Examining the role of non-equilibrium phase separation within nucleoli function

The nucleolus is a membrane-less organelle that exists within the nucleus of eukaryotic cells (and the cytoplasm of prokaryotes). It its recognised predominantly for its role in ribosomal biogenesis. As a membrane-less organelle, its dynamics are dictated by phase separations; a physical phenomenon that causes the transition of a homogenous liquid into multiple distinct liquid phases. While phase separation in equilibrium is well understood, no comprehensive theory of non- equilibrium phase separation currently exists. There is a demand for this due to the recent recognition of the role that chemically driven (ATP driven) phase separation has when dictating the dynamics of these membrane-less organelles within cells. This research aims at developing and analysing a simulation of nucleoli that describes how phase separation governs their function of ribosomal biogenesis. This model can be used in conjuncture with experimental data to understand the mechanisms behind nucleoli function better, while also improving our understanding of non-equilibrium phase separation.