Fundamental Physics from the Planck Scale to the LHC

The proposed research is part of a quest to understand Nature at its most fundamental level, leading to a single, complete and consistent theory of physics. At small distances the behaviour of matter and forces is governed by quantum mechanics. The subatomic electromagnetic, weak and strong forces have been well understood since the formulation of the Standard Model over 40 years ago. These forces and the particles they act upon are described by quantum field theory and it is crucial for mathematical consistency that the Standard Model incorporates a large amount of symmetry. The Standard Model has enjoyed spectacular experimental success, culminating in the 2012 discovery of the Higgs Boson at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC), the last particle predicted by the Standard Model that remained to be found.

Our current description of gravity is Einstein's very successful theory of General Relativity, which describes the motion of planets, stars and galaxies as well as the Universe as a whole. However General Relativity is not consistent with quantum mechanics and so cannot be combined with the Standard Model to provide a consistent theory of all the four forces. The Standard Model also fails to explain the hierarchy of mass scales in fundamental physics, the proliferation of particle types and the nature of the dark matter in the Universe, which is known to be present in large quantities but has not yet been detected.

It is widely believed that supersymmetry, which is a symmetry that exchanges fermions (such as the electron) with bosons (such as the photon), will play an important role in formulating a unified theory of the four forces. Supersymmetry predicts the existence of additional subatomic particles which have yet to be observed, and the search for these was an important motivation behind
the construction of the LHC. Indeed one of them could be dark matter, and hence play an important role structure formation in the universe. Other theories of physics beyond the Standard Model postulate that `elementary' particles are in fact extended, composite objects, or that there are more dimensions of space.

Strings are microscopic objects that are extended along one dimension and can vibrate, rather like strings on a violin. Although the underlying theory of strings and branes is not fully understood, their effects at low energies are completely described by supergravity theories and by studying these it has been realised that objects, called branes, and symmetries, called dualities, are important parts of the complete theory. Branes can be thought of as generalisations of strings to objects that are extended along more than one dimension. Remarkably, one finds that strings and branes can lead to consistent quantum theories in four dimensions that contain gravity as well as the Standard Model, while also offering prospects for novel physics beyond the Standard Model. Part of the proposed research aims to find and understand this underlying theory of string and branes.

Although quantum field theories have had spectacular theoretical and experimental success leading to the most accurately known confirmation between theory and experiment, there were, until the advent of supersymmetry, almost no quantities which have been computed exactly. Another part of our research is to further develop new techniques that have lead to the exact calculation of quite a number of important quantities in certain supersymmetric quantum field theories. This has lead to the hope that one can completely compute all quantities in such theories. We will also explore the possible consequences of strings and branes for physics beyond the Standard Model, and understanding what other new physics is being revealed by the LHC,astrophysical experiments and cosmology.

The proposed research will benefit most directly those working on theoretical physics, in particular on supersymmetry, string
theory, particle physics phenomenology, astro-particle physics and cosmology: more generally, those seeking to find a single consistent theory of physics. There are hundreds of researchers working on these topics in dozens of universities within the UK, and many more worldwide. The work involves some of the most advanced mathematics, and hence is also relevant to mathematicians, in particular those working on group theory and geometry. This research is also directly relevant to those working in other areas of physics, such as experimental searches for new particles at the LHC, astro-particle experiments, the formulation of cosmological models of inflation, dark matter and galaxy creation,and theories of novel states of matter such as superconductors.

Past work on theoretical physics has, in the fullness of time, been of considerable use to society, either as a direct result of
the new physics found, or as a consequence of the new mathematics and technical developments that were developed. These have led to direct inputs into industry. Certainly our work is in this tradition.

Beyond academia the UK benefits from the training of young researchers in the ability to solve hard and complex problems. Indeed cutting-edge theoretical physics attracts young intellectual talent from both within and outside the UK. In the current internationally competitive economic environment it is critical for the UK's economy for it to train and attract people with the highest levels of analytical and quantitative skills. It is common for our PhD students, and sometimes also for our post-docs, to apply their skills and training that they have learnt to industry such as the financial, technology and bio-medical sectors. The later case in particular represents a significant influx of highly skilled individuals into the UK work force as most of our Post-docs receive their PhD's outside the UK. Thus there is a clear and important impact of fundamental research on the UK economy through its ability to attract highly skilled and analytical scientists from across the globe. It is fair to say that a crucial feature of the modern UK's economic and social wealth is its international reputation as a world leader for independent thinking in both the academic and industrial sectors.

In addition to these economic factors, the general public has strong interest in the fundamental questions about our Universe. This has recently been stimulated by the research at the LHC and, in particular, the discovery of the Higgs boson. The general public therefore benefits continuing investigation into Nature at its smallest scales, as proposed here.

In summary, the UK can be proud of having one of the world's most prestigious scientific traditions, which has long been a cornerstone of the UK's intellectual health, economic wealth and culture. Our proposed research will continue this tradition.