Design and 3D-Printing of Biomaterials for Cardiovascular Applications

The proposed research project aims to explore the vast potential of replicating the intricate nature of cardiovascular tissues through the design and additive manufacturing (3D printing, 3DP) of biomaterials. Previous studies in extrusion-based bioprinting of hydrogels have demonstrated the creation of orthotropic, viscoelastic, and hyperelastic material properties, providing a foundation for tissue replication. This investigation will specifically focus on arteries, characterised by a distinct three-layered structure with mechanical properties varying based on location in the cardiovascular tree and disease pathology. By replicating these mechanical properties, we aim to lay the groundwork for developing tissue scaffolds, grafts, and diagnostic tools with enhanced functionality and compatibility. Graft failure in small-diameter vessels, primarily attributed to blood clot formation, emphasises the critical need for addressing both the hemocompatibility and mechanical properties of graft materials. Drawing from prior research within the Thomas-Seale group at the University of Birmingham, sub-zero bioprinting of Polyvinyl-Alcohol (PVA)
Cryogel has been explored to replicate the intrinsic mechanical properties of the arterial wall. Additionally, leveraging an upscaled in-silico model, which has demonstrated the influence of interface design on intramural stress distribution within multi-layered grafts, we aim to refine our understanding of graft mechanics for improved performance. To translate these fundamental findings into tangible cardiovascular applications, a crucial aspect involves cultivating an endothelium on a 3DP substrate. While existing literature supports the culture of endothelial cells on PVA-Gelatin blends, this project will explore the novel approach of 3D printing PVA-GelMA blends, incorporating both physical and chemical cross-linking during manufacturing [3]. Employing 3DP for the substrate will facilitate a comprehensive exploration of mechanical properties, surface characteristics, formulation, and printing parameters in relation to the response of endothelial cells. This research endeavour seeks to bridge the gap between fundamental biomaterial studies and practical applications in cardiovascular healthcare.
The anticipated outcomes include the development of novel biomaterials with tailored mechanical properties, optimised for cardiovascular applications. Insights gained from this research will not only contribute to the advancement of tissue engineering but also hold potential for enhancing the success of grafts and diagnostic tools in cardiovascular interventions. The interdisciplinary nature of this project aligns with the evolving landscape of biomaterial research, offering valuable contributions to both scientific knowledge and clinical practice.