Interaction of SARS-COV2 and influenza virus with particulate matter air pollution

Patients infected with influenza and SARS-CoV-2 are more than twice as likely to die as someone with SARS-CoV-2 alone (Stowe J, 2020) There is evidence of higher transmission rates and worsening of health outcomes when subjects are also exposed to high levels of ambient particulate matter (PM) pollution (Lu, 2020). As documented with the COVID-19 pandemic, evidence from Lombardy, Italy, suggested that higher ambient levels and daily fluctuations of pollution, increase the rate of COVID-19 infection (Setti L, 2020). SARS-CoV-2 has been detected indirectly on PM in pollution via RNA extraction and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) (Setti L et al, 2020). Viable SARS-CoV-2 virus (detected by PCR and positive culture) has been shown in the ultrafine fraction of PM with diameters of 250-500 nm (Lednicky JA, 2021), raising the possibility that these particles could act as a vector for SARS-CoV-2, but there is no direct visual evidence as to whether these particles form hybrids. If PM and the respiratory viruses interact in air, the resulting particle-hybrid could affect airborne spread, transmission and infectivity. On the other hand specific components of PM are redox active and there is very recent evidence that diesel PM can deactivate influenza viruses (Hsiao TC, 2021).

This PhD will test the hypothesis that PM acts as a vector for SARS-CoV-2 and influenza viruses, increasing the potential for airborne spread of the virus, infectivity and for boosting cellular inflammatory response. In addition, it will establish whether influenza or SARS-COV-2 interact with specific components of PM and whether specific PM chemistries amplify or protect against cellular damage. The outcomes will provide guidance around which polluted microenvironments are potentially most unsafe for infection and could shed light on new therapeutic interventions.

Task 1 will optimise infection and PM dosing of human epithelial cells. Task 2 will determine response of human nasal epithelial cells Human Nasal Airway Epithelial Cells (HNE) to SARS-CoV-2-infected and PM. Task 3 will assess whether SARS-CoV2 adheres to PM in the cellular environment.

EPSRC areas: particle technology and biophysics

Aerosol science has a significant impact on a broad range of disciplines, extending from inhaled drug delivery, to combustion science and its health impacts, aerosol assisted routes to materials, climate change, and the delivery of agricultural and consumer products. Estimates of the global aerosol market size suggest it will reach $84 billion/year by 2024 with products in the personal care, household, automotive, food, paints and medical sectors. Air pollution leads to an estimated 30-40,000 premature deaths each year in the UK, and aerosols transmit human and animal infections. More than 12 million people in the UK live with lung disease such as asthma, and the NHS spends ~£5 billion/year on respiratory therapies. Many of the technological, societal and health challenges central to these areas rely on core skills and knowledge of aerosol science. Despite this, an Industrial Workshop and online survey (held in preparation for this bid) highlighted the current doctoral skills gap in aerosol science in the UK. Participating industries reported that only 15% of their employees working with aerosol science at doctoral-level having received any formal training. A CDT in aerosol science, CAS, will fill this skills gap, impacting on all areas of science where core training in aerosol science is crucial.

Impact on the UK aerosol community: Aerosol scientists work across governmental policy, industrial research and innovation, and in academia. Despite the considerable overlap in training needs for researchers working in these diverse sectors, current doctoral training in aerosol science is fragmentary and ad hoc (e.g. the annual Fundamentals of Aerosol Science course delivered by the Aerosol Society). In addition, training occurs within the context of individual disciplines, reinforcing artificial subject boundaries. CAS will bring coherence to training in the core physical and engineering science of aerosols, catalysing new synergies in research, and providing a focal point for training a multidisciplinary community of researchers. Working with the Aerosol Society, we will establish a legacy by providing training resources for future researchers through an online training portal.

Impact on industry and public-sector partners: 45 organisations have indicated they will act as CAS partners with interests in respiratory therapies, public health, materials manufacturing, consumer and agricultural products, instrumentation, emissions and environment. Establishing CAS will deliver researchers with the necessary skills to ensure the UK establishes and sustains a scientific and technical lead in their sectors. Further, it will provide an ideal mechanism for delivering Continuing Professional Development for the existing workforce practitioners. The activity of CAS is aligned to the Industrial Strategy Challenge Fund (e.g. through developing new healthcare technologies and new materials) and the EPSRC Prosperity Outcomes of a productive, healthy (e.g. novel treatments for respiratory disease) and resilient (e.g. adaptations to climate change, air quality) nation, with both the skilled researchers and their science naturally translating to long-lasting impact. Additionally, rigorous training in responsible innovation and ethical standards will lead to aerosol researchers able to contribute to developing: regulatory standards for medicines; policy on air quality and climate geoengineering; and regulations on manufactured nano-materials.

Public engagement: CAS will provide a focal point for engaging the public on topics in aerosol science that affect our daily lives (consumer products, materials) through to our health (inhalation therapeutics, disease transmission and impacts of pollution) and the future of our planet (geoengineering). Supported by a rigorous doctoral level training in aerosol science, this next generation of researchers will be ideally positioned to lead debates on all of these societal and technological challenges.