environment Research Council |
| Sector | Public |
| Country | United Kingdom |
| Start | 01/2023 |
| End | 03/2024 |
| Description | Integrating Nature-Climate Scenarios & Analytics for Financial Decision-Making (INCAF) |
| Amount | £114,280 (GBP) |
| Funding ID | NE/X016390/1 |
| Organisation | Natural Environment Research Council |
| Sector | Public |
| Country | United Kingdom |
| Start | 01/2023 |
| End | 03/2024 |
| Description | NERC National Capability Science Multi-Centre 1-year extension (FY 21/22): The North Atlantic Climate System Integrated Study (ACSIS) |
| Amount | £1,961,000 (GBP) |
| Organisation | Natural Environment Research Council |
| Sector | Public |
| Country | United Kingdom |
| Start | 03/2021 |
| End | 03/2022 |
| Description | SNAP-DRAGON: Subpolar North Atlantic Processes - Dynamics and pRedictability of vAriability in Gyre and OverturNing |
| Amount | £1,600,000 (GBP) |
| Funding ID | NE/T013494/1 |
| Organisation | United Kingdom Research and Innovation |
| Sector | Public |
| Country | United Kingdom |
| Start | 08/2020 |
| End | 08/2023 |
| Description | Wider Impacts of Subpolar nortH atlantic decadal variaBility on the OceaN and atmospherE' (WISHBONE) |
| Amount | £285,007 (GBP) |
| Funding ID | NE/T013540/1 |
| Organisation | Natural Environment Research Council |
| Sector | Public |
| Country | United Kingdom |
| Start | 08/2020 |
| End | 08/2024 |
| Description | Wider impacts of Subpolar North Atlantic decadal variability on the ocean and atmosphere (WISHBONE) |
| Amount | £800,000 (GBP) |
| Funding ID | NE/T013516/1 |
| Organisation | United Kingdom Research and Innovation |
| Sector | Public |
| Country | United Kingdom |
| Start | 08/2020 |
| End | 08/2023 |
| Title | Intermediate resolution climate model FORTE2 |
| Description | This is a significantly updated version of a fast, inexpensive and low resolution coupled climate model developed previously at the National Oceanography Centre and used for idealised climate experiments.The updated version now runs on parallel processors using MPI software, has a more advanced atmospheric component including a resolved stratosphere and can simulate 300+ model years in 1 day of real time. This opens up the possibility of investigating paleaoclimate with a full primitive equation model, as well as studying contemporary climate and performing climate projections at a fraction of the cost of standard CMIP-style climate models. In particular the model is readily configurable, allowing control over land geometry and orography, ocean topography, and geophysical parameters such as rotation rate, solar input, orbital parameters etc. |
| Type Of Material | Improvements to research infrastructure |
| Year Produced | 2021 |
| Provided To Others? | Yes |
| Impact | As it has just been released, impact is restricted to the publication which documents the model performance |
| URL | https://zenodo.org/record/4108373#.YijBQb3P3rI |
| Title | 1/12 degree ocean/25km atmosphere coupled historical climate simulation |
| Description | Output from a historical climate model simulation of unprecedented resolution, including fields such as ocean and atmosphere temperature, winds, ocean currents and a large number of other variables. |
| Type Of Material | Database/Collection of data |
| Year Produced | 2019 |
| Provided To Others? | Yes |
| Impact | Improved understanding of the influence of resolution climate variability, including the importance of including small scale processes such as mesoscale eddies in order to realistically model air-sea interaction on climate timescales. |
| Title | 1/4 degree historical forced ocean simulation |
| Description | Output from ocean model simulation forced by CORE2 estimates of surface atmospheric conditions. Fields stored are monthly temperature, salinity, ocean currents and other fields for 1958-2007. |
| Type Of Material | Database/Collection of data |
| Year Produced | 2021 |
| Provided To Others? | Yes |
| Impact | Understanding of the proximate cause of the observed variability (increase up to the mid 1990s, and then an ongoing decrease) of the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation. This has been written up as a journal article: Megann, Alex ; Blaker, Adam ; Josey, Simon ; New, Adrian ; Sinha, Bablu. 2021 Mechanisms for late 20th and early 21st century decadal AMOC variability. Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, 126 (12). https://doi.org/10.1029/2021JC017865 |
| URL | https://catalogue.ceda.ac.uk/uuid/119a5d4795c94d2e94f610647640edc0 |
| Title | ACSIS Aircraft datasets |
| Description | The ACSIS aircraft database contains the core FAAM data collected by the NERC BAe-146 research aircraft during ACSIS field campaigns. This database provides support for analysis of the measurements supported by ACSIS. |
| Type Of Material | Database/Collection of data |
| Year Produced | 2017 |
| Provided To Others? | Yes |
| Impact | To date intercomparison of ACSIS and NASA ATom data has been achieved thanks to the database. This has highlighted excellent agreement between measurements made by NERC and NASA funded scientists. |
| URL | http://data.ceda.ac.uk/badc/acsis/bae-146 |
| Title | CPOM sea ice data portal |
| Description | CPOM sea ice data portal - Public access to sea ice thickness and volume data from the CryoSat-2 satellite, produced at the Centre for Polar Observation and Modelling (http://www.cpom.ucl.ac.uk/csopr/seaice.html) |
| Type Of Material | Database/Collection of data |
| Year Produced | 2015 |
| Provided To Others? | Yes |
| Impact | Public access to sea ice thickness and volume data |
| URL | http://www.cpom.ucl.ac.uk/csopr/seaice.html |
| Title | Intital simulation of Hunga-Tonga volcanic aerosol cloud with the UM-UKCA composition-climate model |
| Description | This dataset is from a series of "forward projection" interactive stratospheric aerosol simulations of the Jan 2022 Hunga-Tonga volcanic aerosol cloud with the UM-UKCA composition-climate model. The model experiments predict how the cloud will disperse through 2022, and apply the UM-UKCA model at GA4 (Walters et al., 2014), with GLOMAP v8.2, as applied for the "MajorVolc" datasets for Agung, El Chichon and Pinatubo (Dhomse et al., 2020), those runs aligned with the Historical Eruption SO2 emissions Assessment experiment within ISA-MIP (Timmreck et al., 2018). The "standard" Hunga-Tonga GA4 UM-UKCA experiment emits 0.4Tg of SO2 at 29-31km, within a 24-hour period, matching the detrainment duration specified for the ISA-MIP HErSEA experiment protocol. Following the stronger than expected mid-visible backscatter ratios (BSR) measured by CALIOP satellite-borne lidar, and from ground-based lidar from Reunion Island (very high BSR values > 200), we also ran UM-UKCA simulations with "scaled-up Hunga-Tonga SO2 emission", at 0.8, 1.2 and 1.6 Tg of SO2 emitted. Unexpectedly strong stratospheric AOD observed from the OMPS satellite months after the eruption further strengthens the motivation for these simulations. Several hypotheses for the high AOD from Hunga-Tonga have been suggested: 1) an unusual amount of (or influence from) co-emitted ultra-fine ash particles 2) "in-plume oxidised sulphate" already converted from SO2 at the time of detrainment (e.g. via aqueous-phase oxidation within water droplets within the eruptive plume). 3) co-emitted marine aerosol (e.g. sea-salt aerosol) from seawater vaporized in the plume There are 4 types of netcdf files, Stratospheric AOD (saod), Effective Radius (reff), Extinction (ext) and sulphate aerosol surface area density (sad). For e.g. saod550_HT_0pt4Tg_T2Mz-20220101-20230831.nc contains Stratospheric aerosol optical depth (sAOD) at 550nm (2D-monthly dataset vs latitude and time) with 0.4 Tg SO2 injection Jan2022 to August 2023 Whereas other files reff_HT_0pt4Tg_T2Mz_20220101-20230831.nc, sad_HT_0pt4Tg_T2Mz_20220101-20230831.nc ext550_HT_0pt4Tg_T2Mz-20220101-20230831.nc contain particle effective radius (reff), aerosol surface area density, aerosol extinction as 3D-monthly fields (altitude, latitude , time) from the same simulation. Other saod and extinction files are also available at 870 and 1020 nm. Note that these are preliminary simulations, hence we do not expect good match with the observations. We plan to perform additional UM-UKCA simulations, comparing to the satellite and ground-based lidar measurements, and to in-situ balloon observations from Reunion Island rapid response campaign & upcoming high-altitude balloon sampling flights in Brazil. References : Dhomse SS, Mann GW, Antuña Marrero JC, Shallcross SE, Chipperfield MP, Carslaw KS, Marshall L, Abraham NL, Johnson CE. 2020. Evaluating the simulated radiative forcings, aerosol properties, and stratospheric warmings from the 1963 Mt Agung, 1982 El Chichón, and 1991 Mt Pinatubo volcanic aerosol clouds. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics. 20(21), pp. 13627-13654 Timmreck, C., Mann, G. W., Aquila, V., Hommel, R., Lee, L. A., Schmidt, A., Brühl, C., Carn, S., Chin, M., Dhomse, S. S., Diehl, T., English, J. M., Mills, M. J., Neely, R., Sheng, J., Toohey, M., and Weisenstein, D.: The Interactive Stratospheric Aerosol Model Intercomparison Project (ISA-MIP): motivation and experimental design, Geosci. Model Dev., 11, 25812608, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-11-2581-2018, 2018. |
| Type Of Material | Database/Collection of data |
| Year Produced | 2022 |
| Provided To Others? | Yes |
| URL | https://zenodo.org/record/6621919 |
| Title | Monthly ocean and sea-ice output from 1/4° NEMO GO6 integration forced by CORE2 data |
| Description | Monthly output from an integration of the GO6 configuration of the NEMO (Nucleus for European Modelling of the Ocean) ocean and sea-ice model, forced by the CORE2 (Coordinated Ocean-ice Reference Experiments version 2.0) corrected inter-annual forcing (CIAF) surface field dataset. UK Global Ocean GO6 consists of version 3.6 of NEMO and version 5.2.1 of the CICE (Community Ice CodE) sea-ice model, and the present simulation is on the global eORCA025 1/4° grid. The ocean is initialised from a climatology based on the EN3 monthly objective analysis (Ingleby and Huddleston, 2007) averaged over years 2004-2008, and is integrated from 1958 to 2007. The model was run on the Archer supercomputing platform through the Rose/Cylc interface on Puma, and the run ID on the Puma system is u-ap795. The integrations were funded by the Natural Environment Research Council (NERC) under the Atlantic Climate System Integrated Study (ACSIS) project (NE/N018044/1). |
| Type Of Material | Database/Collection of data |
| Year Produced | 2021 |
| Provided To Others? | Yes |
| Impact | The data were used to write a paper on AMOC variability 1948-2020: 10.5285/119a5d4795c94d2e94f610647640edc0 |
| URL | https://catalogue.ceda.ac.uk/uuid/119a5d4795c94d2e94f610647640edc0 |
| Title | Monthly ocean and sea-ice output from 1/4° NEMO GO6 integration forced by DFS5.2 data |
| Description | Monthly output from an integration of the UK Global Ocean, GO6, configuration of the NEMO (Nucleus for European Modelling of the Ocean) ocean and sea-ice model, forced by the DFS5.2 (Drakkar Forcing Set: Dussin et al, 2016) surface field dataset. GO6 consists of version 3.6 of NEMO and version 5.2.1 of the CICE (Community Ice CodE) sea-ice model, and the present simulation is on the global eORCA025 1/4° grid. The ocean is initialised from a climatology based on the EN3 monthly objective analysis (Ingleby and Huddleston, 2007) averaged over years 2004-2008, and is integrated from 1958 to 2015. The sea-ice fields are only available for the period 1958 to 2008. The model was run on the Archer supercomputing platform through the Rose/Cylc interface on Puma, and the run ID on the Puma system is u-ao882. The integrations were funded by the Natural Environment Research Council (NERC) under the Atlantic Climate System Integrated Study (ACSIS) project (NE/N018044/1). |
| Type Of Material | Database/Collection of data |
| Year Produced | 2021 |
| Provided To Others? | Yes |
| Impact | The data has been used to write a paper on historical AMOC variability 1948-2020: Megann, Alex ; Blaker, Adam ; Josey, Simon ; New, Adrian ; Sinha, Bablu. 2021 Mechanisms for late 20th and early 21st century decadal AMOC variability. Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, 126 (12). https://doi.org/10.1029/2021JC017865 |
| URL | https://catalogue.ceda.ac.uk/uuid/a0708d25b4fc44c5ab1b06e12fef2f2e |
| Title | Monthly ocean and sea-ice output from 1/4° NEMO GO6 integration forced by JRA55 data |
| Description | Monthly output from an integration of the UK Global Ocean, GO6, configuration of the NEMO (Nucleus for European Modelling of the Ocean) ocean and sea-ice model, forced by the JRA-55 (Japanese 55-year atmospheric reanalysis: Tsujino, 2018) surface field dataset. GO6 consists of version 3.6 of NEMO and version 5.2.1 of the CICE (Community Ice CodE) sea-ice model, and the present simulation is on the global eORCA025 1/4° grid. The ocean is initialised from a climatology based on the EN3 monthly objective analysis (Ingleby and Huddleston, 2007) averaged over years 2004-2008, and is integrated from 1958 to 2020. The sea-ice fields are only available for the period 1989 to 2001. The model was run on the Archer supercomputing platform through the Rose/Cylc interface on Puma, and the run ID on the Puma system is u-ba494. The integrations were funded by the Natural Environment Research Council (NERC) under the Atlantic Climate System Integrated Study (ACSIS) project (NE/N018044/1). |
| Type Of Material | Database/Collection of data |
| Year Produced | 2021 |
| Provided To Others? | Yes |
| Impact | The data has been used to write a paper on AMOC variability 1948-2020: Megann, Alex ; Blaker, Adam ; Josey, Simon ; New, Adrian ; Sinha, Bablu. 2021 Mechanisms for late 20th and early 21st century decadal AMOC variability. Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, 126 (12). https://doi.org/10.1029/2021JC017865 |
| URL | https://catalogue.ceda.ac.uk/uuid/4c545155dfd145a1b02a5d0e577ae37d |
| Title | North Atlantic Climate System Integrated Study (ACSIS) Atlantic Ocean medium resolution SST dataset: Reconstructed 5-day, ½ degree, Atlantic Ocean SST (1950-2014) |
| Description | The North Atlantic Climate System Integrated Study (ACSIS) Atlantic Ocean medium resolution SST dataset is a 5-day field of Sea Surface Temperature (SST) on a ½ degree by ½ degree grid from 1950 to 2014 and covers the Atlantic Ocean. The dataset is based on in situ ship and buoy SST observations from the International Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set (ICOADS) Revision 3. Measurements which fail initial quality control checks are rejected and for each grid box where there is data a trimmed mean and sample standard deviation are calculated to produce super-observations. These are then expressed as anomalies from the 1981-2014 Climatology (mean, annual, semi-annual and tri-annual) from the European Space Agency (ESA) Climate Change Initiative (CCI) SST dataset (version 2.0) derived from satellite observations. The measurements are then interpolated using Kriging to infill gaps and estimate uncertainties. The spatial covariance used in the Kriging was derived from the CCI SST analysis residuals (CCI SST analysis minus the CCI SST climatology). After interpolation, bias corrections derived from the HadSST.4.0.0.0 dataset are applied. The dataset is available as annual CF complaint NetCDF files, with a total of 65 annual files available. Each file contains: the 5 day mean sea surface temperature; the corresponding climatological value, the sea surface temperature anomaly and the uncertainty in the sea surface temperature. The new dataset has been developed as part of the UK North Atlantic Climate System Integrated Study (ACSIS) for use in validation and comparison with regional climate models. Other potential uses include boundary forcing for regional reanalyses, monitoring and assessment of regional climate change and other studies requiring SST at a resolution higher than typical for the in situ products (i.e. < 1 month, < 1°) and spanning the satellite and pre-satellite era. |
| Type Of Material | Database/Collection of data |
| Year Produced | 2020 |
| Provided To Others? | Yes |
| Impact | Awaiting Impacts |
| URL | https://catalogue.ceda.ac.uk/uuid/83b0cd7e7cc6495a90b4cb967ead3577 |
| Title | SMURPHS OHC dataset |
| Description | Data produced by analysis of the SMURPHS ensemble model output, as described in Boland et al 2023 (https://doi.org/10.1029/2022JC018725). This data is required to reproduce the figures from this paper. See https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6418479 for: -notebooks to produce the figures from Boland et al 2023 using this data - see below for which tar balls are needed for which figure. -code to reproduce this data from the SMURPHS model output To reproduce the figures, you need the following directories/files: - Figure 1 & Table 2: ohc_tseries, pic_data, other_model_data - Figure 2: ohc_tseries, pic_data, other_model_data - Figure 3: ohc_trends - Figures 4, S2, S3: ohc_xy - Figures 5, S4-S7: ohc_yz - Figure 6: ohc_xy - Figure 7: ohc_yz, other_model_data - Figure S1: pic_data - Figure S8: amoc_tseries - Figure S9: SIE_SH.nc The data files loaded were created using the python scripts in https://github.com/emmomp/SMURPHS_OHC/code/ as follows: - ohc_tseries: ohc_by_basin_depth.py - pic_data: ohc_by_basin_depth_pic.py, ohc_pic_drift.py, ohc_xy_pic_drift.py, ohc_yz_pic_drift.py, ohc_xy_pic.py, ohc_yz_pic.py - ohc_trends: ohc_weightedtrends_obs.py, ohc_weightedtrends.py - ohc_xy: ohc_xy.py, ohc_xy_trends.py - ohc_yz: ohc_yz.py, ohc_yz_trends.py - amoc_tseries: calculate_AMOC.py - SIE_SH.nc : calc_SH_SIE.py For the SMURPHS ensemble, see Dittus et al. 2020 (https://doi.org/10.1029/2019GL085806) |
| Type Of Material | Database/Collection of data |
| Year Produced | 2022 |
| Provided To Others? | Yes |
| Impact | paper published (Boland, Emma J.D. ; Dittus, Andrea J.; Jones, Daniel C. ; Josey, Simon A. ; Sinha, Bablu. 2023 Ocean Heat Content responses to changing Anthropogenic Aerosol Forcing Strength: Regional and multi-decadal variability. Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, 128 (7), e2022JC018725. 20, pp. https://doi.org/10.1029/2022JC018725) |
| URL | https://figshare.com/articles/dataset/data_in/19281761 |
| Title | SMURPHS/ACSIS Agung volcanic forcing dataset (mapped to UM wavebands) -- from HErSEA ensemble of interactive strat-aerosol GA4 UM-UKCA runs (Dhomse et al., 2020, ACP) |
| Description | The netCDF file uploaded here is a volcanic forcing dataset for the Agung aerosol cloud for use in climate model simulations, produced equivalently to the CMIP6-AER2D volcanic forcing dataset (Arfeuille et al., 2014; Luo, 2016), generated for use within the post-industrial historical integrations for CMIP6 (Eyring et al., 2016). The dataset is specific to UKESM (e.g. Sellar et al., 2019), with waveband-averaged extinction, absorption and asymmetry parameter mapped to the SW & LW wavebands within the SOCRATES radiative transfer module (Edwards and Slingo, 1996; Manners et al., 2017). Whereas the Agung period within the CMIP6-AER2D volcanic forcing dataset (Arfeuille et al., 2014; Luo, 2016) was generated from aerosol microphysics simulations from a 2D model, this SMURPHS/ACSIS dataset is from the ensemble of interactive stratospheric aerosol simulations of the Agung aerosol cloud with the 3D composition-climate model UM-UKCA (see Dhomse et al., 2020). The main forcing dataset is that from the 3-member mean of the 6Tg @ 20-22km UM-UKCA simulations, matching the "lower SO2 emission, shallow-medium injection height" eruption source parameters realisation within the ISA-MIP HErSEA experiment (Timmreck et al., 2018), found to best match with the benchmark observational datasets compared to in the Dhomse et al. (2020) ACP study. A control stratospheric aerosol dataset is also provided, based on the corresponding 3 "no-SO2-emission control" integrations from the Dhomse et al. (2020) simulations, then representing the quiescent stratospheric aerosol layer for 1963-1966 (different then from the "average volcanism" background dataset provided for use in the CMIP6 pre-industrial control). The original 3D-monthly-mean data from the UM-UKCA interactive stratospheric aerosol simulations has been zonally-averaged for this dataset, to match the same structure as for the CMIP6-AER2D dataset. The latitude resolution of the dataset is 1.25 degrees with 85 hybrid-height vertical levels (see Sellar et al., 2019). The aerosol optical properties are averaged across the usual 6 UM wavebands in the SW and the 9 wavebands in the LW. The 1.25 degree resolution matches the ENDGAME N96E horizontal grid for UKESM1 (re-gridded from New Dynamics grid in GA4). The L85 vertical resolution of the dataset is the same vertical model grid used in the GA4 UM-UKCA N96L85 simulations, as also required identically for use within UKESM1. References Arfeuille, F., Weisenstein, D., Mack, H., Rozanov, E., Peter, T. and Broenimann, S. "Volcanic forcing for climate modeling: a new microphysics-based data set covering years 1600-present", Clim. Past, 10, 359-375, 2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-10-359-2014 Dhomse, S. S., Mann, G. W., Antuna Marrero, J.-C., Shallcross, S. E., Chipperfield, M. P., Carslaw, K. S. et al. (2020): "Evaluating the simulated radiative forcings, aerosol properties, and stratospheric warmings from the 1963 Mt Agung, 1982 El Chichón, and 1991 Mt Pinatubo volcanic aerosol clouds", Atmos. Chem. Phys., 20, 13627-13654, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-13627-2020 Edwards, J. M. and Slingo, A. (1996): "Studies with a flexible new radiation code. I: Choosing a configuration for a large-scale model", Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 122 , 689-719, https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.49712253107 Eyring, V., Bony, S., Meehl, G. A., Senior, C. A., Stevens, B., Stouffer, R. J. and Taylor, K. E. (2016): "Overview of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6 (CMIP6) experimental design and organization", Geosci. Mod. Dev., 9, 1937-1958, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-9-1937-2016 Luo, B.: Stratospheric aerosol data for use in CMIP6 models, available at: ftp://iacftp.ethz.ch/pub_read/luo/CMIP6/Readme_Data_Description.pdf, 2016. Manners, J., Edwards, J. M., Hill, P. and Thelen, J.-C. (2017): "SOCRATES Technical Guide -- Suite Of Community RAdiative Transfer codes based on Edwards and Slingo" Technical Guide. Met Office, UK. Available at: https://code.metoffice.gov.uk/trac/socrates. Sellar, A., Jones, C. G., Mulcahy, J. P., Tang, Y., Yool, A., Wiltshire, A., O'Connor, F. M., Stringer, M. et al. (2019): "UKESM1: Description and Evaluation of the U.K. Earth System Model" J. Adv. in Modelling Earth Systems, https://doi.org/10.1029/2019MS001739 Timmreck, C. E., Mann, G. W., Aquila, V., Hommel, R., Lee, L. A., Schmidt, A., Bruehl, C., Carn, S. et al. (2018): "The Interactive Stratospheric Aerosol Model Intercomparison Project (ISA-MIP): motivation and experimental design" Geosci. Model Dev., 11, 2581-2608, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-11-2581-2018 |
| Type Of Material | Database/Collection of data |
| Year Produced | 2021 |
| Provided To Others? | Yes |
| URL | https://zenodo.org/record/4744686 |
| Title | SMURPHS/ACSIS El Chichon volcanic forcing dataset (mapped to UM wavebands) -- from HErSEA ensemble of interactive strat-aerosol GA4 UM-UKCA runs (Dhomse et al., 2020, ACP) |
| Description | The netCDF file uploaded here is a volcanic forcing dataset for the El Chichon aerosol cloud for use in climate model simulations, produced equivalently to the GloSSAC volcanic forcing dataset (Thomason et al., 2018) produced for the historical integrations for CMIP6 (Eyring et al., 2016). The dataset is specific to UKESM (e.g. Sellar et al., 2019), with waveband-averaged extinction, absorption and asymmetry parameter mapped to the SW & LW wavebands within the SOCRATES radiative transfer module (Edwards and Slingo, 1996; Manners et al., 2017). Whereas the main part of the El Chichon period within the GloSSAC volcanic forcing dataset (from Thomason et al., 2018) is generated from combining airborne and ground-based lidar measurements with SAM-II satellite measurements, this SMURPHS/ACSIS dataset is from the ensemble of interactive stratospheric aerosol simulations of the El Chichon aerosol cloud with the UM-UKCA composition-climate model presented in Dhomse et al. (2020). The main forcing dataset is that from the 3-member mean of the 5Tg @ 24-26km UM-UKCA simulations, matching the "lower SO2 mass, medium-shallow injection height" eruption source parameters realisation within the ISA-MIP HErSEA experiment (Timmreck et al., 2018), found to best match with the majority of benchmark observational datasets compared to in the Dhomse et al. (2020) ACP study. A control stratospheric aerosol dataset is also provided, based on the corresponding 3 "no-SO2-emission control" integrations from the Dhomse et al. (2020) simulations, then representing the 1982-1985 quiescent stratospheric aerosol layer (different then from the "average volcanism" background dataset provided for use in the CMIP6 pre-industral control). The original 3D-monthly-mean data from the UM-UKCA interactive stratospheric aerosol simulations has been zonally-averaged for this dataset, to match the same structure as for the CMIP6-GloSSAC dataset. The latitude resolution of the dataset is 1.25 degrees with 85 hybrid-height vertical levels (see Sellar et al., 2019). The aerosol optical properties are averaged across the usual 6 UM wavebands in the SW and the 9 wavebands in the LW. The 1.25 degree resolution matches the ENDGAME N96E horizontal grid for UKESM1 (re-gridded from New Dynamics grid in GA4). The L85 vertical resolution of the dataset is the same vertical model grid used in the GA4 UM-UKCA N96L85 simulations, as also required identically for use within UKESM1. References: Dhomse, S. S., Mann, G. W., Antuna Marrero, J.-C., Shallcross, S. E., Chipperfield, M. P., Carslaw, K. S. et al. (2020): "Evaluating the simulated radiative forcings, aerosol properties, and stratospheric warmings from the 1963 Mt Agung, 1982 El Chichón, and 1991 Mt Pinatubo volcanic aerosol clouds", Atmos. Chem. Phys., 20, 13627-13654, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-13627-2020 Edwards, J. M. and Slingo, A. (1996): "Studies with a flexible new radiation code. I: Choosing a configuration for a large-scale model", Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 122 , 689-719, https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.49712253107 Eyring, V., Bony, S., Meehl, G. A., Senior, C. A., Stevens, B., Stouffer, R. J. and Taylor, K. E. (2016): "Overview of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6 (CMIP6) experimental design and organization", Geosci. Mod. Dev., 9, 1937-1958, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-9-1937-2016 Manners, J., Edwards, J. M., Hill, P. and Thelen, J.-C. (2017): "SOCRATES Technical Guide -- Suite Of Community RAdiative Transfer codes based on Edwards and Slingo" Technical Guide. Met Office, UK. Available at: https://code.metoffice.gov.uk/trac/socrates. Sellar, A., Jones, C. G., Mulcahy, J. P., Tang, Y., Yool, A., Wiltshire, A., O'Connor, F. M., Stringer, M. et al. (2019): "UKESM1: Description and Evaluation of the U.K. Earth System Model" J. Adv. in Modelling Earth Systems, https://doi.org/10.1029/2019MS001739 Thomason, L. W., Ernest, N., Millan, L., Rieger, L., Bourassa, A. Vernier, J.-P., Manney, G., Luo, B. et al. (2018): "A global space-based stratospheric aerosol climatology: 1979-2016", Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 10, 469-492, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-10-469-2018 Timmreck, C. E., Mann, G. W., Aquila, V., Hommel, R., Lee, L. A., Schmidt, A., Bruehl, C., Carn, S. et al. (2018): "The Interactive Stratospheric Aerosol Model Intercomparison Project (ISA-MIP): motivation and experimental design" Geosci. Model Dev., 11, 2581-2608, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-11-2581-2018 |
| Type Of Material | Database/Collection of data |
| Year Produced | 2021 |
| Provided To Others? | Yes |
| URL | https://zenodo.org/record/4744633 |
| Title | SMURPHS/ACSIS Pinatubo volcanic forcing dataset (mapped to UM wavebands) -- from HErSEA ensemble of interactive strat-aerosol GA4 UM-UKCA runs (Dhomse et al., 2020, ACP) |
| Description | The netCDF file uploaded here is a volcanic forcing dataset for the Pinatubo aerosol cloud for use in climate model simulations, produced equivalently to the GloSSAC volcanic forcing dataset (Thomason et al., 2018) produced for the historical integrations for CMIP6 (Eyring et al., 2016). The dataset is specific to UKESM (e.g. Sellar et al., 2019), with waveband-averaged extinction, absorption and asymmetry parameter mapped to the SW & LW wavebands within the SOCRATES radiative transfer module (Edwards and Slingo, 1996; Manners et al., 2017). Whereas the Pinatubo period within the GloSSAC volcanic forcing dataset (from Thomason et al., 2018) was generated from satellite measurements, this SMURPHS/ACSIS dataset is from the ensemble of interactive stratospheric aerosol simulations of the Pinatubo aerosol cloud with the UM-UKCA composition-climate model presented in Dhomse et al. (2020). The main forcing dataset is that from the 3-member mean of the 10Tg @ 21-23km UM-UKCA simulations, matching the lower eruption source parameters realisation within the ISA-MIP HErSEA experiment (Timmreck et al., 2018), found to best match with the majority of benchmark observational datasets compared to the Dhomse 2020 ACP study. A control stratospheric aerosol dataset is also provided, based on the corresponding 3 "no-SO2-emission control" integrations from the Dhomse et al. (2020) simulations, then representing the quiescent stratospheric aerosol layer (different then from the "average volcanism" background dataset provided for use in the CMIP6 pre-industral control). The original 3D-monthly-mean data from the UM-UKCA interactive stratospheric aerosol simulations has been zonally-averaged for this dataset, to match the same structure as for the CMIP6-GloSSAC dataset. The latitude resolution of the dataset is 1.25 degrees with 85 hybrid-height vertical levels (see Sellar et al., 2019). The aerosol optical properties are averaged across the usual 6 UM wavebands in the SW and the 9 wavebands in the LW. The 1.25 resolution matches the ENDGAME N96E horizontal grid for UKESM1 (re-gridded from New Dynamics grid in GA4). The L85 vertical resolution of the dataset is the same vertical model grid used in the GA4 UM-UKCA N96L85 simulations, as also required identically for use within UKESM1. References Dhomse, S. S., Mann, G. W., Antuna Marrero, J.-C., Shallcross, S. E., Chipperfield, M. P., Carslaw, K. S. et al. (2020): "Evaluating the simulated radiative forcings, aerosol properties, and stratospheric warmings from the 1963 Mt Agung, 1982 El Chichón, and 1991 Mt Pinatubo volcanic aerosol clouds", Atmos. Chem. Phys., 20, 13627-13654, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-13627-2020 Edwards, J. M. and Slingo, A. (1996): "Studies with a flexible new radiation code. I: Choosing a configuration for a large-scale model", Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 122 , 689-719, https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.49712253107 Eyring, V., Bony, S., Meehl, G. A., Senior, C. A., Stevens, B., Stouffer, R. J. and Taylor, K. E. (2016): "Overview of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6 (CMIP6) experimental design and organization", Geosci. Mod. Dev., 9, 1937-1958, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-9-1937-2016 Manners, J., Edwards, J. M., Hill, P. and Thelen, J.-C. (2017): "SOCRATES Technical Guide -- Suite Of Community RAdiative Transfer codes based on Edwards and Slingo" Technical Guide. Met Office, UK. Available at: https://code.metoffice.gov.uk/trac/socrates. Sellar, A., Jones, C. G., Mulcahy, J. P., Tang, Y., Yool, A., Wiltshire, A., O'Connor, F. M., Stringer, M. et al. (2019): "UKESM1: Description and Evaluation of the U.K. Earth System Model" J. Adv. in Modelling Earth Systems, https://doi.org/10.1029/2019MS001739 Thomason, L. W., Ernest, N., Millan, L., Rieger, L., Bourassa, A. Vernier, J.-P., Manney, G., Luo, B. et al. (2018): "A global space-based stratospheric aerosol climatology: 1979-2016", Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 10, 469-492, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-10-469-2018 Timmreck, C. E., Mann, G. W., Aquila, V., Hommel, R., Lee, L. A., Schmidt, A., Bruehl, C., Carn, S. et al. (2018): "The Interactive Stratospheric Aerosol Model Intercomparison Project (ISA-MIP): motivation and experimental design" Geosci. Model Dev., 11, 2581-2608, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-11-2581-2018 |
| Type Of Material | Database/Collection of data |
| Year Produced | 2021 |
| Provided To Others? | Yes |
| URL | https://zenodo.org/record/4739170 |
| Title | Simulations with the sea ice model CICE documenting the impact of improved sea ice physics |
| Description | Sea ice thickness data (CryoSat-2) have been used to identify and correct shortcomings in simulating winter ice growth in the widely used sea ice model CICE. Here, we provide the data from CICE simulations documenting the impact of improved sea ice physics and the sensitivity to forcing and initial data. Adding a model of snow drift and using a different scheme for calculating the ice conductivity improve model results. Sensitivity studies demonstrate that atmospheric winter conditions have little impact on winter ice growth, and the fate of Arctic summer sea ice is largely controlled by atmospheric conditions during the melting season. A full description of the data processing and uncertainties is given by Schröder et al. (2018), 'New insight from CryoSat-2 sea ice thickness for sea ice modelling', in The Cryosphere. All simulations are listed in Tables 1 to 3 of this paper. |
| Type Of Material | Database/Collection of data |
| Year Produced | 2018 |
| Provided To Others? | Yes |
| Title | Subpolar North Atlantic ocean heat content (surface to 1000m) using objectively mapped Argo profiling float data. |
| Description | Monthly ocean heat content (surface to 1000m) in the North Atlantic Subpolar region calculated using objectively mapped Argo profiling float data. This calculation of ocean heat content used potential enthalpy (from TEOS10) instead of potential temperature, which removes the need for a fixed specific heat capacity. Density was from in situ density rather than a fixed value. This was funded by the Natural Environment Research Council (NERC) under the Atlantic Climate System Integrated Study (ACSIS) project (NE/N018044/1). |
| Type Of Material | Database/Collection of data |
| Year Produced | 2021 |
| Provided To Others? | Yes |
| Impact | used as an Atlantic Climate Indicator by the NERC ACSIS Programme |
| URL | https://www.bodc.ac.uk/data/published_data_library/catalogue/10.5285/d23c26bc-6e6c-5bbf-e053-6c86abc... |
| Title | Subpolar North Atlantic ocean heat content (surface to 1000m) using the EN4.2.2 temperature data set. |
| Description | Monthly ocean heat content (surface to 1000m) in the North Atlantic Subpolar region, from 1950 to 2020, calculated using the EN4.2.2 temperature data set. This calculation of ocean heat content used potential enthalpy (from TEOS10) instead of potential temperature, which removes the need for a fixed specific heat capacity. Density was from insitu density rather than a fixed value. This was funded by the Natural Environment Research Council (NERC) under the Atlantic Climate System Integrated Study (ACSIS) project (NE/N018044/1). |
| Type Of Material | Database/Collection of data |
| Year Produced | 2021 |
| Provided To Others? | Yes |
| Impact | used as an Atlantic Climate Indicator by the ACSIS programme |
| URL | https://www.bodc.ac.uk/data/published_data_library/catalogue/10.5285/d09552c1-5e31-55e1-e053-6c86abc... |
| Description | GreenBlock |
| Organisation | University of Lincoln |
| Department | School of Geography |
| Country | United Kingdom |
| Sector | Academic/University |
| PI Contribution | providing high resolution coupled model output and advice on how to use it |
| Collaborator Contribution | expertise in atmospheric processes related to Greenland Blocking and implications for regional weather and climate |
| Impact | The collaboration has only just started so output and outcomes will occur int he next 2-3 years. The collaboration involves two disciplines: oceanography and meteorology |
| Start Year | 2022 |
| Description | UK National Climate Science Partnership |
| Organisation | British Antarctic Survey |
| Country | United Kingdom |
| Sector | Academic/University |
| PI Contribution | NCAS has joined together with the other NERC Centres and the Met Office to form a new partnership - the UK National Climate Science Partnership - focused on climate science for solutions. A letter of intent has been signed by all the parties and a Vision Statement agreed. Announcement of the partnership was made by the BEIS CSA Paul Monks at COP26 in Glasgow. NCAS played a leading role in bringing about these developments, working particularly closely with NOC, UKCEH and the Met Office. |
| Collaborator Contribution | The UKNCSP Vision Statement was developed by NCAS, NOC and UKCEH working with the Met Office. All the NERC Centres and the Met Office have signed the letter of intent and supported the announcement at COP26. The partners are currently working together to agree plans to develop the partnership and maximise its benefits to the UK. |
| Impact | Announcement at COP26: https://www.ukri.org/news/uk-researchers-join-forces-to-advance-scientific-climate-solutions/ The founding partners span the full range of environmental science. An important goal of the partnership is to build wider multi-disciplinary partnership to enable climate solutions. |
| Start Year | 2021 |
| Description | UK National Climate Science Partnership |
| Organisation | British Geological Survey |
| Country | United Kingdom |
| Sector | Academic/University |
| PI Contribution | NCAS has joined together with the other NERC Centres and the Met Office to form a new partnership - the UK National Climate Science Partnership - focused on climate science for solutions. A letter of intent has been signed by all the parties and a Vision Statement agreed. Announcement of the partnership was made by the BEIS CSA Paul Monks at COP26 in Glasgow. NCAS played a leading role in bringing about these developments, working particularly closely with NOC, UKCEH and the Met Office. |
| Collaborator Contribution | The UKNCSP Vision Statement was developed by NCAS, NOC and UKCEH working with the Met Office. All the NERC Centres and the Met Office have signed the letter of intent and supported the announcement at COP26. The partners are currently working together to agree plans to develop the partnership and maximise its benefits to the UK. |
| Impact | Announcement at COP26: https://www.ukri.org/news/uk-researchers-join-forces-to-advance-scientific-climate-solutions/ The founding partners span the full range of environmental science. An important goal of the partnership is to build wider multi-disciplinary partnership to enable climate solutions. |
| Start Year | 2021 |
| Description | UK National Climate Science Partnership |
| Organisation | Meteorological Office UK |
| Country | United Kingdom |
| Sector | Academic/University |
| PI Contribution | NCAS has joined together with the other NERC Centres and the Met Office to form a new partnership - the UK National Climate Science Partnership - focused on climate science for solutions. A letter of intent has been signed by all the parties and a Vision Statement agreed. Announcement of the partnership was made by the BEIS CSA Paul Monks at COP26 in Glasgow. NCAS played a leading role in bringing about these developments, working particularly closely with NOC, UKCEH and the Met Office. |
| Collaborator Contribution | The UKNCSP Vision Statement was developed by NCAS, NOC and UKCEH working with the Met Office. All the NERC Centres and the Met Office have signed the letter of intent and supported the announcement at COP26. The partners are currently working together to agree plans to develop the partnership and maximise its benefits to the UK. |
| Impact | Announcement at COP26: https://www.ukri.org/news/uk-researchers-join-forces-to-advance-scientific-climate-solutions/ The founding partners span the full range of environmental science. An important goal of the partnership is to build wider multi-disciplinary partnership to enable climate solutions. |
| Start Year | 2021 |
| Description | UK National Climate Science Partnership |
| Organisation | National Centre for Earth Observation |
| Country | United Kingdom |
| Sector | Academic/University |
| PI Contribution | NCAS has joined together with the other NERC Centres and the Met Office to form a new partnership - the UK National Climate Science Partnership - focused on climate science for solutions. A letter of intent has been signed by all the parties and a Vision Statement agreed. Announcement of the partnership was made by the BEIS CSA Paul Monks at COP26 in Glasgow. NCAS played a leading role in bringing about these developments, working particularly closely with NOC, UKCEH and the Met Office. |
| Collaborator Contribution | The UKNCSP Vision Statement was developed by NCAS, NOC and UKCEH working with the Met Office. All the NERC Centres and the Met Office have signed the letter of intent and supported the announcement at COP26. The partners are currently working together to agree plans to develop the partnership and maximise its benefits to the UK. |
| Impact | Announcement at COP26: https://www.ukri.org/news/uk-researchers-join-forces-to-advance-scientific-climate-solutions/ The founding partners span the full range of environmental science. An important goal of the partnership is to build wider multi-disciplinary partnership to enable climate solutions. |
| Start Year | 2021 |
| Description | UK National Climate Science Partnership |
| Organisation | National Oceanography Centre |
| Country | United Kingdom |
| Sector | Academic/University |
| PI Contribution | NCAS has joined together with the other NERC Centres and the Met Office to form a new partnership - the UK National Climate Science Partnership - focused on climate science for solutions. A letter of intent has been signed by all the parties and a Vision Statement agreed. Announcement of the partnership was made by the BEIS CSA Paul Monks at COP26 in Glasgow. NCAS played a leading role in bringing about these developments, working particularly closely with NOC, UKCEH and the Met Office. |
| Collaborator Contribution | The UKNCSP Vision Statement was developed by NCAS, NOC and UKCEH working with the Met Office. All the NERC Centres and the Met Office have signed the letter of intent and supported the announcement at COP26. The partners are currently working together to agree plans to develop the partnership and maximise its benefits to the UK. |
| Impact | Announcement at COP26: https://www.ukri.org/news/uk-researchers-join-forces-to-advance-scientific-climate-solutions/ The founding partners span the full range of environmental science. An important goal of the partnership is to build wider multi-disciplinary partnership to enable climate solutions. |
| Start Year | 2021 |
| Description | UK National Climate Science Partnership |
| Organisation | Plymouth Marine Laboratory |
| Country | United Kingdom |
| Sector | Academic/University |
| PI Contribution | NCAS has joined together with the other NERC Centres and the Met Office to form a new partnership - the UK National Climate Science Partnership - focused on climate science for solutions. A letter of intent has been signed by all the parties and a Vision Statement agreed. Announcement of the partnership was made by the BEIS CSA Paul Monks at COP26 in Glasgow. NCAS played a leading role in bringing about these developments, working particularly closely with NOC, UKCEH and the Met Office. |
| Collaborator Contribution | The UKNCSP Vision Statement was developed by NCAS, NOC and UKCEH working with the Met Office. All the NERC Centres and the Met Office have signed the letter of intent and supported the announcement at COP26. The partners are currently working together to agree plans to develop the partnership and maximise its benefits to the UK. |
| Impact | Announcement at COP26: https://www.ukri.org/news/uk-researchers-join-forces-to-advance-scientific-climate-solutions/ The founding partners span the full range of environmental science. An important goal of the partnership is to build wider multi-disciplinary partnership to enable climate solutions. |
| Start Year | 2021 |
| Description | UK National Climate Science Partnership |
| Organisation | UK Centre for Ecology & Hydrology |
| Country | United Kingdom |
| Sector | Public |
| PI Contribution | NCAS has joined together with the other NERC Centres and the Met Office to form a new partnership - the UK National Climate Science Partnership - focused on climate science for solutions. A letter of intent has been signed by all the parties and a Vision Statement agreed. Announcement of the partnership was made by the BEIS CSA Paul Monks at COP26 in Glasgow. NCAS played a leading role in bringing about these developments, working particularly closely with NOC, UKCEH and the Met Office. |
| Collaborator Contribution | The UKNCSP Vision Statement was developed by NCAS, NOC and UKCEH working with the Met Office. All the NERC Centres and the Met Office have signed the letter of intent and supported the announcement at COP26. The partners are currently working together to agree plans to develop the partnership and maximise its benefits to the UK. |
| Impact | Announcement at COP26: https://www.ukri.org/news/uk-researchers-join-forces-to-advance-scientific-climate-solutions/ The founding partners span the full range of environmental science. An important goal of the partnership is to build wider multi-disciplinary partnership to enable climate solutions. |
| Start Year | 2021 |
| Title | Fast, Parallel intermediate complexity climate model (FORTE 2.0) |
| Description | This is a climate model with relatively low resolution (2.8 degrees in the atmosphere and 2 degrees in the ocean), but optimised for MP and open MP parallel processing so that it is fast enough to multicentennial and millennial climate simulations. It is easily configurable so that different continental and orographic/ocean bathymetry configurations can be explored. The model can be run with our without a stratosphere. There are basic thermodynamic sea ice and land soi/vegetation models |
| Type Of Technology | Software |
| Year Produced | 2021 |
| Open Source License? | Yes |
| Impact | As this has only just been released, we are expecting impacts to build up over time. A paper has been published describing the model: FORTE 2.0: a fast, parallel and flexible coupled climate model. Blaker, A., Joshi, M., Sinha, B., Stevens, D., Smith, R. & Hirschi, J., 19 Jan 2021, In : Geoscientific Model Development. 14, 1, p. 275-293 19 p. |
| URL | http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3632569 |
| Description | Appointed to Transdisciplinary Advisory Board for European Joint Programming Initiative "Connecting Climate Knowledge for Europe" (JPI Climate) |
| Form Of Engagement Activity | A formal working group, expert panel or dialogue |
| Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
| Geographic Reach | International |
| Primary Audience | Policymakers/politicians |
| Results and Impact | The Transdisciplinary Advisory Board (TAB) consists of national and international members from academia and from relevant stakeholder groups. It advises the Governing Board on specific issues upon request. This overall Advisory Board is an important instrument to involve relevant stakeholder groups. |
| Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2023 |
| URL | https://jpi-climate.eu/governance/#transdisciplinary-advisory-board |
| Description | Cambridge Science Festival |
| Form Of Engagement Activity | Participation in an activity, workshop or similar |
| Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
| Geographic Reach | Regional |
| Primary Audience | Public/other audiences |
| Results and Impact | Panel discussion hosted between the audience and climate-relevant scientists |
| Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2019 |
| Description | Chair, Met Office Hadley Centre Science Review Group |
| Form Of Engagement Activity | A formal working group, expert panel or dialogue |
| Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
| Geographic Reach | National |
| Primary Audience | Policymakers/politicians |
| Results and Impact | The Met Office Hadley Centre (MOHC) Science Review Group (SRG) brings together leading scientists from UK and international academia to carry out an independent review of the climate research carried out by the Met Office Hadley Centre Climate Programme (MOHCCP) to advise its government customers on the quality, robustness and relevance of our science outputs. |
| Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2022,2023 |
| URL | https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/research/approach/how-met-office-science-is-reviewed |
| Description | Climate Scientists podcast |
| Form Of Engagement Activity | A broadcast e.g. TV/radio/film/podcast (other than news/press) |
| Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
| Geographic Reach | National |
| Primary Audience | Public/other audiences |
| Results and Impact | Interviews with climate scientists to spark questions and discussion, and raise awareness of the different research activities taking place to better understand and tackle climate change. |
| Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2019,2020 |
| URL | https://anchor.fm/climate-scientists |
| Description | Climate podcast |
| Form Of Engagement Activity | A broadcast e.g. TV/radio/film/podcast (other than news/press) |
| Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
| Geographic Reach | National |
| Primary Audience | Public/other audiences |
| Results and Impact | "Climate Scientists" podcast, hosted here: https://anchor.fm/climate-scientists |
| Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2018,2019 |
| URL | https://anchor.fm/climate-scientists |
| Description | Conference presentations |
| Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
| Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
| Geographic Reach | International |
| Primary Audience | Professional Practitioners |
| Results and Impact | Two conference presentations: 1. EGU General Assembly 2020 online presentation. Title: "Observed and simulated (CMIP5 and CMIP6) early- to late-winter evolution of North Atlantic atmospheric variability and links to the ocean". 2. ACSIS Summer Science Meeting 2020. Title: "Observed and simulated (CMIP5/CMIP6) winter evolution of North Atlantic atmosphere-ocean linkages". |
| Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2020 |
| Description | Development of Science Plan for World Climate Research Programme Lighthouse Activity on Explaining and Predicting Earth System Change |
| Form Of Engagement Activity | A formal working group, expert panel or dialogue |
| Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
| Geographic Reach | International |
| Primary Audience | Professional Practitioners |
| Results and Impact | As Co-chair of the World Climate Research Programme Lighthouse Activity on Explaining and Predicting Earth System Change I co-led the development of the international Science Plan |
| Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2021 |
| URL | https://www.wcrp-climate.org/epesc |
| Description | Member of Editorial Board for 10 New Insights in Climate Science 2022, presented at COP27 |
| Form Of Engagement Activity | Participation in an activity, workshop or similar |
| Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
| Geographic Reach | International |
| Primary Audience | Policymakers/politicians |
| Results and Impact | The 10 New Insights in Climate Science series is an annual synthesis highlighting essential advances in climate change research, from natural and social sciences, with high policy relevance. The report has been launched every year since 2017 at the climate COP, with participation of the UNFCCC Executive Secretary. This joint initiative of Future Earth, The Earth League, and The World Climate Research Programme, is a collective effort to support the diffusion of the most relevant and up-to-date climate change science to policymakers, negotiators, and the general public. See: https://10insightsclimate.science/ |
| Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2022 |
| URL | https://10insightsclimate.science/ |
| Description | Panel member at COP26 session on the future of climate modelling |
| Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
| Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
| Geographic Reach | International |
| Primary Audience | Policymakers/politicians |
| Results and Impact | The session on the future of climate modelling was held in the Science Pavillion in COP26 in Glasgow and also live streamed worldwide. I contributed my perspective and contributed to the Q&A. |
| Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2021 |
| URL | https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/weather/climate/cop/science-pavilion |
| Description | Public lecture |
| Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
| Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
| Geographic Reach | Regional |
| Primary Audience | Public/other audiences |
| Results and Impact | IOP public lecture on the likelihood of rapid climate change in the North Atlantic in the future to the Keele Physics Centre in Sept 2017. |
| Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2017 |
| Description | Radio interview on air pollution following the governments announcement of the Clean Air strategy |
| Form Of Engagement Activity | A press release, press conference or response to a media enquiry/interview |
| Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
| Geographic Reach | Regional |
| Primary Audience | Public/other audiences |
| Results and Impact | I was invited to join the evening drive time show on BBC Radio Cambridgeshire to talk about the Government Clean Air strategy. During the interview I was also asked about the wider work we are doing and we discussed the aircraft observations we make in ACSIS and how they are important. |
| Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2019 |
| Description | Science Festival |
| Form Of Engagement Activity | Participation in an activity, workshop or similar |
| Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
| Geographic Reach | Regional |
| Primary Audience | Public/other audiences |
| Results and Impact | Annual events at the Cambridge Science Festival. These events are well attended (70+ people, usually) and consist mostly of a panel discussion between the audience and a panel of climate-relevant scientists. |
| Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2017,2018 |
| Description | Session for City of Stoke-on-Trent Sixth Form College about North Atlantic Climate Change and careers in climate science to year 12 students |
| Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
| Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
| Geographic Reach | Regional |
| Primary Audience | Schools |
| Results and Impact | A talk was given by Laura Wilcox to City of Stoke-on-Trent Sixth Form College, about North Atlantic Climate Change and careers in climate science to year 12 students. |
| Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2020 |
| Description | Talk about detection and attribution of climate change (and climate careers) to years 11-13 at Worksop College |
| Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
| Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
| Geographic Reach | Regional |
| Primary Audience | Schools |
| Results and Impact | Laura Wilcox gave a talk about detection and attribution of climate change (and climate careers) to years 11-13 at Worksop College in November 2020. |
| Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2020 |
| Description | policy briefing for MEPs |
| Form Of Engagement Activity | Participation in an activity, workshop or similar |
| Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
| Geographic Reach | International |
| Primary Audience | Policymakers/politicians |
| Results and Impact | Policy briefing on Extreme Events & Tipping Points to MEPs. Intended to raise awareness of these issues in European Parliament. |
| Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2020 |
| URL | http://blue-action.eu/policy-feed/extreme-events-tipping-points |
| Description | • Co-organizer (with UK Climate Change Committee and UK Climate Resilience Programme champions) of the major multi-disciplinary conference "Is the UK on track to adapt to climate change?", October 2020 (see https://www.ukclimaterisk.org/learn-more/conference-is-the-uk-on-track-to-adapt-to-climate-change/) |
| Form Of Engagement Activity | Participation in an activity, workshop or similar |
| Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
| Geographic Reach | National |
| Primary Audience | Policymakers/politicians |
| Results and Impact | This was a major online conference with excellent participation (approx 500 registered) from science and policy communities interested in adaptation and resilience. See https://www.ukclimaterisk.org/learn-more/conference-is-the-uk-on-track-to-adapt-to-climate-change/ |
| Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2020 |
| URL | https://www.ukclimaterisk.org/learn-more/conference-is-the-uk-on-track-to-adapt-to-climate-change/ |