Multivalent Hybrid Supercapacitors

One of the great challenges in the twenty-first century is unquestionably energy storage that does not cause harmful carbon dioxide emissions that have led to climate change. In response to the needs of modern society and emerging ecological concerns, it is now essential that new, low-cost and environmentally friendly energy conversion and storage systems are found; hence the rapid development of research in this field. The performance of these devices depends intimately on the properties of their materials. Innovative materials chemistry lies at the heart of the advances that have already been made in energy conversion and storage, for example the introduction of the rechargeable lithium battery. Further breakthroughs in materials, not incremental changes, hold the key to new generations of energy storage and conversion devices. Lithium-ion batteries are one of the great successes of modern materials electrochemistry. Their science and technology have been extensively reported in previous and dedicated books. There is an increasing need for smaller and more flexible lithium-(and sodium and other metal) ion batteries (or related devices) and for methods to assemble battery materials. Nanoparticles, nanotubes, and nanowires, as well as several assembly methods for constructing dimensionally small batteries which may particularly be used to be low cost and of interest in the next generation of electric vehicles, grid storage and in powering laptops, smartphones and power tools for example. The development of energy storage devices using nanoparticles or smaller particles, which allow devices to charge and discharge faster, and store more energy, is a key innovation that will be a pursuit of this research.