'Our Fritz': Crown Prince Frederick William and the Political Culture of Bismarckian Germany
Lead Research Organisation:
University of St Andrews
Department Name: History
Abstract
On 9 March 1888, after decades spent waiting, Crown Prince Frederick William (1831-1888) finally succeeded to the thrones of Prussia and the German Reich. He was 56 years old and dying of laryngeal cancer. After 99 days of voiceless torment Emperor Frederick III followed his father into the grave. Frederick's importance, however, does not lie primarily in his brief reign, but in the period before 1888 and in the commemoration that followed his death. During his years as a king-and-emperor in waiting, the Crown Prince served as the canvas onto which varied political forces projected their hopes and fears for Germany's future. After 1888, they either used his memory in an attempt to push for political change or worked hard to prevent such a utilisation. Some of the great what-if speculations about the course of German history pivot on the person of this perpetual Crown Prince and his alleged liberalism and Anglophilia. His succession at any point during the 1860s or 1870s, numerous contemporary and retrospective observers have wistfully (or fearfully) maintained, would have opened up a real chance for Germany to embrace liberal constitutionalism. A lasting Anglo-German partnership buttressed by dynastic links and growing ideological harmony would have prevented the Great War and subsequently the twentieth century would have turned out utterly different.
Frederick William thus personifies one of the great potential historical turning points, but the prism of his tragic life also offers a fascinating perspective on the political culture of nineteenth-century Prussia, Germany and Europe. It encapsulates crucial formative forces such as generational change, dynasty, the role of political parties, nation-building, constitutional liberalism, the rise of bourgeois values, memory, the unfolding of a media-driven mass politics and the strong residual powers of the monarch.
Overshadowed as he was by his father and by chancellor Otto von Bismarck, Frederick William has long suffered historiographical neglect with no full scholarly life being available in any language. I intend to remedy this by writing a biographical study of Crown Prince Frederick William, which will tackle the issues of his liberalism and the extent of his commitment to fundamental political change in Germany as well as his ability to deliver it. The book will also take seriously what he actually did do - in spite of the significant restrictions placed on him by his father and the political status quo. Taken together, these two core lines of enquiry will bring about a subtle and comprehensive understanding of the contribution which he, and the hopes (and fears) associated with his future reign, made to Prussia's and Germany's political culture during and beyond his lifetime.
The memory of Frederick III has remained a topic charged with considerable, if speculative, political meaning: was he Germany's great liberal opportunity? Did he personify a generation that missed its historical hour, or was he - as is suggested by the monuments erected in his honour under his son's aegis - above all the glorious and uncontroversial victor of 1866 and 1870?
The inherent problems of such speculative interpretations notwithstanding, a study of the Crown Prince's/Emperor's life and function will significantly contribute to our understanding of the dissatisfaction felt by many with the political, social and cultural status quo of Bismarckian Germany. It will also highlight the inherent ability of the system to resist change. Exploring the role of the next sovereign, the personification of an impending new beginning, will also draw attention to contemporaries' belief in the openness of Germany's future / a perception now buried under many layers of hindsight and powerful continuities. My book will tie these themes to the moving story of a tragic life, whose colour and detail can berevived powerfully through his diaries and letters.
Frederick William thus personifies one of the great potential historical turning points, but the prism of his tragic life also offers a fascinating perspective on the political culture of nineteenth-century Prussia, Germany and Europe. It encapsulates crucial formative forces such as generational change, dynasty, the role of political parties, nation-building, constitutional liberalism, the rise of bourgeois values, memory, the unfolding of a media-driven mass politics and the strong residual powers of the monarch.
Overshadowed as he was by his father and by chancellor Otto von Bismarck, Frederick William has long suffered historiographical neglect with no full scholarly life being available in any language. I intend to remedy this by writing a biographical study of Crown Prince Frederick William, which will tackle the issues of his liberalism and the extent of his commitment to fundamental political change in Germany as well as his ability to deliver it. The book will also take seriously what he actually did do - in spite of the significant restrictions placed on him by his father and the political status quo. Taken together, these two core lines of enquiry will bring about a subtle and comprehensive understanding of the contribution which he, and the hopes (and fears) associated with his future reign, made to Prussia's and Germany's political culture during and beyond his lifetime.
The memory of Frederick III has remained a topic charged with considerable, if speculative, political meaning: was he Germany's great liberal opportunity? Did he personify a generation that missed its historical hour, or was he - as is suggested by the monuments erected in his honour under his son's aegis - above all the glorious and uncontroversial victor of 1866 and 1870?
The inherent problems of such speculative interpretations notwithstanding, a study of the Crown Prince's/Emperor's life and function will significantly contribute to our understanding of the dissatisfaction felt by many with the political, social and cultural status quo of Bismarckian Germany. It will also highlight the inherent ability of the system to resist change. Exploring the role of the next sovereign, the personification of an impending new beginning, will also draw attention to contemporaries' belief in the openness of Germany's future / a perception now buried under many layers of hindsight and powerful continuities. My book will tie these themes to the moving story of a tragic life, whose colour and detail can berevived powerfully through his diaries and letters.
Organisations
People |
ORCID iD |
Frank Muller (Principal Investigator) |
Publications
Muller Frank Lorenz
(2011)
Our Fritz: Emperor Frederick III and the Political Culture of Imperial Germany
Müller F
(2015)
Jahrbuch zur Liberalismus-Forschung
Müller, F. L.
(2015)
Zwei Kaiserinnen auf liberaler Mission
in Damals. Das Magazin für Geschichte
Müller, F. L.
(2013)
Der 99-Tage-Kaiser. Friedrich III. von Preußen. Prinz, Monarch, Mythos
Müller, F. L.
(2015)
Frauensache. Wie Brandenburg Preußen wurde
Müller, F. L.
(2012)
Myths and Counter-Myths
Müller, F. L.
(2012)
Liberaler Volkskaiser und hochgemuther Recke: Die Mythen um Kaiser Friedrich III.
Description | My book (Harvard University Press, 2011; German translation by Sieder-Verlag, 2013) has led to a re-evaluation of the role of Emperor Friedrich III. It was reviewed very widely (in academic journals as well as in the press [LRB, TLS, Wall St Journal, Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung, Die Welt, Frankfurter Rundschau]) and overwhelmingly positively. I am credited with having laid to rest the myth of Friedrich as a missed liberal turning point in German history. |
Exploitation Route | My findings will be integrated into a better understanding of the history of 19th-century Germany. |
Sectors | Education,Culture, Heritage, Museums and Collections |
URL | http://www.recensio.net/rezensionen/zeitschriften/german-historical-institute-london-bulletin/vol.-xxxiv-2012/2/ReviewMonograph653780286 |
Description | Based on the PI's expertise in the field - established through the publication supported by the award - he was invited to contribute to a number of projects addressed to non-academic audiences. The most important one was a large exhibition ("FrauenSache") organised in Berlin by the Foundation for the Prussian Palaces and Gardens and focused on the role of women in Prussian history. The PI gave a paper at an associated workshop (podcast available open-source online), authored a chapter for the conference catalogue and wrote an article for a popular History magazine devoted to the topic of the exhibition. |
First Year Of Impact | 2014 |
Sector | Education,Culture, Heritage, Museums and Collections |
Impact Types | Cultural,Societal |
Description | Central contribution to a radio feature on the German Empress Victoria (Bavarian Radio; public broadcaster) |
Form Of Engagement Activity | A press release, press conference or response to a media enquiry/interview |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | International |
Primary Audience | Media (as a channel to the public) |
Results and Impact | Bavarian Radio commissioned a 25-minute biographical feature on the German Empress Victoria (wife of Emperor Frederick III, son of Queen Victoria); the journalist in charge of the feature conducted a 60-minute interview with me and many excerpts from this interview featured in the broadcast version. - The programme was broadcast in November 2015. |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2015 |
URL | http://www.br.de/radio/bayern2/wissen/radiowissen/victoria-grossbritannien-kaiserin-100.html |
Description | Lecture on Dynastic Myths in Prussia (ECLA, Berlin) |
Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | International |
Primary Audience | Undergraduate students |
Results and Impact | I was invited to address the History class of the European College of Liberals Arts (now Bard's College) Berlin; lecture followed by Q&A. Increased awareness of importance of historical legens/myths |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2011 |
Description | Lecture on Frederick III and Royal Myths (Cambridge) |
Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | Regional |
Primary Audience | Other academic audiences (collaborators, peers etc.) |
Results and Impact | Some 20 PG students and academics attended a Cambridge Universtiy seminar at which I spoke; Q&A afterwards interest in further collaboration |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2010 |
Description | Lecture on Frederick III as a Missed Opportunity (London) |
Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | National |
Primary Audience | Public/other audiences |
Results and Impact | I gave a public lecture at the German Historical Institute, London. 1-hr lecture followed by Q&A. Increased levels of interest in 19th-century monarchical history. |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2011 |
Description | Lecture on Monarchical Politics of Memory in Imperial Germany (Frankfurt) |
Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | International |
Primary Audience | Postgraduate students |
Results and Impact | I addressed the Modern History Research Seminar at Frankfurt University. Lecture and Q&A. Increased awareness of importance of monarchical politics of memory in 19th-century Europe. |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2011 |
Description | Lecture on Monarchical Politics of Memory in Imperial Germany (Washington D.C.) |
Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | International |
Primary Audience | Other academic audiences (collaborators, peers etc.) |
Results and Impact | I addressed the Modern History Research Semianr at Georgetwon University; lecture and Q and A Requests for further collaboration |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2012 |
Description | Lecture on Myths surrounding Emperor Frederick III (Friedrichsruh, near Hamburg) |
Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | International |
Primary Audience | Public/other audiences |
Results and Impact | I gave a lecture at the Bismarck-Foundation. 1-hr lecture and Q and A afterwards. I was invited to submit a written version of my paper to be included in the Fundation's publication series. |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2011,2012 |
Description | Lecture on Popular Images of Emperor Frederick III (Bonn) |
Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | International |
Primary Audience | Public/other audiences |
Results and Impact | I gave a public lecture within the University of Bonn's "studium generale" scheme; about 45 participants; lecture and questions. Increase in interest in 19th-century monarchical history. |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2010 |
Description | Lecture on monarchical myths in 19th-century Europe (Edinburgh) |
Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | Regional |
Primary Audience | Public/other audiences |
Results and Impact | About 30 people attended my lecture as part of the "The Berlin Review of Books@Summerhall Lectures" in Edinburgh. Increased interst in 19th-century history, |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2012 |
Description | Lecture on popular myths surrounding Emperor Frederick III (Berlin) |
Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | International |
Primary Audience | Public/other audiences |
Results and Impact | I gave a public lecture at the "Urania" institution in Berlin; 60-minute lecture followed by Q&A. There was probably an increase in public interest in issues related to 19th-century monarchy. |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2013 |
Description | Paper on the German Empress Victoria (Berlin) |
Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | International |
Primary Audience | Public/other audiences |
Results and Impact | About 50 people attended a conference on the role of women in the dynascit history of Prussia (http://www.spsg.de/aktuelles/veranstaltung/perspektivweitung-frauen-und-maenner-machten-die-geschichte-brandenburg-preussens/tid/575/) requests for further discussion and information |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2014 |
URL | http://www.spsg.de/aktuelles/veranstaltung/perspektivweitung-frauen-und-maenner-machten-die-geschich... |
Description | Public lecture and interview (Potsdam) |
Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | International |
Primary Audience | Public/other audiences |
Results and Impact | Some 50 people attended a publicl lecture & interview I gave following the publication of my latest book. Increased interest in aspects of monarchical history, |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2013 |
Description | conference presentation on Bismarck and Crown Prince Friedrich Wilhelm (Friedrichsruh, near Hamburg) |
Form Of Engagement Activity | A formal working group, expert panel or dialogue |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | International |
Primary Audience | Professional Practitioners |
Results and Impact | talk sparked questions and discussion afterwards I was invited to contribute a written version of my paper to a journal/special issue. |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2014 |
Description | public lecture on Emperor Friedrich III (Bode-Museum, Berlin) |
Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | International |
Primary Audience | Public/other audiences |
Results and Impact | talk sparked questions and discussion afterwards members of the audience engaged me in discussions about Emperor Friedrich |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2014 |
Description | talk to lay organisation (Longniddry and District Probus Club) |
Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | Regional |
Primary Audience | Third sector organisations |
Results and Impact | I was inivited to give a paper (plus Q&A) to a meeting of the Longniddry & District Probus Club. About 45 members attended (and also the German Consul-General in Edinburgh). There were about 10 questions afterwards. |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2018 |