4DMIX:Unravelling magma mixing and eruption dynamics by 4D HPHT x-ray tomographic experiments, numerical modelling and observations
Lead Research Organisation:
UNIVERSITY OF MANCHESTER
Abstract
Volcanic eruptions are hazardous and complex, controlled by processes in magma reservoirs and conduits such as crystallisation and crystal dissolution, volatile exsolution (mostly H2O and CO2) and magma mixing. These processes influence magma mobility, ascent dynamics, and eruptive style, yet remain poorly constrained and understood because they occur at depth and cannot be directly observed in real time. Current knowledge is largely derived from geophysical signals, volcanological observations, and erupted products, which provide indirect or post-eruptive insights. Results from the original FLF research project 4DVOLC have prevalently focussed on the dynamics of mafic magmas, illustrating the ubiquitous occurrence of disequilibrium crystallisation, the effect of dendritic and nanolite crystals on magma rheology, the role of vesicle coalescence on magma degassing/outgassing, and mechanisms underpinning transitions in eruptive style. Drawing from expertise acquired during the original application, 4DMIX will primarily focus on studying magma mixing by using a novel holistic experimental-numerical approach. The project combines unique experimental capability, cutting-edge 4D (3D+time) x-ray imaging, and advanced modelling in an integrated framework. This interdisciplinary approach, supported by strong expertise in volcanology, high-pressure/high-temperature experimentation, and computational modelling, ensures 4DMIX will deliver a step change in our ability to understand and predict volcanic activity.
I will combine 4D synchrotron x-ray computed microtomography imaging with an existing novel internally heated, x-ray transparent pressure vessel, developed during the original project, to reproduce sub-volcanic pressure–temperature conditions and observe magmatic processes develop, such as mixing between two magmas, in situ. From the 4D experiments, I will derive new constitutive laws for crystallisation, crystal dissolution and volatile exsolution under realistic conditions of magma mixing between two magmas with different compositions. These constitutive equations will be implemented into state-of-the-art numerical modelling of conduit magma ascent enabling direct comparison to volcanological observations and geophysical datasets, ultimately aiming to improve predictions of eruptive behaviour. The project will target two Chilean volcanoes — Tinguiririca and Nevado de Chillán — both of which have past and recent histories of eruptions involving magma mixing.
Volcanic eruptions remain one of the least predictable natural hazards because the controlling processes are hidden from view. 4DMIX will help overcome this limitation by providing direct experimental data on magma evolution at realistic sub-volcanic pressure and temperature conditions, enabling physical models that capture the link between magma mixing, conduit dynamics and eruptive style. The outcomes will advance fundamental volcanology and support improved volcanic hazard assessment and risk mitigation worldwide. More broadly, the fellowship continued support will ensure not only the success of 4DMIX research aims and objectives, but also lasting benefits for people, knowledge, and research culture across the scientific community.
I will combine 4D synchrotron x-ray computed microtomography imaging with an existing novel internally heated, x-ray transparent pressure vessel, developed during the original project, to reproduce sub-volcanic pressure–temperature conditions and observe magmatic processes develop, such as mixing between two magmas, in situ. From the 4D experiments, I will derive new constitutive laws for crystallisation, crystal dissolution and volatile exsolution under realistic conditions of magma mixing between two magmas with different compositions. These constitutive equations will be implemented into state-of-the-art numerical modelling of conduit magma ascent enabling direct comparison to volcanological observations and geophysical datasets, ultimately aiming to improve predictions of eruptive behaviour. The project will target two Chilean volcanoes — Tinguiririca and Nevado de Chillán — both of which have past and recent histories of eruptions involving magma mixing.
Volcanic eruptions remain one of the least predictable natural hazards because the controlling processes are hidden from view. 4DMIX will help overcome this limitation by providing direct experimental data on magma evolution at realistic sub-volcanic pressure and temperature conditions, enabling physical models that capture the link between magma mixing, conduit dynamics and eruptive style. The outcomes will advance fundamental volcanology and support improved volcanic hazard assessment and risk mitigation worldwide. More broadly, the fellowship continued support will ensure not only the success of 4DMIX research aims and objectives, but also lasting benefits for people, knowledge, and research culture across the scientific community.