Durham Astronomy Consolidated Grant 2017-2020

Lead Research Organisation: Durham University
Department Name: Physics

Abstract

Astronomy attracts the imagination of the public to an extent that only very few other branches of science can match - this is due, in large part, to the fundamental nature of the questions it addresses: the origin of the Universe and our place within it. Astronomy is immediately accessible to every human by simply gazing up into the night sky to look the Moon, the planets and stars. Since the dawn of civilisation this has provoked questions about the origins of the Earth, stars and our Solar System, as well as the origins of the Universe. Over the past thirty years we have seen the emergence of a standard model in cosmology describing the constituents of our Universe, as well as a plausible explanation for the origin and evolution of all structure within it. According to this model, we live in a universe where at least two thirds of all mass-energy is now in the form of a dark energy field which is causing the Universe to expand at an ever increasing rate. About a quarter of the mass-energy is in the form of dark matter, most probably a new weakly interacting elementary particle yet to be detected on Earth (and hence of great interest to particle physicists). Only the remaining five percent of the mass-energy is in the form of ordinary, or baryonic, matter of which, at the present-day, only about a tenth is in stars and planets such as the Earth, and the rest resides mostly as gas in between galaxies. The structures formed by dark and baryonic matter are thought to have been seeded by quantum fluctuations imprinted in the density field of the Universe at the earliest instants of the Big Bang. These produced weak sound waves in the near-uniform primordial plasma that left observable imprints on the heat left over from the Big Bang, emitted when the Universe was only 400,000 years old (now visible as the Cosmic Microwave Background). These tiny ripples grew into the full richness of structures we see around us in the Universe today: galaxies, groups, clusters and larger-scale structures. It is this transformation from a near-uniform primordial soup to a cosmic web of structure that is the focus of our proposal. Our programme knits together cutting-edge theoretical research into the earliest phases of the Universe with theoretical and observational projects to determine the formation and evolution of structure in the Universe and to confront the predictions of our models with our latest observational results, while exploiting instrumentation developments pursued in Durham. We will explore astrophysical clues to the identity of the dark matter and the nature of the dark energy, focus on the evolution of galaxies back to the earliest times in the Universe and the influence which their environment has had on their properties. We will investigate the formation and evolution of black holes and their role in determining the structure and properties of galaxies and larger scale structures, using the latest instruments on ground-based observatories and Earth-orbiting satellites.

Planned Impact

We are proud of our track record at Durham of public engagement. The outreach initiative we started more than a decade ago has developed into a University-wide activity, which has, in turn, spawned the annual Celebrate Science festival in Durham (the most recent attended by almost 7,000 visitors). In our current programme we use a range of events, activities and techniques to engage with three key groups: a) the general public; b) school children; c) national and international audiences.

These activities include science festivals, Royal Society summer exhibition, public lectures, summer schools, master classes and school visits, which together reach 10-15,000 people a year across the region and nationally. To enhance the impact of our outreach we are developing demonstrations based on the science funded in our programme. These include an interactive illustration of gravitational lensing which makes innovative use of an Xbox kinect camera, laptop and large display screen to produce real time images of how people would lens their surroundings if their gravitational mass were greatly enhanced. We are continuing to develop our "Cosmic Universe" application for iPad and iPhone. This free app, which has been downloaded over 20,000 times from iTunes, allows the public to interact with the simulations of the Universe undertaken at Durham, providing a striking and effective way to visualise the size and structure of our Universe. We have plans for a more immersive experience using the Oculus rift. We produce high resolution movies of our cosmological structure formation simulations for public audiences and this year they formed the heart of the spectacular "World Machine" projection onto Durham Cathedral that was viewed by 150,000 people during the 4 day 2015 Durham Lumiere light festival (see front cover).

Our astronomical instrumentation projects include technology developments relevant to Earth Observation science (remote sensing) and we are continuing to explore the applications of compact integral field spectrometers to hyperspectral imaging. Our expertise in using adaptive optics for aberration correction has enabled the development of new techniques to image more deeply within human tissue samples whilst maintaining sub-micron resolution, whilst our experience in real-time data handling systems underpins our participation in an EPSRC CDT in Fusion Science & Technology. Finally we are investigating the commercialisation of muon tomography for carbon storage using techniques that we have developed using STFC, DECC and oil industry funding

As well as technology transfer, some of the methodology used in our theoretical and observational work has KE potential. For example, we are developing new statistical approaches to quantifying parameter uncertainties in complex computer models. This computationally efficient technique is appropriate for mapping the behaviour of models of climate change or oil extraction as well as galaxy formation models. Our work in this field has had significant impact in the statistical community, as well as attracting interest from the Bank of England as it may have application to the modelling of financial markets by regulators.

Finally, our broader research programme underpins the research development of a cohort of postgraduate students at Durham, providing them with training in specific and transferable skills. Our students are given top level training in high performance computing, including parallel programming, "Big Data" methods applied to our huge datasets and developing advanced visualization tools. Using these skills our former students have taken jobs in a range of industries from computer gaming to finance and genetics. Similarly, Physics students at Durham benefit through their participation in our research work via their 4th year MSci projects. Our technical training of these post/undergraduate students provides a pool of talented, skilled candidates to the UK economy.

Publications

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Luo B (2016) THE CHANDRA DEEP FIELD-SOUTH SURVEY: 7 MS SOURCE CATALOGS in The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series

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Lucey J (2018) Serendipitous discovery of quadruply imaged quasars: two diamonds in Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society

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Lovell M (2019) The signal of decaying dark matter with hydrodynamical simulations in Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society

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Lovell M (2017) Addressing the too big to fail problem with baryon physics and sterile neutrino dark matter in Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society

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Lovell M (2020) Local group star formation in warm and self-interacting dark matter cosmologies in Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society

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Lovell J (2017) A compact, smart Langmuir Probe control module for MAST-Upgrade in Journal of Instrumentation

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Louarn P (2017) Generation of the Jovian hectometric radiation: First lessons from Juno in Geophysical Research Letters

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Llinares C (2019) Detecting Coupled Domain Walls in Laboratory Experiments. in Physical review letters

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Llinares C (2019) Simulation techniques for modified gravity in International Journal of Modern Physics D

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Llinares C (2020) Non-linear phenomenology of disformally coupled quintessence in Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society

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Llinares C (2018) Testing modified gravity with globular clusters: the case of NGC 2419 in Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society: Letters

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Lindsey N (2017) Fiber-Optic Network Observations of Earthquake Wavefields in Geophysical Research Letters

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Libeskind N (2018) Tracing the cosmic web in Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society

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Liao S (2017) The segregation of baryons and dark matter during halo assembly in Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society

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Liao S (2019) Ultra-diffuse galaxies in the Auriga simulations in Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society

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Li Y (2022) Non-linear reconstruction of features in the primordial power spectrum from large-scale structure in Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society

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Li R (2019) SDSS-IV MaNGA: the inner density slopes of nearby galaxies in Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society

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Li R (2017) Projection effects in the strong lensing study of subhaloes in Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society

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Li B (2018) Galaxy-galaxy weak gravitational lensing in f(R) gravity in Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society

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Li B (2019) Approximation methods in modified gravity models in International Journal of Modern Physics D

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Li B (2020) Measuring the baryon acoustic oscillation peak position with different galaxy selections in Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society

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Leo M (2018) A new smooth- k space filter approach to calculate halo abundances in Journal of Cosmology and Astroparticle Physics

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Leo M (2018) Nonlinear growth of structure in cosmologies with damped matter fluctuations in Journal of Cosmology and Astroparticle Physics

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Leo M (2017) The effect of thermal velocities on structure formation in N-body simulations of warm dark matter in Journal of Cosmology and Astroparticle Physics

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Leo M (2018) N-body simulations of structure formation in thermal inflation cosmologies in Journal of Cosmology and Astroparticle Physics

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Le Bret T (2017) Particle tagging and its implications for stellar population dynamics in Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society

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Lansbury G (2018) Storm in a Teacup: X-Ray View of an Obscured Quasar and Superbubble in The Astrophysical Journal

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Landt H (2019) The first spectroscopic dust reverberation programme on active galactic nuclei: the torus in NGC 5548 in Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society

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Landt H (2017) On the black hole mass of the ?-ray emitting narrow-line Seyfert 1 galaxy 1H 0323+342 in Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society

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Landt H (2023) A Complex Dust Morphology in the High-luminosity AGN Mrk 876 in The Astrophysical Journal

 
Description The research explored in this consolidated grant is varied and carried out by 29 academic members of staff, with associated researchers. Amongst the most significant key findings across the duration of the grant were:
(1) prediction from simulations that massive hot dark-matter halos suppress the formation of stars and trigger the growth of supermassive black holes;
(2) prediction from simulations that the distribution of dark-matter sub structures in our own Milky Way galaxy can help identify the nature of dark matter;
(3) measurements of how changes in the rate of supermassive black-hole growth impact their observed properties;
(4) the characterisation of pulsations from ultra-luminous X-ray sources, identified to be due to accretion onto neutron stars, the extreme degenerate stellar core left following a supernova explosion;
(5) the development of physically motivated models for the growth of supermassive black holes and their expected observed properties;
(6) the structure and morphology of gas in the most rapidly forming galaxies: rings and bars are seen as found for nearby galaxies;
(7) the role that angular momentum in galaxies has on their observed properties and their changes across half the age of the universe.
Exploitation Route Our results are driving the development of new facilities and these in turn will be used to test our results and lead to new avenues for research, both ourselves and other international groups.
Sectors Education,Other

URL http://astro.dur.ac.uk
 
Description The research in our group is focused on studying the origin and evolution of the contents of the Universe. Consequently, our primary societal impact is through developing the general public's appreciation of the complexity and variety of the Universe around them. Our programme of science engagement is undertaken jointly with the Institute for Computational Cosmology and the Centre for Advanced Instrumentation, both at Durham and with which we have strong links, including a number of joint staff appointments. The impact of our programme is enhanced considerably by our outreach and schools engagement activities which are spearheaded by Dr Lorraine Coghill, our Ogden Trust science outreach and engagement specialist. We deliver a wide range of talks, planetarium shows, hands-on science sessions, and art-science sessions to schools in the North East and local astronomical societies. These activities engage thousands of local school children in the latest developments in astronomy and cosmology to help inspire the next generation of scientists. Some of our largest science engagement activities are: - The Durham University Schools Science Festival which was attended by ~850 local school children. - The annual Durham Celebrate Science festival on palace green beside Durham cathedral. It is attended by ~7000 visitors/year - The bi-annual Durham Lumiere, where we show movies of our computational simulations, projected on buildings (including Durham cathedral). Durham Lumber is a city-wide several-day exhibition mixture of art and science - it is always sold out! We also have public engagement through our links with the Kielder Observatory (based in the Dark Skies reserve in the National Forest) which further widen the reach of our outreach activities. Some of our academic staff members sit on the Kielder Observatory board.
First Year Of Impact 2016
Sector Education,Other
Impact Types Cultural

 
Description Data Intensive Science Translation Fellow
Amount £276,889 (GBP)
Funding ID ST/R005516/1 
Organisation Science and Technologies Facilities Council (STFC) 
Sector Public
Country United Kingdom
Start 07/2018 
End 06/2021
 
Description DiRAC Bridging Grant 2019
Amount £311,755 (GBP)
Funding ID ST/T001372/1 
Organisation Science and Technologies Facilities Council (STFC) 
Sector Public
Country United Kingdom
Start 04/2019 
End 09/2019
 
Description DiRAC-2 Datacentric support grant
Amount £365,964 (GBP)
Funding ID ST/M007006/1 
Organisation Science and Technologies Facilities Council (STFC) 
Sector Public
Country United Kingdom
Start 03/2014 
End 03/2018
 
Description DiRAC-2.5 DC - Operations 2017-2020
Amount £512,169 (GBP)
Funding ID ST/R000832/1 
Organisation Science and Technologies Facilities Council (STFC) 
Sector Public
Country United Kingdom
Start 08/2017 
End 03/2020
 
Description DiRAC: Memory Intensive 2.5x
Amount £2,120,279 (GBP)
Funding ID ST/R002371/1 
Organisation Science and Technologies Facilities Council (STFC) 
Sector Public
Country United Kingdom
Start 08/2017 
End 03/2018
 
Description Dirac-3 Operations 2019-2022- Durham
Amount £2,232,863 (GBP)
Funding ID ST/S003908/1 
Organisation Science and Technologies Facilities Council (STFC) 
Sector Public
Country United Kingdom
Start 10/2019 
End 03/2022
 
Description Dirac-3 Operations 2019-2022- Durham
Amount £1,748,945 (GBP)
Funding ID ST/V002376/1 
Organisation Science and Technologies Facilities Council (STFC) 
Sector Public
Country United Kingdom
Start 10/2019 
End 03/2022
 
Description ERC Advanced Grant
Amount € 2,050,275 (EUR)
Organisation European Research Council (ERC) 
Sector Public
Country Belgium
Start 01/2013 
End 12/2018
 
Description PATT Linked Grant for the Durham Astrophysics Group 2016-18
Amount £41,301 (GBP)
Funding ID ST/P001157/1 
Organisation Science and Technologies Facilities Council (STFC) 
Sector Public
Country United Kingdom
Start 01/2017 
End 12/2018
 
Description PATT Linked Grant for the Durham Astrophysics Group 2019-20
Amount £30,347 (GBP)
Funding ID ST/S001557/1 
Organisation Science and Technologies Facilities Council (STFC) 
Sector Public
Country United Kingdom
Start 01/2019 
End 09/2020
 
Description STFC Durham Physics 2017 DTP
Amount £735,070 (GBP)
Funding ID ST/R504725/1 
Organisation Science and Technologies Facilities Council (STFC) 
Sector Public
Country United Kingdom
Start 09/2017 
End 09/2021
 
Description UK Programme for the European Extremely Large Telescope
Amount £1,467,773 (GBP)
Funding ID ST/N002660/1 
Organisation Science and Technologies Facilities Council (STFC) 
Sector Public
Country United Kingdom
Start 10/2015 
End 03/2019
 
Description UK Programme for the European Extremely Large Telescope - Additional Support 17/18
Amount £182,957 (GBP)
Funding ID ST/P003095/1 
Organisation Science and Technologies Facilities Council (STFC) 
Sector Public
Country United Kingdom
Start 04/2017 
End 03/2018
 
Description Using Cosmic Beasts to Uncover the Nature of Dark Matter
Amount £743,842 (GBP)
Funding ID MR/S017216/1 
Organisation Medical Research Council (MRC) 
Sector Public
Country United Kingdom
Start 05/2019 
End 04/2023
 
Description Your Place in the Universe
Amount £14,484 (GBP)
Funding ID ST/T00567X/1 
Organisation Science and Technologies Facilities Council (STFC) 
Sector Public
Country United Kingdom
Start 08/2020 
End 03/2022
 
Description Zooming in on feedback in active galaxies: the first high-resolution radio survey
Amount £992,150 (GBP)
Funding ID MR/T042842/1 
Organisation Medical Research Council (MRC) 
Sector Public
Country United Kingdom
Start 10/2020 
End 09/2024
 
Description LOFAR radio telescope 
Organisation LOFAR
Country Netherlands 
Sector Academic/University 
PI Contribution Development of the processing and reduction of international long-baseline array data
Collaborator Contribution Priority access to the LOFAR radio data
Impact Publications on the long-baseline LOFAR results will be coming out very soon
Start Year 2019
 
Description SKA radio telescope 
Organisation SKA Square Kilometre Array
Country United Kingdom 
Sector Charity/Non Profit 
PI Contribution Scientific and technical development through membership of the SKA science committee and member of very long baseline interferometry and extragalactic continuum working groups.
Collaborator Contribution Scientific planning and development.
Impact none
Start Year 2019
 
Description Astronomical society talks (~5/year) 
Form Of Engagement Activity A talk or presentation
Part Of Official Scheme? No
Geographic Reach Regional
Primary Audience Public/other audiences
Results and Impact Giving presentations on specialist topics to astronomical societies: typically about 5/year.
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity 2017,2018,2019,2020,2021,2022
 
Description Celebrate Science Festival 
Form Of Engagement Activity Participation in an activity, workshop or similar
Part Of Official Scheme? No
Geographic Reach Regional
Primary Audience Public/other audiences
Results and Impact Celebrate Science is an annual Durham University science festival. It runs for approximately 3 days and attracts about 7000 visitors, many of them school children and their parents: it is scheduled for a half-term week. Each year ~30 members of the astronomy group participate to the Celebrate Science festival. They engage with visitors through exhibits including many created in the astronomy group such as our "Galaxy Maker" and "Gravitational Lens" simulators. Unfortunately, Celebrate Science was cancelled in 2020 due to the covid pandemic and was on line in 2021.
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity 2017,2018,2019,2022
URL https://www.dur.ac.uk/celebrate.science/
 
Description Durham University Schools' Science Festival 
Form Of Engagement Activity Participation in an open day or visit at my research institution
Part Of Official Scheme? No
Geographic Reach Regional
Primary Audience Schools
Results and Impact The school's science festival targets year 9 and 10 students with the objective of enthusing them in STEM subjects. The astronomy-related activities are focused on understanding the nature of light and how it is used to understand the physics of astronomical objects. The activities including making spectroscopes using readily available materials.
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity 2017,2018,2019,2022
URL https://www.dur.ac.uk/science.outreach/sciencefestival/
 
Description General public talks including Pint of Science 
Form Of Engagement Activity A talk or presentation
Part Of Official Scheme? No
Geographic Reach Regional
Primary Audience Public/other audiences
Results and Impact Presenting and discussing ideas in astronomy and cosmology to the general public including the popular "Pint of Science" series of talks organised in a local pubs. Typically about 10 talks/year.
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity 2017,2018,2019,2020,2021,2022
 
Description Great Debate: Science, Rationality, and Religion 
Form Of Engagement Activity A talk or presentation
Part Of Official Scheme? No
Geographic Reach Regional
Primary Audience Public/other audiences
Results and Impact Including debates lead by a speaker representing each side of the argument. The speakers included the Bishop of Durham and academics.
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity 2018
URL https://www.dur.ac.uk/ias/events/events_listings/?eventno=33785
 
Description Locomotion dark skies event with Tim Peakes Spacecraft 
Form Of Engagement Activity Participation in an activity, workshop or similar
Part Of Official Scheme? No
Geographic Reach Local
Primary Audience Public/other audiences
Results and Impact A guided tour of the Universe
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity 2018
URL https://www.locomotion.org.uk/dark-sky-sessions/
 
Description Planetarium visits (~20/year) 
Form Of Engagement Activity Participation in an activity, workshop or similar
Part Of Official Scheme? No
Geographic Reach Regional
Primary Audience Schools
Results and Impact Planetarium shows to schoolchildren, social clubs (e.g., Brownies), and astronomical societies in the North East region. Shows include an understanding of objects in the night sky, the constellations, and basic physics. An excellent introduction to the excitement of astronomy and physics.
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity 2017,2018
URL https://www.dur.ac.uk/celebrate.science/
 
Description Royal Society Summer Science Exhibition 2020 
Form Of Engagement Activity Participation in an activity, workshop or similar
Part Of Official Scheme? No
Geographic Reach National
Primary Audience Public/other audiences
Results and Impact The Summer Science Exhibition is run by the Royal Society and is held in London. Over 14,000 members of the public including 2000 school children visit the Summer Science Exhibition each year. Many more are engaged through media coverage on TV and online. Exhibiting at the Royal Society not only engages the school children and the general public in STEM subjects, it also has the potential to influence policy makers and to engage potential funders. We estimate we had direct contact with over 3000 visitors for our astronomy and cosmology exhibits.
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity 2020,2022
 
Description School visits to enthuse students about STEM subjects (~10/year) 
Form Of Engagement Activity A talk or presentation
Part Of Official Scheme? No
Geographic Reach Regional
Primary Audience Schools
Results and Impact School visits to discuss astronomy to enthuse them in STEM-related subjects. Typically ~10 visits per year.
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity 2017,2018,2019,2020,2021,2022
 
Description Talking Science at STFC Rutherford Appleton Laboratory 
Form Of Engagement Activity A talk or presentation
Part Of Official Scheme? No
Geographic Reach National
Primary Audience Public/other audiences
Results and Impact Lecture on black holes: fact, fiction, or fantasy
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity 2017
URL http://www.stfc.ac.uk/public-engagement/activities-for-the-public/visit-the-rutherford-appleton-labo...
 
Description Twitter account 
Form Of Engagement Activity Engagement focused website, blog or social media channel
Part Of Official Scheme? No
Geographic Reach International
Primary Audience Media (as a channel to the public)
Results and Impact Twitter account with currently over 1400 followers
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity 2018
URL https://twitter.com/DarkerMatters