The Criminalisation of Dictatorial Pasts in Europe and Latin America in Global Perspective

Lead Research Organisation: University of Exeter
Department Name: History

Abstract

The "third wave of democratisation", begun in the 1970s, was accompanied by novel processes designed to manage the legacies of dictatorships. An important literature has focused on "transitional justice" and "memory" in Europe and Latin America, two regions prominent in the creation of policies of addressing non-democratic pasts. By developing a socio-historical approach centred on the notion of criminalisation, this project represents a significant advance upon the previous scholarship, in three respects. First, it examines criminal justice in its interactions with the construction of the label of "crime" in three interconnected socio-professional spaces: historiography, victims' activism and heritage. Second, it proposes a historicised analysis of processes arising during the "third wave of democratisation" and considers the way they were influenced by forms of justice and memory that emerged in the aftermath of World War II. Third, the project examines the configuration of actors who generate criminalisation narratives, in order to assess empirically the transnational circulation of norms, repertoires of collective action and institutional measures adopted to deal with ousted regimes. This will allow us to reflect on the entanglements and mutual influences between Europe and Latin America, while at the same time situating these regions in the context of global dynamics. In order to achieve a deeper understanding of these phenomena, the project seeks also to foster cooperation between scholars and professional experts involved in reckoning with the past (jurists, curators, activists). A partnership has been forged with the NGO IC-MEMO, which gathers together more than twenty museums dedicated to the memory of victims of political crimes. Our collaboration with the BDIC will likewise allow us to exploit the unique collections of this institution and to disseminate more widely our research results via a virtual handbook for high-schools and universities.
 
Description - What were the most significant achievements from the award?

The project developed the currently dominant literature on reckoning with violent pasts in two main areas.

Transnational justice and memory studies
First, by combining political sociology and transnational history and examining a wide range of interactions between Europe and Latin America, we challenged both methodological nationalism and methodological cosmopolitanism in transitional justice and memory studies. We have developed this approach during four workshops (Exeter University, March 2016; University of Paris Ouest Nanaterre, May 2016; Exeter University, November 2016; University of Oxford, September 2017) and an international conference (University of Paris Ouest Nanaterre, June 2017). One of the major outputs of the project, the special issue "Justice, Memory and Transnational Networks. European and South American Entanglements" (edited by Raluca Grosescu, Sophie Baby and Laure Neumayer and accepted for publication by Global Society, as no. 2/2109) gathered eight contributions that show how the globalization of memory and justice paradigms goes hand in hand with a fragmentation of, and on occasion competition between different narratives concerning dictatorial pasts, between international, regional and local understandings of "best practices" of dealing with political violence, and between various professional groups engaged in accountability and remembrance processes. On the one hand, the collection includes contributions on the circulation and recast of justice and memory paradigms between the two continents (e.g. the transfer of the Spanish model of transition to Chile; the appropriation by various Argentinean actors of the Holocaust imagery for criminalizing the last military dictatorship; the transfer of the Marxist and post-colonial legal thinking of French lawyer Jacques Verves to Argentina). On the other hand, the special issue provides insight into the activity of various transnational advocacy networks that compete with one with another in the global arena (e.g. advocacy networks pro and anti-Pinochet during and after the Cold War; transnational groups concerned with corporate accountability for human rights in Latin America; and museum practitioners that circulate between Eastern Europe and Latin America). The collection shows the multi-faceted nature of transnational transfers and collaborations, some of which reflect concepts that have become significant in the international arena, while others mirror ideas and practices with limited global impact that circulate only between "semi-peripheries" or between less influential networks of activists. A central question is why some ideas travel, and some remain parochial or only locally-embedded.


Historicizing alternative pathways of dealing with political violence
Second, in contrast to the dominant literature on transitional justice that has posited a linear and often teleological vision on human rights and international justice from the Nuremberg trial to the present day, our project investigated the history of the (often forgotten) pathways, contested visions, and historical junction through which the criminalization paradigm developed. Taking as its starting point the moment of an acceleration of decolonisation, globalisation and de-Stalinisation in the 1950s, the project integrated stories of dealing with the past into broader frameworks supplied, for example, by histories of globalization, neoliberalism or postcolonialism. This has been currently developed through one workshop (Exeter University, January 2018) and one conference (London South Bank University, November 2018) whose main output will be a second special issue "Criminalising Violent Pasts: Multiple Roots and Forgotten Pathways 1950s-2010s", edited by James Mark together with Joseph Slaughter (Columbia) and Phil Clark (SOAS). The collection, which is currently under preparation, includes a variety of contributions that retrace contesting approach to Western visions of international law (e.g. contestation of the Nuremberg paradigm by African communities in Rwanda and Uganda; the transformation of the dominant understanding of genocide in national courts in Argentina, Lithuania, Guatemala; the transnational history of consenso/ negotiated transition; anti-colonialism and criminalisation of Empire in the eastern bloc).


- To what extent were the award objectives met? If you can, briefly explain why any key objectives were not met.

The project aimed to developed two research axis: 1) examining the globalization of post-dictatorial and post-conflict justice and memory processes through the lens of interconnections and mutual influences between Europe and South America; and 2) historicizing processes of criminalization of the past since the 1950s, with a special focus on the contribution of so-called "semi-peripheries", non-Western actors (e.g. the Socialist works and the Global South), or less influential advocacy networks. These two objectives have been met through the publication of the two special issues: "Justice, Memory and Transnational Networks. European and South American Entanglements" (edited by Raluca Grosescu, Sophie Baby and Laure Neumayer and accepted for publication by Global Society, as no. 2/2109) & Criminalising Violent Pasts: Multiple Roots and Forgotten Pathways 1950s-2010s" (edited by James Mark, Joseph Slaughter and Phil Clark, to be published in 2020). We have also organized six workshops and two international conferences which brought together our team members and other researchers working on similar approaches. The two PhD students that were part of our team successfully defended and are now on research fellowship (Badescu, Behr).

In addition to these collective outputs, the team members developed their own research which resulted in key publications and new theoretical and empirical findings related to the main aims of the AHRC-LABEX project. Among these publications, we can mention some of the most prominent:

? Laure Neumayer The Criminalisation of Communism in the European Political Space after the Cold War (London, Routledge, 2018): Building on a vast literature about the conflicting memories of Communism in the former Eastern bloc, this book focuses on anti-Communist activism in European organisations after the Cold War. Its transnational perspective shows that European-level debates about Communism were not just the natural extension of the 'memory boom' that has affected Western countries since the 1980s, but the result of the combined action of a multiplicity of social agents, who made specific claims and developed particular repertoires of contention in variably structured socio-political spaces - national political fields, European institutions and the interstitial spaces between them. It thus contributes to an empirically-grounded political sociology of mnemopolitics in Europe.

? Nelly Bekus "Agency of Internal Transnationalism in Social Memory", published in the leading sociological journal British Journal of Sociology (2018). The article examines the limitations of methodological nationalism and methodological cosmopolitanism in memory studies by proposing a new concept, namely 'internal transnationalism'. Internalized transnationalism does not make a national memory concept less nation-centred, but it affects the choice of its cultural, political and civilizational framing. In contrast to methodological cosmopolitanism that implies rediscovering of the national as an internalized global, methodological transnationalism emphasizes the multiplicity of co-existing transnational networks that can be invoked by social actors in their national mnemonic agenda.


? Raluca Grosescu, "Judging Communist Crimes in Romania. Transnational and Global Influences", International Journal of Transitional Justice 11 (3) (2017): 505-524. Placing Romania in the centre of the analysis, the article investigates the role of non-coercive exogenous factors in national processes of dealing with the past. It argues that factors appareantly disconnected from the Romanian political sphere, such as the creation of international tribunals and the revival of criminal trials in Latin America had strongly impacted on the Romanian jurisprudence concerning communist crimes.

? Francesca Lessa, "Operation Condor on Trial: Justice for Transnational Human Rights Crimes in South America", Journal of Latin America Studies (2018). The article investigates how The Operation Condor verdict handed down in 2016 by Argentinean Court broke new ground in human rights and transitional justice, for its innovative focus on transnational crimes and for holding state agents accountable for extraterritorial human rights violations. By analysing this pioneering case, the article brings the question of cross-border crimes into academic debate. As borders become more porous, scholars and practitioners can no longer afford to side-line the topic of accountability for transnational crimes.

Please note this is only an interim report. We will have further outputs and impacts to relate in the final report.
Exploitation Route - How might the findings be taken forward and by whom?

The project's results will be of great interest to scholars of transitional justice and memory studies, as well as to researchers in the field of modern history in general and contemporary Latin American and Central Eastern European history in particular. Several team members have already developed and obtained funding for other collective projects that will use and take forward the findings and theoretical approaches of the AHRC-LABEX research team.

? James Mark, with Charles Forsdick, is running a one year AHRC-funded project, employing a postdoctoral researcher, to bring together the AHRC themes Care for the Future and Translating Cultures (£54K). One of major initiatives is an examination of the how new populist forms of memory, translated between different cultures, are challenged contemporary (mainly liberal) paradigms of remembrance. In this, we have employed the methodologies (transnational, transregional, translational) developed on this AHRC-LABEX project: we have already held a major international conference at the University of London and will be publishing a special issue of 20 pieces 'The global crisis in memory: populism, decolonisation and how we remember in the twenty-first century' (2020), examining this new phenomenon.

? Sophie Baby has been awarded a 3 year research grant (50k euros) by Institut Universitare de France for the project Memories of mass violence and terrorism in Spain: Local issues and transnational dynamics from the 1970s to the present day. This project aims to analyse the competing memories in Spain that have been replaying the fractures of its recent history since the 1970s. It collectively considers the movements of the victims of both Francoism and terrorism, going back to their origins. Both have early entered into direct competition that played out beyond the borders while, at the same time, a universal language of reconciliation was being established globally based on the duties of remembrance, recognition and justice. The research adopts a global perspective that links up local and transnational levels and will take us from the local community of Guernica to the Euro-American space on the trail of the victims and the memory entrepreneurs. It reinscribes Spain in the history of the globalisation of memory, questions the validity of a universal post-conflict model and invites us to reflect on our responsibilities towards the victims of today's conflicts. In so doing, it draws on methodologies developed on our project.

? Raluca Grosescu has been awarded a two-year research grant by the Romanian Ministry of Research for the project Transitional Justice in Central Eastern Europe in Global Perspective. The project gathers a team of four researchers at University of Bucharest (including AHRC-LABEX team member Anemona Constantin). It investigates the transnational dimensions of dealing with the past in post-1989 Central Eastern Europe and the former Soviet Union. It focuses on transnational activism, transfers of knowledge and expertise at bilateral, regional or international levels, and the role of international organizations and NGOs in reckoning with mass violence. The conference explores the circulation of ideas within these regions, as well the way memorialization practices in Eastern Europe and the former Soviet Union were shaped by and influenced in turn criminalization discourses in other geographical contexts (Latin America, Asia, Africa).

These research projects will assure the continuity and development of the AHRC-LABEX project's innovations.
Sectors Education,Culture, Heritage, Museums and Collections,Security and Diplomacy
 
Description Impact Narrative DIGITAL HANDBOOK - SECONDARY SCHOOLS We have completed a Digital Handbook for secondary education (Criminaliser le passé ? Les héritages autoritaires d'Europe et d'Amérique latine entre mémorialisation et criminalisation), in conjunction with the French Ministry of Education. Its aim was to popularise our new historical approches direct to schools. We expect that volume to by published in 2019 by Presses Universitaires de Nanterre. Led by the LABEX-funded French side of the project, it has involved researchers from both the "British" and "French" teams. Written in an accessible form, based in part on our new research and approaches, and using a global approach, it is an interactive digital resource designed for secondary education. It deals with a range of ways of dealing with criminal pasts, addressing international justice, totalitarianism, genocide, decolonization and criminalisation. A section of 'historical themes' outlines a whole range of such processes; the 'tools' section explores how these are translated into public policy; and a final section entitled 'Case Studies' provides in-depth examinations of the transnational diffusion of ideas and techniques of criminalization. This last section includes section titled, for example: On international justice: "Towards a transnational criminalization of mass crimes"; On totalitarianism: "The category of totalitarianism and its uses"; On genocide: "Nuremberg Tribunal, definition of new criminal categories"; On the world after 1989: "The criminalization of communism in Eastern Europe"; On the link between memory and history: "The 60s: the awakening of memories in the West". It is interactive, free to download onto computers, smartphones or tablets, and will be searchable. In the first instance, it will be available on the French Eduscol platform or distributed as a USB stick at Academic Training Programs for teachers. It will be made easily available to teaching staff, and designed as an attractive teaching resource. Each record will be enriched by digital resources: zoomable illustrations, archive photographs, slide shows, links to videos, and graphic animations in the form of cards or friezes are being used. This textbook will be produced in French and English. It is tailored in particular to the needs of geography and history teaching in French schools, and will be promoted in the first instance by the French Education Ministry. Given its potential broader appeal, we will encourage its use in other educational settings in the longer term. ENGAGEMENT WITH MUSEUM PRACTITIONERS A key activity of the AHRC-Labex project was the dissemination and cross-fertilization of research with communities of practitioners in the realm of museums, memorials and sites of memory at a variety of workshops and meetings. The academic approaches of the AHRC-LABEX project, namely transnationalism and long-term historicization of processes of dealing with the past were translated into the design of these events. They enabled practitioners to better evaluate the ideological situatedness of their sites and the way in which the globalization of memory and justice paradigms goes hand in hand with a fragmentation of, and on occasion, competition between, different narratives concerning dictatorial pasts: between international, regional and local understandings of "best practices" of dealing with political violence, and between various professional groups engaged in accountability and remembrance processes. Moreover, the workshops fostered dialogue between actors engaged in the memorialization of right-wing and left-wing regimes who generally work in disconnections one from another. Below we provide the details. On July 4 2016, members of the AHRC-Labex research team Nelly Bekus, Gruia Badescu, and Raluca Grosescu co-organised in cooperation with The International Committee of Memorial Museums in Remembrance of the Victims of Public Crimes (IC-MEMO) the special session "Memory of Dictatorships in Latin America, Eastern Europe and Post- Soviet States". The IC-MEMO special session took place within the triennial General Assembly of the International Council of Museums (ICOM) which brought together 3500 experts and museums professionals from across the globe ( http://network.icom.museum/icmemo/conferences/conferences/ ). Thanks to the AHRC-Labex grant, the session organizers were able to fund the participation at the meeting of several museum practitioners who shared their insights on the practice of memorialisation of dictatorship. This included Anar Khassenova of the Alzhir memorial in Kazakhstan; Richardo Brodsky, at the time of the invitation the Director of the Museum of Memory and Human Rights in Santiago, Chile; Roberto Fuertes, Director of the Villa Grimaldi peace park memorial site, and German museum developer and trainer Barbara Thimm, with extensive experience in Belarus museums. Through this meeting, we began our first discussions, drawing from our own academic research, on the nature of dominant global circulations and memory practices. We had a fruitful discussion on the contemporary reinterpretations and reimagining of memorial spaces, on the impact of state policies and the role of international agencies in the production of memory of dictatorship in the different political and regional contexts of Eastern Europe, Central Asia and Latin America. These discussions then led to the development of longer-term connections and intellectual exchange. The meeting in Milan had an important effect on the Alzhir Museum in particular in several ways. It allowed the museum representative to establish contacts with museum practitioners and experts from similar institutions, both newly established (such as Museum of Gulag in Moscow) as well as renowned museums such as US Holocaust Memorial Museum and the Shoah Museum in Paris. The Museum was established in 2007 and remained mostly involved in collaboration with museums across former Soviet space. The meeting in Milan became for the Museum an entry point to the global network of the museums of dealing with troubled past, giving ALZHIR museum much greater visibility among museum experts. Our contacts also longer-term discussions which brought our academic approaches into conversation with the museum. Following Milan, team member Nelly Bekus was invited to Astana, where she continued her collaboration with these museum researchers and curators, covering such topics as the importance of going beyond of nation-centred narrative of victimhood in the exposition of the museum; the importance of the wider context of the twentieth century's dictatorships that would situate the museum's representations of public crimes in the historical context that goes beyond the Soviet Union. In March 2017 Bekus also participated in the workshop "Practicing Memory and Cultural Institutions" co-organised by the Eurasian National University and the National Museum of Kazakhstan in Astana, where representatives of ALZHIR museum were also invited. The workshop attracted larger audience of museum curators, archival workers and academic researchers. Cooperation with public museums was discussed as one of the major entry point for academic researchers to influence the formation of public history and memory policies. The meeting in Milan also facilitated the participation of Chilean professionals, beyond the usual scope of their collaborations, which are mostly regional. Following this, team member Gruia Badescu was invited in March 2017 to the Museum of Memory and Human Rights in Santiago, where he gave a talk to Chilean museum professionals and academics on memorialisation practice and discontents in former Yugoslavia and Romania and of his ongoing research on entanglements and memory processes (Badescu worked closely with a variety of memory actors interested in the memorialization of Goli Otok, the island where members of the Yugoslav League of Communists were detained for years in the 1950s by Tito's regime.) One of the participants obtained a grant to bring Badescu to Concepcion in Chile in September 2018 to work on urban memorialisation strategies for the city, actively engaged with civil society involved in memory work, and hence cross-fertilizing academic research and public engagement. We will follow this development in the final research report. On 3-5 December 2018, the AHRC-Labex research team members (Nelly Bekus, Gruia Badescu and Raluca Grosescu) co-organized a second conference, Building Bridges: Linking Memories of Past Dictatorships in Europe through Museums and Memorial Sites, in cooperation with IC-MEMO (our main impact partner) at Bucharest University. The event brought together twenty five museum managers, museographs, architects and academics working in the field of dealing with the past in order to discuss the transnational circulation of ideas, cooperation and tensions between memorialization processes of right- wing and left-wing dictatorships in Europe. The participants represented the activity and transnational connections of a variety of museums and memorials from Southern Europe (Peniche Museum of Resistance and Freedom, Portugal; Museum of Anti-dictatorial and National Resistance, Athens) Central Eastern Europe (Sighet Memorial, Romania; Goli Otok "Ante Zemljar" Association, Croatia; Belene Memorial, Bulgaria; Ramnicu-Sarat Memorial, Romania, and the former Soviet Union (Alzhir Museum, Kazakhstan; Gulag Museum, Russia; and Stalin Museum, Georgia). The participants engaged in discussions on several sensitive topics concerning common European memory: the competing memories of fascism and communism; the need to long-term historical contextualization of dictatorial regimes in Europe; the issue of the double status of fascist perpetrator and communist victim in Central Eastern Europe; and the political instrumentalization of the memory of dictatorial pasts by the new authoritarian and nationalist wave across Europe and the former Soviet Union. The event included also a visit to Pitesti Prison Memorial and a debrief session on the historical and museological narratives proposed by this memorial museum of communist crimes. For the Pitesti memorial this was an opportunity to receive feedback from practitioners in the field, a practice they found innovative and very useful in rethinking their exhibits. Badescu employed the methodology of practitioners' memory workshops in the Memory Lab network, in order to foster dialogue and provide the opportunity for future projects between the various participants. The conference comprised also a session presenting various European or regional funding programmes followed by roundtables on potential collective projects that brought together diverse sites in transnational communication. Representatives of the European Commission, the Black Sea Trust and the Romanian Ministry of Culture expounded on their funding sources and cultural strategies. The project partner, IC MEMO, was represented by its president, Ophelia Leon, and will help foster future partnerships. The heated discussions following the presentations and the visit of the Pitesti memorial, brought forward to the participants the call to understand the ideological situatedness of their sites, and include such reflections in their exhibitions. As a consequence of the conference, which received excellent reviews from the participants, several of the associations present joined IC Memo, a number of joint applications and activities have been announced.
First Year Of Impact 2016
Sector Education,Government, Democracy and Justice,Culture, Heritage, Museums and Collections
Impact Types Cultural,Societal,Policy & public services
 
Description Influence on Memorial site practice (see impact statement)
Geographic Reach Multiple continents/international 
Policy Influence Type Influenced training of practitioners or researchers
Impact See impact statement.
 
Description AHRC Care for Future / Translating Cultures iniative on international populism and memory
Amount £54,000 (GBP)
Organisation Arts & Humanities Research Council (AHRC) 
Sector Public
Country United Kingdom
Start 07/2018 
End 07/2019
 
Description ERC Consolidator, Raluca Grosescu, Transnational Advocacy and Corporate Accountability for Major International Crimes
Amount € 1,650,000 (EUR)
Organisation European Research Council (ERC) 
Sector Public
Country Belgium
Start 01/2021 
End 01/2023
 
Description Fellowship at the Institute of Advanced Studies in Paris for Raluca Grosescu
Amount € 110,000 (EUR)
Organisation Paris Institute for Advanced Study 
Sector Academic/University
Country France
Start 09/2019 
End 09/2020
 
Description Fellowship at the Institute of Advanced Studies in Paris for Valentin Behr
Amount € 110,000 (EUR)
Organisation Paris Institute for Advanced Study 
Sector Academic/University
Country France
Start 09/2021 
End 10/2022
 
Description Fullbright Fellowship, Laure Neumayer
Amount $50,000 (USD)
Organisation Fulbright Franco-American Commission 
Sector Charity/Non Profit
Country France
Start 01/2018 
End 07/2018
 
Description PhD Scholarship, Anemona Constantin
Amount € 4,000 (EUR)
Organisation Laboratory of Excellence Past in the Present 
Sector Academic/University
Country France
Start 09/2017 
End 12/2017
 
Description Postdoctoral Fellowship for Anemona Constantin
Amount € 20,000 (EUR)
Organisation University of Bucharest 
Sector Academic/University
Country Romania
Start 01/2020 
End 01/2021
 
Description Romanian Research Council - Young Teams Scheme, Raluca Grosescu
Amount € 100,000 (EUR)
Organisation National Research Council (CNCS) 
Sector Public
Country Romania
Start 09/2016 
End 01/2017
 
Description Romanian Research Council Young Teams, Raluca Grosescu "Transitional Justice in Eastern Europe and Global Perspective"
Amount € 100,000 (EUR)
Organisation University of Bucharest 
Sector Academic/University
Country Romania
Start 05/2018 
End 04/2020
 
Description Sophie Baby, Institut Universitaire de France Project: "Memories of mass violence and terrorism in Spain: Local issues and transnational dynamics from the 1970s to the present day".
Amount € 50,000 (EUR)
Organisation University Institute of France 
Sector Academic/University
Country France
Start 01/2017 
End 12/2020
 
Description Spiru Haret Fellowship, New Europe College, Bucharest
Amount € 25,000 (EUR)
Funding ID Damiana Otoiu, New Europe College, Bucharest 
Organisation New Europe College 
Sector Academic/University
Country Romania
Start 09/2018 
End 07/2019
 
Description Travel Grant, Emilio Crenzel
Amount $2,000 (USD)
Organisation University of Buenos Aires 
Sector Academic/University
Country Argentina
Start 04/2017 
End 05/2017
 
Description Travel award of the Latin American Studies Association (Emilio Crenzel)
Amount $2,000 (USD)
Organisation Latin American Studies Association 
Sector Learned Society
Country United States
Start 05/2016 
End 05/2016
 
Description AHRC Care for Future / Translating Cultures iniative on international populism and memory 
Organisation Arts & Humanities Research Council (AHRC)
Country United Kingdom 
Sector Public 
PI Contribution James Mark is one of the co-organisers of this initiaive. This is a spin off from the Criminalisation project that examines the populist challenge to the processes of criminalisation and memorialisation that this project has investigated. It has now resulted in a collected volume: James Mark, Charles Forsdick and Eva Spisiakova, Special Issue: A crisis in 'coming to terms with the past'? At the crossroads of translation and memory (now submitted to Liverpool University Press for publication)
Collaborator Contribution Mark is supervising a postdoctoral fellow on this initiative, co-organised a conference on this topic (https://networks.h-net.org/node/166842/discussions/2873455/conference-cfp-crisis-%E2%80%98coming-terms-past%E2%80%99-crossroads-translation) and is edited a collection of 15-20 pieces that have emerged. Gruia Badescu and Nina Schnider, two of the project members, will contribute to this collection.
Impact This collaboration with the AHRC brings the themes of Translating Cultures and Care for the Future together in a project which is informed by our AHRC-LABEX project. It takes our approaches to memory and circulation and applies them in the context of the contemporary populist challenges to liberal memory templates across the world.
Start Year 2018
 
Description Heritage-making - Doctoral summer school 
Organisation French Institute of Anatolian Studies
Country Turkey 
Sector Charity/Non Profit 
PI Contribution Heritage is an important topic of our research. Team members Gruia Badescu and Damiana Otoiu were in charge with developing this research axis and establish further research networks. They established a partnership between the University of Bucharest and the French Institute of Anatolian Studies (IFEA) in Istanbul, with a view to organize the Doctoral Summer School in Urban Anthropology: "Heritage-making, Uses and Museumification of the Past in Relationship to Nation-building". The event was organized in Istanbul between June 26th- July 9th 2016, and was funded by La Maison Archéologie & Ethnologie, René-Ginouvès. A second edition of the doctoral school took place place in Cape Town in August 2017.
Collaborator Contribution This partnership helped our team members to organize and obtain funding for the Doctoral school "Heritage-making, Uses and Museumification of the Past in Relationship to Nation-building"
Impact Doctoral Summer School in Urban Anthropology: "Heritage-making, Uses and Museumification of the Past in Relationship to Nation-building", Istanbul, June 26th- July 9th 2016. 80 PhD students and researchers participated to the event.
Start Year 2016
 
Description International Committee of Memorial Museums in Remembrance of the Victims of Public Crimes 
Organisation International Council of Museums (ICOM)
Department The International Committee of Memorial Museums in Remembrance of the Victims of Public Crimes (ICMEMO)
Country France 
Sector Charity/Non Profit 
PI Contribution Co-funding of and participation in the the joint conferences of scholars and museum practitioners "Memory of Dictatorships in Latin America, Eastern Europe and Post- Soviet States" within the 2019 ICOM's General Conference (Milan, 3-9 July, 2016); "Building Bridges. Linking Memories of Past Dictatorships in Europe through Museums and Memorial Sites", University of Bucharest, 3-5 December 2018.
Collaborator Contribution Co-funding and organization of the joint conferences of scholars and museum practitioners "Memory of Dictatorships in Latin America, Eastern Europe and Post- Soviet States" within the 2019 ICOM's General Conference (Milan, 3-9 July, 2016). "Building Bridges. Linking Memories of Past Dictatorships in Europe through Museums and Memorial Sites", University of Bucharest, 3-5 December 2018.
Impact Joint panel of scholars and museum practitioners "Memory of Dictatorships in Latin America, Eastern Europe and Post- Soviet States" within the 2019 ICOM's General Conference (Milan, 3-9 July, 2016); "Building Bridges. Linking Memories of Past Dictatorships in Europe through Museums and Memorial Sites", University of Bucharest, 3-5 December 2018.
Start Year 2016
 
Description LABEX partnership 
Organisation Paris West University Nanterre La Défense
Department LABEX Pasts in the Present
Country France 
Sector Academic/University 
PI Contribution This project is jointly funded by the AHRC and the LABEX. All research activities are designed and organized by a British-French team (University of Exeter and University of Paris Ouest Nanterre)
Collaborator Contribution This project is jointly funded by the AHRC and the LABEX. All research activities are designed and organized by a British-French team (University of Exeter and University of Paris Ouest Nanterre)
Impact 1) Workshop: "Criminalization of Dictatorial Pasts in Europe and Latin America, General Overview of the Objectives and the Methodology of the Project I", University of Exeter, 7-8 March 2016; 2) Workshop: "Criminalization of Dictatorial Pasts in Europe and Latin America, General Overview of the Objectives and the Methodology of the Project II", University of Paris Ouest Nanterre, 23-24 May 2016; 3) Workshop: "Transnational Approaches to Memory and Justice Processes in Europe and Latina America: Victims' activism and Trials", University of Exeter, 7-8 November 2016
Start Year 2016
 
Description Regional Center for Advanced Francophone Research in Social Sciences (CEREFREA Villa Noël), University of Bucharest 
Organisation University of Bucharest
Country Romania 
Sector Academic/University 
PI Contribution Co-organizer of the international conference "Reluctant Heritage: Revisiting Museums and Memory Sites in Central and Eastern Europe in a Transnational perspective", Bucharest, CEREFREA, 4-5 November 2016 (partial funding of the event, organization, participation of team members)
Collaborator Contribution Co-organizer of the international conference "Reluctant Heritage: Revisiting Museums and Memory Sites in Central and Eastern Europe in a Transnational perspective", Bucharest, CEREFREA, 4-5 November 2016 (partial funding of the event, organization, participation of team members)
Impact International conference "Reluctant Heritage: Revisiting Museums and Memory Sites in Central and Eastern Europe in a Transnational perspective", Bucharest, CEREFREA, 4-5 November 2016 - multi-disciplinary conference involving history, sociology, and heritage studies.
Start Year 2016
 
Description "Criminalising Violent Pasts: Multiple Roots and Forgotten Pathways: 1950s - 2010s", London South Bank University, 15-16 November 2018 
Form Of Engagement Activity A formal working group, expert panel or dialogue
Part Of Official Scheme? No
Geographic Reach International
Primary Audience Professional Practitioners
Results and Impact 30 experts and academics attended the event
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity 2018
 
Description "Urban Change and Memory" Summer Seminar, University of Konstanz (18-25 August 2019) 
Form Of Engagement Activity A formal working group, expert panel or dialogue
Part Of Official Scheme? No
Geographic Reach International
Primary Audience Professional Practitioners
Results and Impact 40 participants attended the event.
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity 2019
 
Description << The memory of Communism: transnational aspects >>, 23ème Convention annuelle, Association for the Study of Nationalities (ASN), Columbia, 03-05 May 2018 
Form Of Engagement Activity A formal working group, expert panel or dialogue
Part Of Official Scheme? No
Geographic Reach International
Primary Audience Postgraduate students
Results and Impact << The memory of Communism: transnational aspects >>, 23ème Convention annuelle, Association for the Study of Nationalities (ASN), Columbia, 03-05 May 2018. 30 postgraduates and professionals in the field of memory studies attended the event.
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity 2018
 
Description Building Bridges. Linking Memories of Past Dictatorships in Europe through Museums and Memorial Sites 
Form Of Engagement Activity A formal working group, expert panel or dialogue
Part Of Official Scheme? No
Geographic Reach International
Primary Audience Professional Practitioners
Results and Impact 30 memorial/museum practitioners participated at the events.
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity 2018
 
Description Conference: Transnational Dimensions of Dealing with the Past in 'Third Wave' Democracies 
Form Of Engagement Activity A formal working group, expert panel or dialogue
Part Of Official Scheme? No
Geographic Reach International
Primary Audience Undergraduate students
Results and Impact 30 persons attended
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity 2019
 
Description Critical Thinking on Memory and Human Rights Second Annual Workshop. Frankfurt (20-21 February 2020) 
Form Of Engagement Activity A formal working group, expert panel or dialogue
Part Of Official Scheme? No
Geographic Reach International
Primary Audience Professional Practitioners
Results and Impact Debates. 25 participants. Organized by Gruia Badescu
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity 2020
 
Description Historicising Justice and Memory Regimes after 1945, Exeter University, 18-19 January 2018 
Form Of Engagement Activity A formal working group, expert panel or dialogue
Part Of Official Scheme? No
Geographic Reach International
Primary Audience Postgraduate students
Results and Impact 20 researchers participated in this conference with the purpose to prepare the next international conference of the project.
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity 2018
 
Description International Committee of Memorial Museums in Remembrance of the Victims of Public Crimes Annual Congress 
Form Of Engagement Activity Participation in an activity, workshop or similar
Part Of Official Scheme? No
Geographic Reach International
Primary Audience Professional Practitioners
Results and Impact Co-organization (together with The International Committee of Memorial Museums in Remembrance of the Victims of Public Crimes) of two panels on the topic "Memory of Dictatorships in Latin America, Eastern Europe and Post- Soviet States", within the 2016 ICOM's General Conference (Milan, 3-9 July 2016). 6 speakers were invited (2 scholars and 4 practitioners from Eastern Europe and Latin America) and other 40 museum practitioners attended and participated in the debates. The event resulted in plans for future common activities and in strengthening the dialogue and potential partnerships between museum practitioners from Eastern Europe and Latin America.
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity 2016
 
Description International Conference Les exhumations inachevées. Failles et contingences de la recherche des corps, Madrid (Espagne), Casa de Velázquez. 2018 
Form Of Engagement Activity A formal working group, expert panel or dialogue
Part Of Official Scheme? No
Geographic Reach International
Primary Audience Professional Practitioners
Results and Impact 40 academics, students and professional practitioners attended the event.
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity 2018
 
Description International Conference World War 2 Crimes on Trial: The Second Wave (1958-1970) March 2 2018, Centre for Social Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences 
Form Of Engagement Activity A formal working group, expert panel or dialogue
Part Of Official Scheme? No
Geographic Reach International
Primary Audience Postgraduate students
Results and Impact 30 persons participated at the event
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity 2018
 
Description International Conference: "Reluctant Heritage: Revisiting Museums and Memory Sites in Central and Eastern Europe in a Transnational perspective", Bucharest, CEREFREA, 4-5 November 2016 
Form Of Engagement Activity Participation in an activity, workshop or similar
Part Of Official Scheme? No
Geographic Reach International
Primary Audience Professional Practitioners
Results and Impact 50 researchers and doctoral students participated at this conference, presented their work, and received feed-back
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity 2016
 
Description Interview Emilio Crenzel 
Form Of Engagement Activity A press release, press conference or response to a media enquiry/interview
Part Of Official Scheme? No
Geographic Reach National
Primary Audience Media (as a channel to the public)
Results and Impact Radio interview on memory and justice in Argentina and Latin America, January 16, 2017 - FM Palermo, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity 2016
URL https://radiocut.fm/radiostation/palermo947/listen/2017/01/16/19/00/00/#
 
Description Interview Emilio Crenzel 
Form Of Engagement Activity A press release, press conference or response to a media enquiry/interview
Part Of Official Scheme? No
Geographic Reach National
Primary Audience Media (as a channel to the public)
Results and Impact Emilio Crenzel was interview by Revista Zoom Argentina about justice and memory processes in Argentina. More than 5.000 persons accessed the interview. Available at http://revistazoom.com.ar/el-nunca-mas-es-una-obra-colectiva
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity 2016
 
Description Interview Emilio Crenzel 
Form Of Engagement Activity A press release, press conference or response to a media enquiry/interview
Part Of Official Scheme? No
Geographic Reach National
Primary Audience Media (as a channel to the public)
Results and Impact Emilio Crenzel was interviewed by La Nacion Journal, Argentina, on Argentina's processes of dealing with the past. The interview resulted on the publication of one article authored by Astrid Pekielny. More than 10.000 accessed the article.
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity 2016
URL http://www.lanacion.com.ar/1880740-agenda-de-la-semana.
 
Description Interview Nelly Bekus 
Form Of Engagement Activity A press release, press conference or response to a media enquiry/interview
Part Of Official Scheme? No
Geographic Reach International
Primary Audience Media (as a channel to the public)
Results and Impact Nelly Bekus was interviewed by The Calvert Journal on the change of the Minsk's architecture in global perspective. The interview resulted on the publication of one article authored by Owen Hatherley. More than 5.000 accessed the article.
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity 2016
URL http://calvertjournal.com/features/show/7489/hatherley-minsk-architecture-post-soviet-city
 
Description Interview Raluca Grosescu 
Form Of Engagement Activity A press release, press conference or response to a media enquiry/interview
Part Of Official Scheme? No
Geographic Reach National
Primary Audience Media (as a channel to the public)
Results and Impact Raluca Grosescu was interviewed by the Romanian media trust DigiTV about Romania's process of dealing with the past in global perspective. More than 6.000 accessed the interview.
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity 2016
URL http://www.digi24.ro/opinii/de-ce-au-inceput-condamnarile-tortionarilor-comunisti-abia-acum-546853
 
Description Interview in "Somos Radio", Argentina 
Form Of Engagement Activity A press release, press conference or response to a media enquiry/interview
Part Of Official Scheme? No
Geographic Reach National
Primary Audience Public/other audiences
Results and Impact Interview on dealing with the dealing with the past in Latin America
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity 2018
 
Description Le livre noir du communisme et son exportation en Europe Centrale, Institute for the Study of Totalitarian Regimes, Prague, 6th October 2017 
Form Of Engagement Activity A formal working group, expert panel or dialogue
Part Of Official Scheme? No
Geographic Reach Regional
Primary Audience Professional Practitioners
Results and Impact 25 professional practitioners attended this workshop which sparked question and discussion about how to deal with the Eastern European past in transnational perspective
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity 2017
 
Description Methodological Nationalism and Methodological Cosmopolitanism in Justice and Memory Studies, University of Bucharest, 7 June 
Form Of Engagement Activity A formal working group, expert panel or dialogue
Part Of Official Scheme? No
Geographic Reach National
Primary Audience Undergraduate students
Results and Impact 25 undergraduate and postgraduate students participated at the event.
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity 2018
 
Description Reconfiguring the frontier, reshaping memory and visualizing change in twentieth century Europe, conference, Rijeka, Croatia (10-12 July 2019) 
Form Of Engagement Activity A formal working group, expert panel or dialogue
Part Of Official Scheme? No
Geographic Reach International
Primary Audience Professional Practitioners
Results and Impact 40 people attended
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity 2019
 
Description Symposium "Museums and the Memory of Nazi-Fascism, the Holocaust and World War II: Toward a Shared European History?" - Laure Neumayer 
Form Of Engagement Activity Participation in an activity, workshop or similar
Part Of Official Scheme? No
Geographic Reach International
Primary Audience Professional Practitioners
Results and Impact Team member Laure Neumayer participated at the Symposium and Round Table "Museums and the Memory of Nazi-Fascism, the Holocaust and World War II: Toward a Shared European History?", organized by Primo Levi Center, New York City, 24 January 2017. 40 history teachers attended her presentation and engaged in debates on "Remembrance of Nazi and Communist crimes in Central European museums and transnational networks".
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity 2017
 
Description Training seminar "Teaching the Holocaust and other genocides" - Laure Neumayer 
Form Of Engagement Activity Participation in an activity, workshop or similar
Part Of Official Scheme? No
Geographic Reach International
Primary Audience Professional Practitioners
Results and Impact Team member Laure Neumayer participated in the training seminar << Teaching the Holocaust and other genocides : historical and pedagogical challenges >>, organized by the Foundation for the Memory of the Shoah, Paris, 8 February 2017. 30 history teachers attended her presentation and engaged in debates on the topic "Remembrance of Nazi and Communist crimes in Europe"
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity 2017
 
Description Transnational Dimensions of Dealing with the Past in 'Third Wave' Democracies. University of Bucharest, 1-2 April 2019 
Form Of Engagement Activity A formal working group, expert panel or dialogue
Part Of Official Scheme? No
Geographic Reach International
Primary Audience Professional Practitioners
Results and Impact 30 people participated in the event.
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity 2019
 
Description Transnational and Global Dimensions of Justice and Memory Processes in Europe and Latin America, University of Paris Ouest Nanterre, 8-9 June 2017 
Form Of Engagement Activity A formal working group, expert panel or dialogue
Part Of Official Scheme? No
Geographic Reach International
Primary Audience Postgraduate students
Results and Impact 60 people attended this international conference, which gathered academics and professional practitioners from Europe and Latin America
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity 2017
 
Description Travelling Jurisprudence: the Circulation of Legal Reasoning on International Crimes between Europe and Latin America, Oxford, 27 November 2017 
Form Of Engagement Activity A formal working group, expert panel or dialogue
Part Of Official Scheme? No
Geographic Reach International
Primary Audience Postgraduate students
Results and Impact 40 post-graduates students and human rights practitioners attended this workshop
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity 2017
 
Description Workshop: "The Criminalization of Dictatorial Pasts in Europe and Latin America, General Overview of the Objectives and the Methodology of the Project I", University of Exeter, 7-8 March 2016 
Form Of Engagement Activity Participation in an activity, workshop or similar
Part Of Official Scheme? No
Geographic Reach International
Primary Audience Professional Practitioners
Results and Impact 30 researchers and postgraduate students presented papers and participated in debates concerning the objectives and the methodology of the project
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity 2016
 
Description Workshop: "Criminalization of Dictatorial Pasts in Europe and Latin America, General Overview of the Objectives and the Methodology of the Project II", University of Paris Ouest Nanterre, 23-24 May 2016 
Form Of Engagement Activity Participation in an activity, workshop or similar
Part Of Official Scheme? No
Geographic Reach International
Primary Audience Professional Practitioners
Results and Impact 30 researchers and postgraduate students presented their work and participated in debates concerning the objectives and the methodology of the research project
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity 2016
 
Description Workshop: "Transnational Approaches to Memory and Justice Processes in Europe and Latina America: Victims' activism and Trials", University of Exeter, 7-8 November 2016 
Form Of Engagement Activity Participation in an activity, workshop or similar
Part Of Official Scheme? No
Geographic Reach International
Primary Audience Professional Practitioners
Results and Impact 20 persons participated at this workshop, presented their work and received feed-back
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity 2016