High Radiation Tolerant, High Yield, Silicon Detector Designs for Large Volume Trackers at the Super-LHC
Lead Research Organisation:
University of Liverpool
Department Name: Physics
Abstract
Detectors needed by particle physics experiments have to withstand huge radiation doses and work for many years. As accelerators become able to reach higher energies and create more and more collisions per second, the requirements for detectors to survive inside the experiments becomes highly challenging. At the moment, the best option for high speed, radiation hard position sensitive detectors is to use segmented silicon. For the volume of the experiment where charged tracks need to be reconstructed as they bend in a high magnetic field, large areas of detectors measuring the particle trajectories to hundredth of a millimeter precision are needed. While we know how to do this with silicon and the LHC experiments ATLAS and CMS have silicon trackers of 60m2 and 200m2 area respectively, we do not know how to build arrays of these areas suitable for ten times the expected dose at the LHC. This is exactly the requirement of the Super-LHC which will operate with an average collision rate ten times that of the LHC. The proposal is a novel approach to building detectors affordably that can meet these demands. It builds on experience at Liverpool in making smaller detector systems able to cope with these very high doses and proposes to explore processing tricks developed for other radiation environments by e2v to come up with a robust method for making the large quantities of silicon microstrip detectors required for the SLHC. Please note: We have tried to put in a joint proposal specifying that e2v are the lead institute. However, since e2v will not input using the JeS system, this seems not to be accepted. This has been reported to JeS (RE: Possible technical difficulties with industry let join bids - HA207389) and they confirmed the system does not allow this. Therefore, we want to make sure STFC understand this is an e2v led bid despite the way this has to be input to JeS so that the electronic system will accept the application.
Organisations
- University of Liverpool (Lead Research Organisation)
- The Clatterbridge Cancer Centre NHS Foundation Trust (Collaboration)
- UNIVERSITY OF LINCOLN (Collaboration)
- University of Surrey (Collaboration)
- The Proton Radiotherapy Verification and Dosimetry Applications Consortium (Collaboration)
- UNIVERSITY OF BIRMINGHAM (Collaboration)
- THE CHRISTIE NHS FOUNDATION TRUST (Collaboration)
- UNIVERSITY HOSPITALS COVENTRY AND WARWICKSHIRE NHS TRUST (Collaboration)
- UNIVERSITY HOSPITALS BIRMINGHAM NHS FOUNDATION TRUST (Collaboration)
- Micron Semiconductor (Collaboration)
- Teledyne e2v (United Kingdom) (Project Partner)
Publications
Aad G
(2010)
The ATLAS Inner Detector commissioning and calibration
in The European Physical Journal C
Abelleira Fernandez J
(2012)
A Large Hadron Electron Collider at CERN Report on the Physics and Design Concepts for Machine and Detector
in Journal of Physics G: Nuclear and Particle Physics
Affolder A
(2010)
Charge collection efficiencies of planar silicon detectors after reactor neutron and proton doses up to
in Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment
Affolder A
(2011)
Effects of Varying Substrate Thickness on the Collected Charge From Highly Irradiated Planar Silicon Detectors
in IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science
Affolder A
(2010)
Collected charge of planar silicon detectors after pion and proton irradiations up to 2.2 ×1016neqcm-2
in Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment
Affolder A
(2011)
Silicon detectors for the sLHC
in Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment
Affolder A
(2009)
Charge Collection Efficiency Measurements of Heavily Irradiated Segmented n-in-p and p-in-n Silicon Detectors for Use at the Super-LHC
in IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science
Affolder A
(2009)
Studies of charge collection efficiencies of planar silicon detectors after doses up to and the effect of varying diode configurations and substrate types
in Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment
Affolder A
(2011)
Effects of Varying Substrate Thickness on the Collected Charge From Highly Irradiated Planar Silicon Detectors
in IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science
Affolder A
(2011)
Silicon detectors for the sLHC
in Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment
Allport P
(2013)
Results with p-type pixel sensors with different geometries for the HL-LHC
in Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment
Allport P
(2011)
Progress with the single-sided module prototypes for the ATLAS tracker upgrade stave
in Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment
Allport P
(2012)
Characterisation of micro-strip and pixel silicon detectors before and after hadron irradiation
in Journal of Instrumentation
ATLAS Collaboration
(2012)
A particle consistent with the Higgs boson observed with the ATLAS detector at the Large Hadron Collider.
in Science (New York, N.Y.)
Bohm J
(2011)
Evaluation of the bulk and strip characteristics of large area n-in-p silicon sensors intended for a very high radiation environment
in Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment
Casse G
(2010)
Enhanced efficiency of segmented silicon detectors of different thicknesses after proton irradiations up to 1×1016neqcm2
in Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment
Casse G
(2011)
Changes of the particle detection properties of irradiated silicon microstrip sensors after room temperature annealing
in Journal of Instrumentation
Casse G
(2009)
Study of the response to minimum ionising particles of microstrip detectors made with float zone and magnetic Czochralski silicon after neutron irradiation
in Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment
Casse G
(2012)
Annealing at Different Temperatures of Silicon Microstrip Detectors After Severe Hadron Irradiation
in IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science
Casse G
(2009)
Evaluation of Floating Zone and Epitaxial Planar Silicon Detectors With Different Substrate Thickness After Irradiation up to $2\times 10^{16}$ ${\rm n}_{\rm eq}$ cm$^{- 2}$
in IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science
Chmill V
(2011)
Study of various high voltage protection structures for reduction of the insensitive region of silicon sensors designed for extreme radiation tolerance
in Journal of Instrumentation
Collaboration T
(2012)
Prototype ATLAS IBL modules using the FE-I4A front-end readout chip
in Journal of Instrumentation
Hara K
(2016)
Charge collection and field profile studies of heavily irradiated strip sensors for the ATLAS inner tracker upgrade
in Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment
Hara K
(2011)
Testing of bulk radiation damage of n-in-p silicon sensors for very high radiation environments
in Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment
Hommels L
(2016)
Detailed studies of full-size ATLAS12 sensors
in Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment
Lindgren S
(2011)
Testing of surface properties pre-rad and post-rad of n-in-p silicon sensors for very high radiation environment
in Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment
Mikestikova M
(2016)
Study of surface properties of ATLAS12 strip sensors and their radiation resistance
in Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment
Mori R
(2016)
Evaluation of the performance of irradiated silicon strip sensors for the forward detector of the ATLAS Inner Tracker Upgrade
in Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment
Taylor JT
(2015)
Proton tracking for medical imaging and dosimetry.
in Journal of instrumentation : an IOP and SISSA journal
Taylor JT
(2016)
An experimental demonstration of a new type of proton computed tomography using a novel silicon tracking detector.
in Medical physics
Tsurin I
(2011)
Characterisation of "n-in-p" pixel sensors for high radiation environments
in Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment
Ullán M
(2016)
Embedded pitch adapters: A high-yield interconnection solution for strip sensors
in Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment
Unno Y
(2011)
Development of n-on-p silicon sensors for very high radiation environments
in Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment
| Description | Radioation-hard silicon detectors |
| Exploitation Route | Use for proton therapy and possibly for nuclear industry |
| Sectors | Education,Energy,Healthcare |
| URL | https://indico.cern.ch/event/315626/ |
| Description | Radiation-hard silicon used for Wellcome Trust funded proton therapy development prgoramme |
| First Year Of Impact | 2014 |
| Sector | Education,Electronics,Energy,Healthcare |
| Impact Types | Economic |
| Description | Micron |
| Organisation | Micron Semiconductor |
| Country | United Kingdom |
| Sector | Private |
| PI Contribution | CASE Studentship |
| Collaborator Contribution | Silicon Strip Detectors for Proton Therapy and Pixels for ATLAS |
| Impact | Publications, new grants, PRaVDA sensors |
| Description | PRAVDA |
| Organisation | The Proton Radiotherapy Verification and Dosimetry Applications Consortium |
| Country | United Kingdom |
| Sector | Academic/University |
| PI Contribution | Tracking detectors |
| Collaborator Contribution | DAQ and Range Telescope |
| Impact | Wellcome Trust Supported Collaboration for Proton Therapy |
| Start Year | 2013 |
| Description | PRAVDA |
| Organisation | University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust |
| Country | United Kingdom |
| Sector | Public |
| PI Contribution | Tracking detectors |
| Collaborator Contribution | DAQ and Range Telescope |
| Impact | Wellcome Trust Supported Collaboration for Proton Therapy |
| Start Year | 2013 |
| Description | PRAVDA |
| Organisation | University Hospitals Coventry and Warwickshire NHS Trust |
| Country | United Kingdom |
| Sector | Academic/University |
| PI Contribution | Tracking detectors |
| Collaborator Contribution | DAQ and Range Telescope |
| Impact | Wellcome Trust Supported Collaboration for Proton Therapy |
| Start Year | 2013 |
| Description | PRAVDA |
| Organisation | University of Birmingham |
| Country | United Kingdom |
| Sector | Academic/University |
| PI Contribution | Tracking detectors |
| Collaborator Contribution | DAQ and Range Telescope |
| Impact | Wellcome Trust Supported Collaboration for Proton Therapy |
| Start Year | 2013 |
| Description | PRAVDA |
| Organisation | University of Lincoln |
| Country | United Kingdom |
| Sector | Academic/University |
| PI Contribution | Tracking detectors |
| Collaborator Contribution | DAQ and Range Telescope |
| Impact | Wellcome Trust Supported Collaboration for Proton Therapy |
| Start Year | 2013 |
| Description | PRAVDA |
| Organisation | University of Surrey |
| Country | United Kingdom |
| Sector | Academic/University |
| PI Contribution | Tracking detectors |
| Collaborator Contribution | DAQ and Range Telescope |
| Impact | Wellcome Trust Supported Collaboration for Proton Therapy |
| Start Year | 2013 |
| Description | Proton Therapy |
| Organisation | The Christie NHS Foundation Trust |
| Country | United Kingdom |
| Sector | Public |
| PI Contribution | Proton Tracking |
| Collaborator Contribution | Proton Facilities and Planned Proton Therapy Facilities |
| Impact | STFC Awards |
| Start Year | 2013 |
| Description | Proton Therapy |
| Organisation | The Clatterbridge Cancer Centre NHS Foundation Trust |
| Country | United Kingdom |
| Sector | Public |
| PI Contribution | Proton Tracking |
| Collaborator Contribution | Proton Facilities and Planned Proton Therapy Facilities |
| Impact | STFC Awards |
| Start Year | 2013 |
| Title | Pixel |
| Description | Developments extreme radiation hard pixel systems and development of HVCMOS for the highest doses at HL-LHC also relevant to our proton-therapy applications. Radiation hard detectors |
| Type Of Technology | Detection Devices |
| Year Produced | 2014 |
| Impact | Wellcome funded PRaVDA project for proton therapy and imaging |
| Title | Proton tracking for cancer treatment |
| Description | Ultra-fast read-out crossed strip tracking system for individual proton trajectory measurement Radiation hard detectors |
| Type Of Technology | Detection Devices |
| Year Produced | 2013 |
| Impact | Crossed-strip developed with Micron Semiconductor (UK) Ltd for use in proton therapy facilities and testing of detectors at the UK's only existing facility, Clatterbridge Centre for Oncology |
| Title | n-in-p |
| Description | Researchers at Liverpool were amoung the first to propose n-implant read-out to achieve greater radiation hardness in silicon strip detectors (See for example P.P. Allport et al. "Radiation tests of ATLAS full-sized n-in-n prototype detectors." Nucl.Instrum. Meth. A418 (1998) 110-119). Through the PhD thesis project of a CASE student (Moshe Hanlon, 1999) with Micron Semiconductor (UK) Ltd, we explored the possibility of producing such sensors with single-sided processing by starting with a p-type substrate (up to this point the detectors provided to nuclear physics, particle physics, space science, astrophysics and medical physics had all been based on very high resistivity n-type silicon substrates). This work has continued to 2012 with the Liverpool Semiconductor Detector Centre (funded by STFC). We continue to play a leading role in the development of this technology with refinement of p-type structure and understanding of the fundamental device physics leading to the recognition of the reasons for the device radiation hardness (30 publications). As part of our recognition for developing this technology, one of our team members (Dr Gianluigi Casse) currently leads the RD50 collaboration (Radiation Hard Sensors for the LHC) at CERN of over 300 scientists, while another, Professor Phil Allport, is Upgrade Coordinator of the 3000 strong ATLAS Experiment. This research has led the two main LHC experiments ATLAS and CMS to adopt n+p (the world?s largest scientific experiments) as their baseline technology for the LHC Upgrades. The Liverpool group also built the first full size LHC prototype sensors for ATLAS Upgrade and in 2012 completed the build of an entire n+p Vertex Detector for LHCb (the first complete detector system of its kind in the world). Our contribution to developing and modelling the intrinsic devices have made them cheap, stable and a reliable commercial technology. The number of international companies and research facilities now able to offer p-type sensors for high radiation environments has grown to 8 including the world's largest supplier Hamamatsu Photonics (Japan) and now 2 UK companies (Micron and e2v Technologies Ltd). From 2008 onwards this research was conducted as part of the STFC Rolling Grant. Radiation hard detectors |
| Type Of Technology | Detection Devices |
| Year Produced | 2011 |
| Impact | Suppliers such as Micron (http://www.micronsemiconductor.co.uk/medical_physics.asp?statictextid=8) and e2v (http://www.e2v.com/about-us/) supply to many markets from medical applications to space, and defence but often the new product lines are first deve |
| Description | CERN Courier |
| Form Of Engagement Activity | A magazine, newsletter or online publication |
| Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
| Type Of Presentation | Paper Presentation |
| Geographic Reach | International |
| Primary Audience | Participants in your research and patient groups |
| Results and Impact | January 2014 CERN Courier Journal |
| Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2014 |
| Description | Intelligent Front-End Signal Processing for Frontier Exploitation in Research and Industry |
| Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
| Part Of Official Scheme? | Yes |
| Type Of Presentation | Keynote/Invited Speaker |
| Geographic Reach | International |
| Primary Audience | Other academic audiences (collaborators, peers etc.) |
| Results and Impact | Leaders in particle physics talking mostly to students and post-docs working in instrumentation applications Web pages |
| Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2013 |
| Description | Neston High School |
| Form Of Engagement Activity | Participation in an open day or visit at my research institution |
| Part Of Official Scheme? | Yes |
| Type Of Presentation | Keynote/Invited Speaker |
| Geographic Reach | Regional |
| Primary Audience | Schools |
| Results and Impact | Around 15-20 students per year taken to CERN Media coverage and one student addressed the Science and Technology Select Committee. (Neston MP is Andre Miller) |
| Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | Pre-2006,2006,2007,2008,2009,2010,2011,2012,2013,2014 |
| Description | Royal Society |
| Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
| Part Of Official Scheme? | Yes |
| Type Of Presentation | Keynote/Invited Speaker |
| Geographic Reach | International |
| Primary Audience | Public/other audiences |
| Results and Impact | Open workshop organized by Royal society on Particle Physics after the Higgs discovery recording |
| Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2013 |
| Description | liverpool Leader |
| Form Of Engagement Activity | A magazine, newsletter or online publication |
| Part Of Official Scheme? | Yes |
| Type Of Presentation | Paper Presentation |
| Geographic Reach | Regional |
| Primary Audience | Media (as a channel to the public) |
| Results and Impact | A full glossy pull-out in the Liverpool Post identified a number of people as "Liverpool Leaders (Knowledge)" in 2013. Glossy pull-out distributed with Liverpool Post (main regional paper for Liverpool) |
| Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2013 |