Climate-scale analysis of changing air and water masses (CLAW)
Lead Research Organisation:
National Oceanography Centre
Department Name: Science and Technology
Abstract
This project is concerned with measuring changes in global rainfall and ensuring that computer models of the climate can predict how rainfall will change in the future.
As carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases are continually added to the atmosphere, it is understood that the temperature of the surface of the earth will rise. Warmer air can hold more moisture, so as the Earth warms the rate at which the atmosphere extracts water from the surface of the earth and dumps it back as rain will also increase. Knowing precisely how much global rates of rainfall will change into the future is important to many people including farmers wanting to know which crops to plant and nations wanting to build domestic water and hydroelectric infrastructure.
Measuring the total rainfall around the world is no mean feat. On land, measurements are made directly (by catching the rain) or by reliable 'indirect' methods based on river flow and how wet the soil is. However, two-thirds of the globe is covered by ocean. It is hard to catch rain in the middle of the ocean without actually being there to do it. Although many 'indirect' methods exist for measuring rainfall over the ocean there is great uncertainty about how much rainfall has changed over the ocean in the last 50 years or so.
Thankfully there is a solution. The ocean itself acts as a giant rain catcher. Water that falls as rain is fresh water, like the water we drink. Most of the ocean however, is very salty. So the more rain that falls, the fresher the ocean water gets and the more evaporation that occurs the saltier the ocean water gets. Oceanographers can measure just how salty the water in the ocean is and have been doing so regularly for more than 50 years now. The question remains however, how do you turn measurements of the salinity of the ocean into measurement of how much rain has fallen?
Well, by looking all around the globe and counting up how much more salty water there is and how much fresh water there is, researchers can estimate how much water has been evaporated in one place and fallen as rain in another. The researchers involved in this project will do this using all the observations of salinity in the ocean taken over the last 50 years. They will estimate just how much rainfall has changed. They will compare this with computer models which are commonly used to predict what will happen in the future to see how accurate they are and how they can be improved.
As carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases are continually added to the atmosphere, it is understood that the temperature of the surface of the earth will rise. Warmer air can hold more moisture, so as the Earth warms the rate at which the atmosphere extracts water from the surface of the earth and dumps it back as rain will also increase. Knowing precisely how much global rates of rainfall will change into the future is important to many people including farmers wanting to know which crops to plant and nations wanting to build domestic water and hydroelectric infrastructure.
Measuring the total rainfall around the world is no mean feat. On land, measurements are made directly (by catching the rain) or by reliable 'indirect' methods based on river flow and how wet the soil is. However, two-thirds of the globe is covered by ocean. It is hard to catch rain in the middle of the ocean without actually being there to do it. Although many 'indirect' methods exist for measuring rainfall over the ocean there is great uncertainty about how much rainfall has changed over the ocean in the last 50 years or so.
Thankfully there is a solution. The ocean itself acts as a giant rain catcher. Water that falls as rain is fresh water, like the water we drink. Most of the ocean however, is very salty. So the more rain that falls, the fresher the ocean water gets and the more evaporation that occurs the saltier the ocean water gets. Oceanographers can measure just how salty the water in the ocean is and have been doing so regularly for more than 50 years now. The question remains however, how do you turn measurements of the salinity of the ocean into measurement of how much rain has fallen?
Well, by looking all around the globe and counting up how much more salty water there is and how much fresh water there is, researchers can estimate how much water has been evaporated in one place and fallen as rain in another. The researchers involved in this project will do this using all the observations of salinity in the ocean taken over the last 50 years. They will estimate just how much rainfall has changed. They will compare this with computer models which are commonly used to predict what will happen in the future to see how accurate they are and how they can be improved.
Planned Impact
Understanding the water-cycle is of fundamental societal importance. Rainfall and evaporation influence food security, extreme events, public health, energy, and ultimately the habitability of many regions of the globe.
The hypothesis presented in this study is that the change in the water cycle experienced by the climate system over the last 50 years is larger (more rainfall and more evaporation) than that predicted by the current generation of IPCC class climate models. We hypothesise that there is not only disagreement between models, but that these models may be consistently biased towards weaker hydrological cycle responses.
If this hypothesis is confirmed or if additional weight is brought to it, the impact will be far reaching. Organistions which make use of IPCC predictions of hydrological cycle change will learn more about their accuracy. Governments, agricultural firms, global insurers and organisations concerned with global health and security will all be impacted.
The hypothesis presented in this study is that the change in the water cycle experienced by the climate system over the last 50 years is larger (more rainfall and more evaporation) than that predicted by the current generation of IPCC class climate models. We hypothesise that there is not only disagreement between models, but that these models may be consistently biased towards weaker hydrological cycle responses.
If this hypothesis is confirmed or if additional weight is brought to it, the impact will be far reaching. Organistions which make use of IPCC predictions of hydrological cycle change will learn more about their accuracy. Governments, agricultural firms, global insurers and organisations concerned with global health and security will all be impacted.
Publications
Evans D
(2017)
Recent Wind-Driven Variability in Atlantic Water Mass Distribution and Meridional Overturning Circulation
in Journal of Physical Oceanography
Evans D
(2018)
The Cold Transit of Southern Ocean Upwelling
in Geophysical Research Letters
Skliris N
(2015)
Maintenance and Broadening of the Ocean's Salinity Distribution by the Water Cycle
in Journal of Climate
Skliris N
(2016)
Global water cycle amplifying at less than the Clausius-Clapeyron rate.
in Scientific reports
Zika J
(2018)
Improved estimates of water cycle change from ocean salinity: the key role of ocean warming
in Environmental Research Letters
| Description | The wet regions of the earth are getting wetter and dry regions are getting drier (the 'hydrological cycle' is intensifying) but it is happening at a slower rate than previously thought. Also, because of the warming of the ocean surface, and a consequent decrease in the mixing between the surface and deep ocean, there is an additional increase in the salinity contrasts in the surface ocean over and above that resulting from the intensification of the hydrological cycle. |
| Exploitation Route | The novel methods used here based on interpretation of the oceanic distribution of waters of different salinities can be used to validate the ocean component of climate models (in terms of seeing whether they are giving the correct salinity distribution and hydrological cycle) and therefore to critically evaluate their projections of the response of the Earth to increased atmospheric C02. |
| Sectors | Environment |
| URL | http://www.southampton.ac.uk/oes/news/2016/12/salinity-of-worlds-oceans.page |