Mechanics of dyke intrusion in oblique-slip tectonic settings: Unravelling the causes of the March 2022 rare seismic swarm in Sao Jorge Island, Azores
Lead Research Organisation:
University College London
Department Name: Earth Sciences
Abstract
Geological dykes - sheets of rock that are often oriented vertically or steeply inclined to the bedding of preexisting rocks - typically intrude because stresses either 1) overcome rock strength or 2) exploit existing fractures created by preceding tectonic activity. Normally, it is impossible to tell these two possibilities apart because intrusion occurs along the rift zone - i.e., in the same direction as the faults within the rift. More generally, it is also poorly known how many types of fractures increase in size to form larger faults for similar reasons.
Some existing mechanical models can explain how the displacements of faults scales with their length. However, they leave open questions of how fractures not showing such scaling develop. The role of pre-existing fractures in creating pathways for dyke propagation could be important for guiding the propagation. This potential "irrationality" of dyke intrusion is crucial for interpreting the nature (and source) of intense earthquake crises in volcanic systems, and ultimately for managing volcanic crises when knowledge of potential eruption sites would otherwise be an asset. For instance, if dykes are shown to preferentially follow pre-existing structural weaknesses, then detailed mapping of faults could provide important constraints for volcano eruption hazard maps and scenario-planning.
An exciting opportunity to tackle this outstanding scientific problem is now presented by a rare, intense earthquake crisis in one of the most geometrically extreme, fissure-fed volcanoes on Earth, the volcanic ridge of São Jorge Island (Azores), which contains faults oblique to the rift zone. Starting on 19 March 2022, the region's seismicity levels raised extraordinarily from only 5 earthquakes recorded in 01/01-18/03, to over 27,000 M 2-3.3 events recorded from March 19th until now. Unfortunately, current earthquake locations are substantially uncertain because of geometric limitations of the existing seismic network, which includes only seismic stations in the islands. These uncertainties prevent us from relating the earthquakes to known faults and volcanic centres. Further, the limited data coverage and quality of existing networks have hindered the construction of detailed 3-D seismic tomography images of the region, with only 1-D velocity models being available based on land data.
In order to address these issues, we propose to deploy a temporary seismic network of five ocean bottom seismometers (OBSs) around São Jorge and ten land broadband (BB) stations on São Jorge and surrounding islands. This will substantially enhance the region's seismic data coverage, leading to an unprecedented dataset: (1) showing how seismicity associated with a dyke intrusion relates to known faults; and (2) enabling the construction of the first detailed 3-D subsurface images of the crust and of the volcanic edifice in this rare example of a dyke in an environment with faults oblique to the rift zone. More generally, this project will bring key new insights into the structure and plumbing network of tall and narrow fissure-fed volcanic systems such as São Jorge. It will also shed new light on the mechanics of dyke intrusions and their kinematic evolution in general.
Some existing mechanical models can explain how the displacements of faults scales with their length. However, they leave open questions of how fractures not showing such scaling develop. The role of pre-existing fractures in creating pathways for dyke propagation could be important for guiding the propagation. This potential "irrationality" of dyke intrusion is crucial for interpreting the nature (and source) of intense earthquake crises in volcanic systems, and ultimately for managing volcanic crises when knowledge of potential eruption sites would otherwise be an asset. For instance, if dykes are shown to preferentially follow pre-existing structural weaknesses, then detailed mapping of faults could provide important constraints for volcano eruption hazard maps and scenario-planning.
An exciting opportunity to tackle this outstanding scientific problem is now presented by a rare, intense earthquake crisis in one of the most geometrically extreme, fissure-fed volcanoes on Earth, the volcanic ridge of São Jorge Island (Azores), which contains faults oblique to the rift zone. Starting on 19 March 2022, the region's seismicity levels raised extraordinarily from only 5 earthquakes recorded in 01/01-18/03, to over 27,000 M 2-3.3 events recorded from March 19th until now. Unfortunately, current earthquake locations are substantially uncertain because of geometric limitations of the existing seismic network, which includes only seismic stations in the islands. These uncertainties prevent us from relating the earthquakes to known faults and volcanic centres. Further, the limited data coverage and quality of existing networks have hindered the construction of detailed 3-D seismic tomography images of the region, with only 1-D velocity models being available based on land data.
In order to address these issues, we propose to deploy a temporary seismic network of five ocean bottom seismometers (OBSs) around São Jorge and ten land broadband (BB) stations on São Jorge and surrounding islands. This will substantially enhance the region's seismic data coverage, leading to an unprecedented dataset: (1) showing how seismicity associated with a dyke intrusion relates to known faults; and (2) enabling the construction of the first detailed 3-D subsurface images of the crust and of the volcanic edifice in this rare example of a dyke in an environment with faults oblique to the rift zone. More generally, this project will bring key new insights into the structure and plumbing network of tall and narrow fissure-fed volcanic systems such as São Jorge. It will also shed new light on the mechanics of dyke intrusions and their kinematic evolution in general.
Organisations
- University College London (Lead Research Organisation)
- University of Manchester (Collaboration)
- Cardiff University (Collaboration)
- University of Evora (Collaboration)
- Portuguese Sea and Atmosphere Institute (Project Partner)
- University of the Azores (Project Partner)
- University of Lisbon (Project Partner)
- CIVISA (Project Partner)
- University of Beira Interior (Project Partner)
- The Government of the Azores (Project Partner)
- University of Évora (Project Partner)
Title | Land seismic data collected in the Azores (Sao Jorge, Terceira, Faial and Pico islands) |
Description | Land seismic data collected in the Azores (Sao Jorge, Terceira, Faial and Pico islands) for 6 months |
Type Of Material | Database/Collection of data |
Year Produced | 2022 |
Provided To Others? | No |
Impact | No results yet. The data will be deposited in a repository in 2023. |
Title | Ocean bottom seismometer data collected in the Azores (6 OBSs around Sao Jorge island) |
Description | Continuous ocean bottom seismometer data collected in the Azores (6 OBSs around Sao Jorge island) for 5 months |
Type Of Material | Database/Collection of data |
Year Produced | 2023 |
Provided To Others? | No |
Impact | No impacts yet. The data will be deposited ina repository in 2023. |
Description | Collaboration with Dr Joao Fontiela, University of Evora |
Organisation | University of Evora |
Country | Portugal |
Sector | Academic/University |
PI Contribution | Analysis of land and ocean bottom seismometer data collected in the Azores, as well as collection of the land data |
Collaborator Contribution | Crucial support and participation in the deployment and recovery of the land seismic stations in the Azores |
Impact | No outputs yet. |
Start Year | 2022 |
Description | Collaboration with Dr Neil Mitchell, Univ. of Manchester |
Organisation | University of Manchester |
Country | United Kingdom |
Sector | Academic/University |
PI Contribution | My research group is analysing all the land and ocean bottom seismometer seismic data collected in this project. My group also collected all the land seismic data. |
Collaborator Contribution | Dr Mitchell has extensive knowledge of the marine geological and geophysical setting of the Azores and hence is a crucial partner for the interpretation of the project's seismic results. |
Impact | No outputs yet. |
Start Year | 2022 |
Description | Collaboration with Dr Ricardo Ramalho, Cardiff Univ. |
Organisation | Cardiff University |
Country | United Kingdom |
Sector | Academic/University |
PI Contribution | My group is analysing the land and ocean bottom seismometer seismic data collected in the Azores as part of this project. |
Collaborator Contribution | Dr Ramalho was the chief scientist of both research cruises for the collection of the ocean bottom seismometer data and has crucial expertise needed for the data's interpretation. |
Impact | No outputs yet. |
Start Year | 2022 |
Description | Public presentation about ocean bottom seismology at CIVISA, Sao Miguel island, Terceira |
Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | International |
Primary Audience | Public/other audiences |
Results and Impact | Dr Maria Tsekhmistrenko, a researcher in my research group, gave this talk immediately after the recovery of the project's land seismometers to enhance awareness about the project. |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2022 |
Description | Public presentation by Dr Ricardo Ramalho about the project at OKEANOS, Azores |
Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | International |
Primary Audience | Public/other audiences |
Results and Impact | Public presentation about the project at OKEANOS, Azores (department of oceanography, Univ. of Azores), which led to an in-depth discussion about the potential use of the project's data for monitoring whales and the ecological landscape of the Atlantic ocean in the study region |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2022 |
Description | TV interview and newspaper coverage of the project |
Form Of Engagement Activity | A press release, press conference or response to a media enquiry/interview |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | International |
Primary Audience | Public/other audiences |
Results and Impact | The project's PI - Ana Ferreira - was interviewed by the Portuguese national broadcaster (RTP) in the Azores during a port call in Sao Miguel island, leading to national TV coverage of the project with many visualisations. |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2022 |