Consolidated Solar Research at UCLan
Lead Research Organisation:
University of Central Lancashire
Department Name: Jeremiah Horrocks Institute
Abstract
This consolidated grant proposal brings together solar physics research within the Jeremiah Horrocks Institute of the University of Central Lancashire (UCLan). We will undertake investigations to study the processes that lead to eruptions in the Sun's atmosphere, and how energetic particle released during these eruptions are transported from the Sun to the Earth and beyond into interplanetary space.
The motion of sunspots in the Sun's photosphere can inject energy into the atmospheric magnetic field. We will study the rotation of sunspots by developing an algorithm to automatically detect and analyse rotating sunspots. This will be used to understand what causes them to rotate, and to determine to what extent rotating sunspots lead to solar flares and eruptions.
These solar eruptions release energetic particles into the heliosphere. We will simulate the motions of these solar energetic particles (SEPs) in order to study SEP transport from the Sun to the Earth. This will link into a study of the relation between solar eruptive events and SEP transport, which in turn will allow us to make more accurate predictions of space weather effects on the Earth.
The motion of sunspots in the Sun's photosphere can inject energy into the atmospheric magnetic field. We will study the rotation of sunspots by developing an algorithm to automatically detect and analyse rotating sunspots. This will be used to understand what causes them to rotate, and to determine to what extent rotating sunspots lead to solar flares and eruptions.
These solar eruptions release energetic particles into the heliosphere. We will simulate the motions of these solar energetic particles (SEPs) in order to study SEP transport from the Sun to the Earth. This will link into a study of the relation between solar eruptive events and SEP transport, which in turn will allow us to make more accurate predictions of space weather effects on the Earth.
Planned Impact
Please refer to the full UCLan proposal (ref ST/M000877/1) for further details.
Organisations
- University of Central Lancashire (Lead Research Organisation)
- National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) (Collaboration)
- University of Alabama in Huntsville (Collaboration)
- North-West University (Collaboration)
- Bay Area Environmental Research Institute (Collaboration)
- University of Minnesota (Collaboration)
- Helmholtz Association of German Research Centres (Collaboration)
- Kiel University (Collaboration)
- UNIVERSITY OF GLASGOW (Collaboration)
- Ruhr University Bochum (Collaboration)
- Stanford University (Collaboration)
- Western Kentucky University (Collaboration)
- Observatory of Paris (Collaboration)
Publications
Dalla S
(2016)
A pioneer of solar astronomy
in Astronomy & Geophysics
Brown D
(2021)
A Semi-Automatic Method to Measure the Rotation of Sunspots
in Solar Physics
Klein K
(2017)
Acceleration and Propagation of Solar Energetic Particles
in Space Science Reviews
Laitinen T
(2020)
Access of Energetic Particles to a Magnetic Flux Rope from External Magnetic Field Lines
in The Astrophysical Journal
Dalla S
(2018)
Application of Test Particle Simulations to Solar Energetic Particle Forecasting
in Proceedings of the International Astronomical Union
Laitinen T
(2015)
CORRECTING FOR INTERPLANETARY SCATTERING IN VELOCITY DISPERSION ANALYSIS OF SOLAR ENERGETIC PARTICLES
in The Astrophysical Journal
Dalla S
(2015)
DRIFT-INDUCED DECELERATION OF SOLAR ENERGETIC PARTICLES
in The Astrophysical Journal
Laitinen T
(2017)
Early propagation of energetic particles across the mean field in turbulent plasmas
in Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society
Laitinen T
(2017)
ENERGETIC PARTICLE TRANSPORT ACROSS THE MEAN MAGNETIC FIELD: BEFORE DIFFUSION
in The Astrophysical Journal
Swalwell B
(2018)
Forecasting Solar Energetic Particle Events and Associated False Alarms
in Proceedings of the International Astronomical Union
Laitinen T
(2018)
Forecasting Solar Energetic Particle Fluence with Multi-Spacecraft Observations
in Proceedings of the International Astronomical Union
Kocharov L
(2017)
Investigating the Origins of Two Extreme Solar Particle Events: Proton Source Profile and Associated Electromagnetic Emissions
in The Astrophysical Journal
Jones M
(2017)
Mapping the circumsolar dust ring near the orbit of Venus
in Icarus
Battarbee M
(2018)
Modeling Solar Energetic Particle Transport near a Wavy Heliospheric Current Sheet
in The Astrophysical Journal
Battarbee M
(2018)
Multi-spacecraft observations and transport simulations of solar energetic particles for the May 17th 2012 event
in Astronomy & Astrophysics
Zelina, P.
(2015)
Multi-spacecraft observations of heavy-ion solar energetic particles
Laitinen T
(2016)
Solar energetic particle access to distant longitudes through turbulent field-line meandering
in Astronomy & Astrophysics
Dalla S
(2017)
SOLAR ENERGETIC PARTICLE DRIFTS AND THE ENERGY DEPENDENCE OF 1 au CHARGE STATES
in The Astrophysical Journal
Swalwell B
(2017)
Solar Energetic Particle Forecasting Algorithms and Associated False Alarms.
in Solar physics
Battarbee M
(2017)
Solar Energetic Particle Transport Near a Heliospheric Current Sheet
in The Astrophysical Journal
Marsh M
(2015)
SPARX: A modeling system for Solar Energetic Particle Radiation Space Weather forecasting
in Space Weather
Doran D
(2019)
Temporal Evolution of Heavy-Ion Spectra in Solar Energetic Particle Events
in Solar Physics
Doran D
(2016)
Temporal Evolution of Solar Energetic Particle Spectra
in Solar Physics
Laitinen T
(2018)
The effect of turbulence strength on meandering field lines and Solar Energetic Particle event extents
in Journal of Space Weather and Space Climate
Swalwell B
(2018)
The Reported Durations of GOES Soft X-Ray Flares in Different Solar Cycles
in Space Weather
Dalla S
(2017)
Time dependence of Fe/O ratio within a 3D solar energetic particle propagation model including drift
in Astronomy & Astrophysics
Zelina P
(2017)
TIME EVOLUTION OF ELEMENTAL RATIOS IN SOLAR ENERGETIC PARTICLE EVENTS
in The Astrophysical Journal
T.L.M. Laitinen
(2015)
Transport of Solar Energetic Particles across the Parker field due to field line meandering
| Description | The award funded two projects, project number 2, "Solar energetic particles in heliospheric turbulence and structures" and project number 4, "Automatic identification and statistical studies of rotating sunspots". For project 2, a new model to simulate the transport of Solar Energetic Particles (SEPs) through the heliosphere was developed: it includes the effects of magnetic field line meandering via a Fokker-Planck approach. The results of the simulations reproduce the observed longitudinal extent of SEP peak fluxes and the timing of SEP arrival at distant longitudes. The effect of magnetic turbulence early in the event was shown to be non-diffusive. The effect of magnetic field line meandering on SEP observables at 1 AU was characterised: it was found that for a variety of configurations it produces extensive energetic particle clouds filling large regions of the heliosphere. When this effect is ignored a much smaller region of space is affected by SEP radiation. For project 4, the key outcome of the project was the creation of a semi-automatic algorithm for measuring the rotation of sunspots (as outlined in Brown and Walker, 2021). Identification of a sunspot (specifically the list of observations it is contained within and a reasonable guess for the centre of the sunspot in the first observation) is still performed manually, but the extraction of the rotation profiles for the sunspot is fully automatic. The sunspot profiles used to develop and test this algorithm have been made available on UCLan's OpenData platform. This has allowed a sample of 135 sunspots contained in 64 active regions to be constructed (in the PhD thesis of Walker, 2018). Furthermore, for each active region, estimates for the energy injected into the solar atmosphere due to sunspot rotation and estimates of the energy expelled from the region due to solar eruption have been produced which show that sunspot rotation is an important provider of energy needed for large solar eruptions. It is anticipated that this work will be published in peer-reviewed journals, at which time the database of rotation profiles will be made available through UCLan's OpenData platform. |
| Exploitation Route | For project 2, results of the work may be used to answer further scientific questions on the propagation of particles in turbulent magnetic fields. Results on the role of magnetic field line meandering may be incorporated into models for Space Weather predictions of SEPs. For project 4, the lead investigator has two PhD students, one of whom is carrying out numerical simulations to better understand how energy is transfered by the sunspot rotation and is stored in the atmospheric magnetic field in readiness for solar eruption, and the other student is looking at how to make the semi-automatic code produced in this project fully automatic, allowing larger statistical samples to answer questions relating to sunspot eruption and to be made available to the scientific community for further analysis. |
| Sectors | Other |
| URL | http://www.nasa.gov/feature/goddard/2016/wayward-field-lines-challenge-solar-radiation-models |
| Description | The work on SEP propagation has had an impact on stakeholders responsible for the study of Space Weather, in particular SEP forecasting. In the UK the Met Office has responsibility for Space Weather and our research group has been involved in meetings and projects with Met Office, with the aim of incorporating scientific understanding into forecasting tools. In particular the research funded by this grant has contributed to us taking part in the SWIMMR programme with the aim of providing tools for forecasting SEP radiation risks to aviation. |
| First Year Of Impact | 2020 |
| Sector | Other |
| Impact Types | Policy & public services |
| Description | NASA HSR NNH16ZDA001N-HSR for Research Opportunities in Space and Earth Science - 2016 (ROSES-2016) |
| Amount | $250,000 (USD) |
| Organisation | National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) |
| Sector | Public |
| Country | United States |
| Start | 03/2017 |
| End | 02/2019 |
| Title | Sunspot rotation data: test regions |
| Description | These files contain calculated sunspot torsional rotation profiles for 5 active regions (and 6 sunspots) measured from data acquired by the HMI instrument on NASA's Solar Dynamics Orbiter. Other ancillary data produced as part of the calculations (such as uncertainties, umbral areas, sunspot position, and so on) are also included with the profiles. The five regions were used as testing and development data for validating the approach of Brown and Walker. |
| Type Of Material | Database/Collection of data |
| Year Produced | 2019 |
| Provided To Others? | Yes |
| Impact | Too early to determine. |
| URL | https://uclandata.uclan.ac.uk/214/ |
| Description | Dr Georgia De Nolfo, NASA Goodard Space Flight Center |
| Organisation | National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) |
| Country | United States |
| Sector | Public |
| PI Contribution | Dr Georgia De Nolfo visited us for a week in January 2018 to work on comparing PAMELA spacecraft data with our simulations of SEP propagation. This collaboration is ongoing. |
| Collaborator Contribution | 3D test particle simulations of relativistic protons during flare/CME events. |
| Impact | Conference presentation at SHINE Meeting 2018 and at ICRC 2019. Two refereed journal papers currently in preparation. |
| Start Year | 2018 |
| Description | Frederic Effenberger/NASA |
| Organisation | Bay Area Environmental Research Institute |
| Country | United States |
| Sector | Charity/Non Profit |
| PI Contribution | Two collaborators in the institutes were co-authors of publications in 2015-2017. Frederic Effenberger secured a NASA grant in 2017 funding a young researcher. Timo Laitinen is an unpaid Co-investigator in the NASA grant, and can fund the team members' visits to USA (such visits haven't taken place yet). |
| Collaborator Contribution | The partner participated in research, and the young researcher hired by the NASA grant is advancing the research, with publications foreseen. |
| Impact | T. Laitinen, A. Kopp, F. Effenberger, S. Dalla, and M. Marsh. Transport of Solar Energetic Particles across the Parker field due to field line meandering. In 34th International Cosmic Ray Conference (ICRC2015), volume 34 of International Cosmic Ray Conference, page 191, July 2015.; T. Laitinen, A. Kopp, F. Effenberger, S. Dalla, and M. S. Marsh. Solar energetic particle access to distant longitudes through turbulent field-line meandering. A&A, 591:A18, June 2016.; Laitinen, Timo, Effenberger, Frederic, Kopp, Andreas, and Dalla, Silvia. The effect of turbulence strength on meandering field lines and solar energetic particle event extents. J. Space Weather Space Clim., 8:A13, 2018. |
| Start Year | 2013 |
| Description | Frederic Effenberger/NASA |
| Organisation | Ruhr University Bochum |
| Department | Faculty of Physics and Astronomy |
| Country | Germany |
| Sector | Academic/University |
| PI Contribution | Two collaborators in the institutes were co-authors of publications in 2015-2017. Frederic Effenberger secured a NASA grant in 2017 funding a young researcher. Timo Laitinen is an unpaid Co-investigator in the NASA grant, and can fund the team members' visits to USA (such visits haven't taken place yet). |
| Collaborator Contribution | The partner participated in research, and the young researcher hired by the NASA grant is advancing the research, with publications foreseen. |
| Impact | T. Laitinen, A. Kopp, F. Effenberger, S. Dalla, and M. Marsh. Transport of Solar Energetic Particles across the Parker field due to field line meandering. In 34th International Cosmic Ray Conference (ICRC2015), volume 34 of International Cosmic Ray Conference, page 191, July 2015.; T. Laitinen, A. Kopp, F. Effenberger, S. Dalla, and M. S. Marsh. Solar energetic particle access to distant longitudes through turbulent field-line meandering. A&A, 591:A18, June 2016.; Laitinen, Timo, Effenberger, Frederic, Kopp, Andreas, and Dalla, Silvia. The effect of turbulence strength on meandering field lines and solar energetic particle event extents. J. Space Weather Space Clim., 8:A13, 2018. |
| Start Year | 2013 |
| Description | Frederic Effenberger/NASA |
| Organisation | University of Kiel |
| Department | Institute of Experimental and Applied Physics |
| Country | Germany |
| Sector | Academic/University |
| PI Contribution | Two collaborators in the institutes were co-authors of publications in 2015-2017. Frederic Effenberger secured a NASA grant in 2017 funding a young researcher. Timo Laitinen is an unpaid Co-investigator in the NASA grant, and can fund the team members' visits to USA (such visits haven't taken place yet). |
| Collaborator Contribution | The partner participated in research, and the young researcher hired by the NASA grant is advancing the research, with publications foreseen. |
| Impact | T. Laitinen, A. Kopp, F. Effenberger, S. Dalla, and M. Marsh. Transport of Solar Energetic Particles across the Parker field due to field line meandering. In 34th International Cosmic Ray Conference (ICRC2015), volume 34 of International Cosmic Ray Conference, page 191, July 2015.; T. Laitinen, A. Kopp, F. Effenberger, S. Dalla, and M. S. Marsh. Solar energetic particle access to distant longitudes through turbulent field-line meandering. A&A, 591:A18, June 2016.; Laitinen, Timo, Effenberger, Frederic, Kopp, Andreas, and Dalla, Silvia. The effect of turbulence strength on meandering field lines and solar energetic particle event extents. J. Space Weather Space Clim., 8:A13, 2018. |
| Start Year | 2013 |
| Description | ISSI Team on Flares and SEPs, 6-6-2018 |
| Organisation | Helmholtz Association of German Research Centres |
| Department | German Research Centre for Geosciences |
| Country | Germany |
| Sector | Private |
| PI Contribution | Timo Laitinen was invited to be part of this Team funded by the International Space Science Institute (ISSI, Bern, Switzerland) to hold a series of research meetings. The team is researching "Solar flare acceleration signatures and their connection to solar energetic particles". |
| Collaborator Contribution | Participation to meetings and associated research. Scientific presentation at meeting |
| Impact | It is expected that scientific publications will be outcome of this activity in future. |
| Start Year | 2018 |
| Description | ISSI Team on Flares and SEPs, 6-6-2018 |
| Organisation | North-West University |
| Country | South Africa |
| Sector | Academic/University |
| PI Contribution | Timo Laitinen was invited to be part of this Team funded by the International Space Science Institute (ISSI, Bern, Switzerland) to hold a series of research meetings. The team is researching "Solar flare acceleration signatures and their connection to solar energetic particles". |
| Collaborator Contribution | Participation to meetings and associated research. Scientific presentation at meeting |
| Impact | It is expected that scientific publications will be outcome of this activity in future. |
| Start Year | 2018 |
| Description | ISSI Team on Flares and SEPs, 6-6-2018 |
| Organisation | Observatory of Paris |
| Country | France |
| Sector | Academic/University |
| PI Contribution | Timo Laitinen was invited to be part of this Team funded by the International Space Science Institute (ISSI, Bern, Switzerland) to hold a series of research meetings. The team is researching "Solar flare acceleration signatures and their connection to solar energetic particles". |
| Collaborator Contribution | Participation to meetings and associated research. Scientific presentation at meeting |
| Impact | It is expected that scientific publications will be outcome of this activity in future. |
| Start Year | 2018 |
| Description | ISSI Team on Flares and SEPs, 6-6-2018 |
| Organisation | Stanford University |
| Country | United States |
| Sector | Academic/University |
| PI Contribution | Timo Laitinen was invited to be part of this Team funded by the International Space Science Institute (ISSI, Bern, Switzerland) to hold a series of research meetings. The team is researching "Solar flare acceleration signatures and their connection to solar energetic particles". |
| Collaborator Contribution | Participation to meetings and associated research. Scientific presentation at meeting |
| Impact | It is expected that scientific publications will be outcome of this activity in future. |
| Start Year | 2018 |
| Description | ISSI Team on Flares and SEPs, 6-6-2018 |
| Organisation | University of Alabama in Huntsville |
| Country | United States |
| Sector | Academic/University |
| PI Contribution | Timo Laitinen was invited to be part of this Team funded by the International Space Science Institute (ISSI, Bern, Switzerland) to hold a series of research meetings. The team is researching "Solar flare acceleration signatures and their connection to solar energetic particles". |
| Collaborator Contribution | Participation to meetings and associated research. Scientific presentation at meeting |
| Impact | It is expected that scientific publications will be outcome of this activity in future. |
| Start Year | 2018 |
| Description | ISSI Team on Flares and SEPs, 6-6-2018 |
| Organisation | University of Glasgow |
| Country | United Kingdom |
| Sector | Academic/University |
| PI Contribution | Timo Laitinen was invited to be part of this Team funded by the International Space Science Institute (ISSI, Bern, Switzerland) to hold a series of research meetings. The team is researching "Solar flare acceleration signatures and their connection to solar energetic particles". |
| Collaborator Contribution | Participation to meetings and associated research. Scientific presentation at meeting |
| Impact | It is expected that scientific publications will be outcome of this activity in future. |
| Start Year | 2018 |
| Description | ISSI Team on Flares and SEPs, 6-6-2018 |
| Organisation | University of Kiel |
| Country | Germany |
| Sector | Academic/University |
| PI Contribution | Timo Laitinen was invited to be part of this Team funded by the International Space Science Institute (ISSI, Bern, Switzerland) to hold a series of research meetings. The team is researching "Solar flare acceleration signatures and their connection to solar energetic particles". |
| Collaborator Contribution | Participation to meetings and associated research. Scientific presentation at meeting |
| Impact | It is expected that scientific publications will be outcome of this activity in future. |
| Start Year | 2018 |
| Description | ISSI Team on Flares and SEPs, 6-6-2018 |
| Organisation | University of Minnesota |
| Country | United States |
| Sector | Academic/University |
| PI Contribution | Timo Laitinen was invited to be part of this Team funded by the International Space Science Institute (ISSI, Bern, Switzerland) to hold a series of research meetings. The team is researching "Solar flare acceleration signatures and their connection to solar energetic particles". |
| Collaborator Contribution | Participation to meetings and associated research. Scientific presentation at meeting |
| Impact | It is expected that scientific publications will be outcome of this activity in future. |
| Start Year | 2018 |
| Description | ISSI Team on Flares and SEPs, 6-6-2018 |
| Organisation | Western Kentucky University |
| Country | United States |
| Sector | Academic/University |
| PI Contribution | Timo Laitinen was invited to be part of this Team funded by the International Space Science Institute (ISSI, Bern, Switzerland) to hold a series of research meetings. The team is researching "Solar flare acceleration signatures and their connection to solar energetic particles". |
| Collaborator Contribution | Participation to meetings and associated research. Scientific presentation at meeting |
| Impact | It is expected that scientific publications will be outcome of this activity in future. |
| Start Year | 2018 |