Operando electrochemical atomic force microscopy of Li-S batteries: Revealing the nanoscale mechanisms driving anode and cathode capacity loss and

Through the development of operando Electrochemical Atomic Force Microscopy (EC-AFM) as a tool to study Li-S batteries, the project aims to reveal the mechanisms driving topographical (volume expansion, electrode/protection layer cracking, blocking layer formation), mechanical (dendrite evolution, SEI development/degradation) and electrochemical (redox catalyst processes, Li deposition/stripping, S solubilisation) change during cell operation. This will be with nanoscale resolution.