SWEET:Super-Warm Early Eocene Temperatures and climate: understanding the response of the Earth to high CO2 through integrated modelling and data
Lead Research Organisation:
CARDIFF UNIVERSITY
Department Name: Sch of Earth and Environmental Sciences
Abstract
The Earth's climate is currently changing rapidly, primarily due to emissions of greenhouse gases caused by human industrialisation. These emissions are projected to increase through this century, and under some scenarios atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) concentrations could reach more than 1000 parts per million (ppm) by the year 2100, compared with 280 ppm prior to industrialisation. In order to predict the sociological, environmental, and economic impacts of such scenarios, and thus to better prepare for them, the only tool at our disposal is climate modelling. In order to assess our confidence in predictions from climate models, they are routinely tested under conditions of known climate. However, this testing (and associated tuning of the models) is almost exclusively carried out under modern climate conditions, and relative to recently observed climate change, for which CO2 concentrations are less than 400 ppmv. As such, our state-of-the-art climate models have never been tested under the high CO2, super-warm climate conditions to which they are primarily applied, and upon which major policy decisions are made.
However, there exist time periods in Earth's deeper past (for example the Eocene, about 50 million years ago) when CO2 concentrations were similar to those expected by the end of this century; but climatological information from these time periods is currently sparse and is associated with large uncertainties, and the exact concentrations of CO2 are only poorly known. Recent changes in our understanding of how the geological record preserves climate signals, and developments in laboratory techniques, mean that for the first time there exists a new and exciting opportunity to remedy this situation and provide a much-needed evaluation of our very latest climate models in a super-warm world.
In SWEET, we will apply these emerging techniques, and develop new methodologies and tools, to produce a global dataset of Eocene temperatures. Coupled with new and high-fidelity reconstructions of Eocene CO2 concentrations, and state-of-the-art maps of the 'palaeogeograpy' (continental positions, mountain ranges, ocean depths etc.), we will use this dataset to test a state-of-the art climate model under high atmospheric CO2, Eocene conditions. The model, UKESM, is identical to that being used by the UK Met Office in the international 'CMIP6' project, which itself will be the primary input to the next Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) assessment report. We will also use our data and additional model simulations (running at high spatial resolution) to investigate the relative importance of the various mechanisms which determine the response of the Earth system to high CO2 and to changes in palaeogeography.
A characteristic of SWEET is that we will take full account of uncertainties in the geological data and the modelling, and our model-data comparisons will be underpinned by a statistical framework which incorporates these uncertainties. We will also adopt a 'multi-proxy' approach by using several independent geological archives to reconstruct temperature. For one of these archives, namely the oxygen isotopic composition of the fossilised shells of microscopic marine creatures from the Eocene, we will apply a particularly innovative approach which will enable us to 'resurrect' previously discredited data, by using an extremely fine-scale 'ion probe' to investigate how these isotopic signatures of past climate change are recorded in individual fossils.
SWEET has strong links to UK Met Office, and to the international DeepMIP project, which is part of the 'Palaeoclimate Modelling Intercomparison Project', itself part of CMIP6. We expect our results to feed into the next IPCC assessment reports and therefore to ultimately inform policy.
However, there exist time periods in Earth's deeper past (for example the Eocene, about 50 million years ago) when CO2 concentrations were similar to those expected by the end of this century; but climatological information from these time periods is currently sparse and is associated with large uncertainties, and the exact concentrations of CO2 are only poorly known. Recent changes in our understanding of how the geological record preserves climate signals, and developments in laboratory techniques, mean that for the first time there exists a new and exciting opportunity to remedy this situation and provide a much-needed evaluation of our very latest climate models in a super-warm world.
In SWEET, we will apply these emerging techniques, and develop new methodologies and tools, to produce a global dataset of Eocene temperatures. Coupled with new and high-fidelity reconstructions of Eocene CO2 concentrations, and state-of-the-art maps of the 'palaeogeograpy' (continental positions, mountain ranges, ocean depths etc.), we will use this dataset to test a state-of-the art climate model under high atmospheric CO2, Eocene conditions. The model, UKESM, is identical to that being used by the UK Met Office in the international 'CMIP6' project, which itself will be the primary input to the next Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) assessment report. We will also use our data and additional model simulations (running at high spatial resolution) to investigate the relative importance of the various mechanisms which determine the response of the Earth system to high CO2 and to changes in palaeogeography.
A characteristic of SWEET is that we will take full account of uncertainties in the geological data and the modelling, and our model-data comparisons will be underpinned by a statistical framework which incorporates these uncertainties. We will also adopt a 'multi-proxy' approach by using several independent geological archives to reconstruct temperature. For one of these archives, namely the oxygen isotopic composition of the fossilised shells of microscopic marine creatures from the Eocene, we will apply a particularly innovative approach which will enable us to 'resurrect' previously discredited data, by using an extremely fine-scale 'ion probe' to investigate how these isotopic signatures of past climate change are recorded in individual fossils.
SWEET has strong links to UK Met Office, and to the international DeepMIP project, which is part of the 'Palaeoclimate Modelling Intercomparison Project', itself part of CMIP6. We expect our results to feed into the next IPCC assessment reports and therefore to ultimately inform policy.
Planned Impact
Our exciting and innovative Impact Plan has three components, which are focussed on public outreach and engagement with policy-makers through the Intergovernmental Policy on Climate Change (IPCC).
Our public outreach will be centred on the SWEET project website, which we will promote via the participating universities' extensive media contacts (both traditional media and social media). Through the website we will produce regular blog postings from the postdoctoral researchers and the PhD student, charting progress through the project. The innovation here is that in addition to highlighting exciting new scientific results, the blogs will also focus on the process of actually carrying out science, including highs and lows, excitements and disappointments. As such, they will document the complete scientific process from a human perspective, and it is our hope that this will inspire undergraduates and schoolchildren to engage with science, in particular those who otherwise may have viewed science and scientists as unapproachable.
Another central aspect of our engagement with the general public will be via the first ever (to our knowledge) climate model simulations of the world of 'Game of Thrones' - a hugely popular book and television series (single episodes of which attract viewing figures in the 10's of millions). We previously had great success with a similar exercise as part of the Impact Plan of a previous NERC grant, in which we simulated the climate of J.R.R. Tolkien's Middle Earth (and which received a total of 100,000 Tweets/reTweets in the first 8 hours alone), and we anticipate that this new activity will have a similar, if not greater, global impact. The primary aim is to excite the general public about climate science and climate models, and to emphasise that climate models have the flexibility, because of their grounding in fundamental scientific principles, to be applied beyond just the modern Earth. As such, we will tackle the commonly held myth that climate models are just constructed for and tuned, to, the modern world. Note that we do not request any resource to carry out this activity.
Finally, we will aim to communicate our findings to policymakers via their inclusion in forthcoming reports of the IPCC (AR6, and AR7 if appropriate; note that five of the SWEET team were Contributing Authors to AR5). The work in SWEET represents a step-change in terms of evaluation of deep-time warm climates compared with what was presented in AR5. As such, we are confident that our work will be included in AR6. However we will facilitate this by sending copies of our papers to the appropriate IPCC authors, and by presenting our work at international conferences.
Our public outreach will be centred on the SWEET project website, which we will promote via the participating universities' extensive media contacts (both traditional media and social media). Through the website we will produce regular blog postings from the postdoctoral researchers and the PhD student, charting progress through the project. The innovation here is that in addition to highlighting exciting new scientific results, the blogs will also focus on the process of actually carrying out science, including highs and lows, excitements and disappointments. As such, they will document the complete scientific process from a human perspective, and it is our hope that this will inspire undergraduates and schoolchildren to engage with science, in particular those who otherwise may have viewed science and scientists as unapproachable.
Another central aspect of our engagement with the general public will be via the first ever (to our knowledge) climate model simulations of the world of 'Game of Thrones' - a hugely popular book and television series (single episodes of which attract viewing figures in the 10's of millions). We previously had great success with a similar exercise as part of the Impact Plan of a previous NERC grant, in which we simulated the climate of J.R.R. Tolkien's Middle Earth (and which received a total of 100,000 Tweets/reTweets in the first 8 hours alone), and we anticipate that this new activity will have a similar, if not greater, global impact. The primary aim is to excite the general public about climate science and climate models, and to emphasise that climate models have the flexibility, because of their grounding in fundamental scientific principles, to be applied beyond just the modern Earth. As such, we will tackle the commonly held myth that climate models are just constructed for and tuned, to, the modern world. Note that we do not request any resource to carry out this activity.
Finally, we will aim to communicate our findings to policymakers via their inclusion in forthcoming reports of the IPCC (AR6, and AR7 if appropriate; note that five of the SWEET team were Contributing Authors to AR5). The work in SWEET represents a step-change in terms of evaluation of deep-time warm climates compared with what was presented in AR5. As such, we are confident that our work will be included in AR6. However we will facilitate this by sending copies of our papers to the appropriate IPCC authors, and by presenting our work at international conferences.
Organisations
Publications
Zammit R
(2022)
Early Miocene Intensification of the North African Hydrological Cycle: Multi-Proxy Evidence From the Shelf Carbonates of Malta
in Paleoceanography and Paleoclimatology
Wunderling N
(2024)
Climate tipping point interactions and cascades: a review
in Earth System Dynamics
Wunderling N
(2023)
Climate tipping point interactions and cascades: A review
Wang X
(2022)
Fluid inclusion evidence for extreme overpressure induced by gas generation in sedimentary basins
in Geology
Steinthorsdottir M
(2021)
The Miocene: The Future of the Past
in Paleoceanography and Paleoclimatology
Staudigel P
(2022)
Apparent preservation of primary foraminiferal Mg/Ca ratios and Mg-banding in recrystallized foraminifera
in Geology
Procter F
(2024)
Electron backscatter diffraction analysis unveils foraminiferal calcite microstructure and processes of diagenetic alteration
in Biogeosciences
Pearson P
(2022)
Spine-like structures in Paleogene muricate planktonic foraminifera
in Journal of Micropalaeontology
Modestou S
(2020)
Warm Middle Miocene Indian Ocean Bottom Water Temperatures: Comparison of Clumped Isotope and Mg/Ca-Based Estimates
in Paleoceanography and Paleoclimatology
Lunt D
(2017)
The DeepMIP contribution to PMIP4: experimental design for model simulations of the EECO, PETM, and pre-PETM (version 1.0)
in Geoscientific Model Development
John E
(2023)
Revealing Their True Stripes: Mg/Ca Banding in the Paleogene Planktonic Foraminifera Genus Morozovella and Implications for Paleothermometry
in Paleoceanography and Paleoclimatology
Hollis C
(2019)
The DeepMIP contribution to PMIP4: methodologies for selection, compilation and analysis of latest Paleocene and early Eocene climate proxy data, incorporating version 0.1 of the DeepMIP database
in Geoscientific Model Development
Burls N
(2021)
Simulating Miocene Warmth: Insights From an Opportunistic Multi-Model Ensemble (MioMIP1)
in Paleoceanography and Paleoclimatology
Description | We have improved our understanding of the way that past climate signals are recorded in the geological record. We have a better understanding of how these "proxies" geochemically change over millions of years. With our new understanding we can better quantify past changes in climate. We have also assessed the record of past climate for evidence of cascading tipping points in the climate system. |
Exploitation Route | These findings are expected to be used by a wide range of scientists, from climate scientists to those using microfossils to study ecology and evolution. Our research was also included in the Tipping Points Report, presented to COP28 in 2023. |
Sectors | Environment |
Description | REEFCLAM, Marie Curie Fellowship for Eleanor John |
Amount | £175,829 (GBP) |
Funding ID | 837992 |
Organisation | Marie Sklodowska-Curie Actions |
Sector | Charity/Non Profit |
Country | Global |
Start | 01/2021 |
End | 12/2024 |
Title | 87Sr/86Sr values and age determination from the Il-Blata section, Malta Island (S1) |
Description | |
Type Of Material | Database/Collection of data |
Year Produced | 2022 |
Provided To Others? | Yes |
URL | https://doi.pangaea.de/10.1594/PANGAEA.947471 |
Title | Bulk d18O and d13C values from the Il-Blata section, Malta Island (S4) |
Description | |
Type Of Material | Database/Collection of data |
Year Produced | 2022 |
Provided To Others? | Yes |
URL | https://doi.pangaea.de/10.1594/PANGAEA.947507 |
Title | Calcium carbonate from the Il-Blata section, Malta Island (S3) |
Description | |
Type Of Material | Database/Collection of data |
Year Produced | 2022 |
Provided To Others? | Yes |
URL | https://doi.pangaea.de/10.1594/PANGAEA.947492 |
Title | Mean Aluminium normalized element ratios under three different climatic regimes from the Il-Blata section, Malta Island (S6) |
Description | |
Type Of Material | Database/Collection of data |
Year Produced | 2022 |
Provided To Others? | Yes |
URL | https://doi.pangaea.de/10.1594/PANGAEA.947546 |
Title | XRF-elemental analysis and element ratios from the Il-Blata section, Malta Island (S5) |
Description | |
Type Of Material | Database/Collection of data |
Year Produced | 2022 |
Provided To Others? | Yes |
URL | https://doi.pangaea.de/10.1594/PANGAEA.947535 |
Title | eNd data from the Il-Blata section, Malta Island (S2) |
Description | *: Ages retuned in this study |
Type Of Material | Database/Collection of data |
Year Produced | 2022 |
Provided To Others? | Yes |
URL | https://doi.pangaea.de/10.1594/PANGAEA.947476 |
Description | BBC Radio Wales Interview |
Form Of Engagement Activity | A press release, press conference or response to a media enquiry/interview |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | National |
Primary Audience | Public/other audiences |
Results and Impact | I talked on BBC Radio Wales about the climate modelling we are doing as part of this project. PI Dan Lunt (Bristol University) also used a climate model to model the climate of "Game of Thrones" which provided a compelling hook for media engagement such as this. |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2017 |
Description | BGS Science Festival Keynote Lecture |
Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | National |
Primary Audience | Postgraduate students |
Results and Impact | Keynote talk sparked a discussion about the intersection of climate action and equity, diversity and inclusion activities. Several participants said they would initiate EDI activities in their institutions. |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2021 |
Description | Daniell Lecture at Kings College London |
Form Of Engagement Activity | Participation in an activity, workshop or similar |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | Regional |
Primary Audience | Schools |
Results and Impact | Recorded talk about how paleoclimate research helps us understand the climate system. Followed by live Q&A: questions about the research, how to pursue careers in STEM etc. |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2020 |
URL | https://www.kcl.ac.uk/events/daniell-lecture-2020 |
Description | Online article about tipping points research |
Form Of Engagement Activity | Engagement focused website, blog or social media channel |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | International |
Primary Audience | Public/other audiences |
Results and Impact | Press release was published on phys.org: https://phys.org/news/2024-02-pivotal-moment-humanity-threats-opportunities.html which was then picked up on social media |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2024 |
URL | https://phys.org/news/2024-02-pivotal-moment-humanity-threats-opportunities.html |
Description | Public Lecture hosted by Geological Society |
Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | Regional |
Primary Audience | Public/other audiences |
Results and Impact | Public lecture hosted by the Geological Society - presented once in London and once at National Museum Wales, Cardiff. This sparked many questions and interesting debate on climate change. The London lecture is available on YouTube, enabling it to reach more people. |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2019 |
URL | https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=__3wrLCdVTQ |
Description | Workshop with Grangetown youth Forum |
Form Of Engagement Activity | Participation in an activity, workshop or similar |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | Local |
Primary Audience | Third sector organisations |
Results and Impact | Hands on activities discussing geosciences, and climate change with the Grangetown Youth Forum. |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2021 |