Hierarchical Structuring of Nanomaterials on Roll-to-Roll for Battery Applications

One of the greatest challenges nanotechnology is facing today, is the lack of processes to organise nanoparticles into well-controlled structures at scale. Similar to how advanced lithography has enabled the mass production of transistors, we need to develop methods to reliably and cost effectively assemble nanomaterials at scale. If successful, such processes can potentially revolutionise how we filter water, fabricate biomedical implants, harvest and store energy, to name a few. This PhD project will follow a methodical approach to develop such a process for large area coating of battery electrodes using Roll-to-Roll. We will use a methodologic approach to optimise material morphology from the bottom-up, starting with nanoscale optimisation of nanomaterial interfaces, microscale pore structures and large scale coating. This PhD project has an interesting new angle at addressing this challenge by combining R2R processing with Microfluidics and self-assembly for the first time. The improved morphological control over the electrode architecture that will be attained by this project will allow for improved ion and electron transport in the electrode, which is of key importance to improve for instance the charging times required in electrical vehicles, which to date remain a major bottleneck for a wider adoption of electrical vehicles. Figure 2 shows an example of how advanced nanomaterials will be synthesised (Figures 2a-c), how they will be coated on R2R using microfluidic coating heads (Figure 2d), and the resulting self-assembled materials (Figure 2E). Finally, the fabrication process pursued in this project is not only useful for advancing battery electrodes, but also for many other applications with high societal impact, including water filtration and catalysis.

Our main impacts will be:
- a new generation of interdisciplinary nano researchers with expertise across science and innovation, fluent in the combination of approaches and technologies
- strategic developments in the study and control of nano-interfaces connecting complex architectures, for advances in emerging scientific grand challenges across vital areas of energy, health and ICT
- integration of new functional nanotechnologies together by harnessing nano-interfaces within larger application systems, and their translation into innovative products and services through our industry partners and student-led spin-outs
- a paradigm change of collaborative outlook in this science and technology
- a strong interaction with stakeholders including outreach and public engagement with cutting edge nano research
- improved use of interdisciplinary working tools including management, discipline bridging and IT

Economic impact of the new CDT is focused through our industrial engagement programme, as well as our innovation training. Our partner companies include - NPL, Hitachi, Oxford Nanopore, TWI, ARM, Eight19, Mursla, Britvic, Nokia Bell Labs, IBM, Merck, Oxford Instruments, Aixtron, Cambridge Display Technologies, Fluidic Analytics, Emberion, Schlumberger, Applied Materials and others. Such partnerships are crucial for the UK to revive high value manufacturing as the key pillar to lead for future technologies. We evidence this via the large number of CDT projects resulting in patents, with their exploitation supported by Cambridge Enterprise and our Industry Partners, and direct economic impact has also resulted from the large proportion of our students/alumni joining industry (a key outcome), or founding startups including: Echion Technologies (battery materials), Inkling Cambridge (Graphene inks and composites), HexagonFab (2D materials), Simprints (low-cost biometrics), Cortirio (rapid diagnosis of brain injury).

Training impact emerges through not just the vast array of Nano techniques and ideas that our cohorts and associated students are exposed to, but also the interdisciplinary experience that accrues to all the academics. In particular the younger researchers coming into the University are plugged into a thriving programme that connects their work to many other sciences, applications, and societal challenges. Interactions with external partners, including companies, are also strong and our intern programme will greatly strengthen training outcomes.

Academic impact is fostered by ensuring strong coherent plans for research in the early years, and also the strong focus of the whole CDT on study and control of nano-interfaces connecting complex architectures. Our track record for CDT student-led publications is already strong, including 4 Nature/Science, 6 Nature Chem/Nano/Mat, 13 Nat. Comm., with student publications receiving >6000 citations in total, including 16 papers with >100 citations each and high altmetric scores. Students have also given talks and posters at international conferences and won numerous awards/fellowships for research excellence.

Societal impacts arise from both the progression of our cohorts into their careers as well as their interaction with the media, public, and sponsors. We directly encourage a wide variety of engagement, including interaction with >5000 members of the public each year (mostly pre-university) through Nano exhibits during public events such as the Cambridge Science Festival and Royal Society Summer Science Exhibition, and also art-science collaborations to reach new audiences. We also run public policy and global challenges workshops, and will further develop this aspect with external partners. Our efforts to bring societal challenges to students' awareness frames their view of what a successful career looks like. Longer term societal impact comes directly from our engagement with partner companies creating jobs and know-how in the UK.