Analogue Simulation in Modern Physics
Lead Research Organisation:
University of Bristol
Department Name: School of Arts
Abstract
Many of the predictions of modern theoretical physics are extremely difficult to test. For example, Hawking's famous prediction that black holes radiate at a characteristic temperature. Since the temperature of `Hawking radiation' is very low, it is not (even in principle) detectable via observational astronomy. Furthermore, is is unlikely that we will ever be able to construct black holes here on earth. The lack of an in principle means for direct experimental testing of predictions such as Hawking radiation pose a challenge to conventional scientific methodologies. This challenge is taken up by techniques of `analogue simulation' wherein an accessible `source' system is used to simulate phenomena that are difficult or impossible to test directly within a `target' system.
Analogue simulation in modern physics comes in two forms depending upon the type of source and target system: `quantum simulation' and `analogue gravity simulation'. In quantum simulation both source and target systems are typically within the domain of finite dimensional quantum theory. A simple example is where an array of ions (i.e. charged atoms) is controlled via magnetic fields such that they collectively simulate a ferromagnetic material (such as an iron bar magnet). Quantum simulations are potentially very powerful tools for gaining new insights into quantum systems that are hard to manipulate, for example relativistic quantum systems, nano-materials and quantum optical systems. In analogue gravity simulations, condensed matter systems, like fluids, are typically used to simulate gravitational systems, such as black holes or early universe cosmology. Analogue gravity simulations are potentially very powerful tools for gaining new insights into phenomena that are deemed impossible to test directly, such as Hawking radiation.
This is a project in the philosophy of science within which we will evaluate the methodological, epistemological and metaphysical foundations of analogue simulation with the goal of providing analytic tools of direct use to scientists, philosophers of science, and science funding decision makers. We answer questions such as: What kind of evidence can analogue simulations provide?; What do analogue simulations have in common with computer simulations and experiments?; What is the scientific and economic value of analogue simulation? We propose that analogue simulation can be understood as a form of `Ersatz' experimentation, involving the `programming' of a physical system such that it can be used to `simulate' another physical system. In general terms, evidence gained from experiments on a particular system is only of real value to the extent to which we have justification for generalising it to a class of relevantly similar `target' systems. Such justificatory arguments are called `external validation' of an experiment. One of the key ideas explored in this project is conditions for external validation of analogue simulations. For example, we aim to examine the conditions in which the analogue simulation of Hawking radiation via condensed matter systems can be externally validated: i.e. when we can genuinely learn about black holes by doing experiments on the analogues.
Analogue simulation in modern physics comes in two forms depending upon the type of source and target system: `quantum simulation' and `analogue gravity simulation'. In quantum simulation both source and target systems are typically within the domain of finite dimensional quantum theory. A simple example is where an array of ions (i.e. charged atoms) is controlled via magnetic fields such that they collectively simulate a ferromagnetic material (such as an iron bar magnet). Quantum simulations are potentially very powerful tools for gaining new insights into quantum systems that are hard to manipulate, for example relativistic quantum systems, nano-materials and quantum optical systems. In analogue gravity simulations, condensed matter systems, like fluids, are typically used to simulate gravitational systems, such as black holes or early universe cosmology. Analogue gravity simulations are potentially very powerful tools for gaining new insights into phenomena that are deemed impossible to test directly, such as Hawking radiation.
This is a project in the philosophy of science within which we will evaluate the methodological, epistemological and metaphysical foundations of analogue simulation with the goal of providing analytic tools of direct use to scientists, philosophers of science, and science funding decision makers. We answer questions such as: What kind of evidence can analogue simulations provide?; What do analogue simulations have in common with computer simulations and experiments?; What is the scientific and economic value of analogue simulation? We propose that analogue simulation can be understood as a form of `Ersatz' experimentation, involving the `programming' of a physical system such that it can be used to `simulate' another physical system. In general terms, evidence gained from experiments on a particular system is only of real value to the extent to which we have justification for generalising it to a class of relevantly similar `target' systems. Such justificatory arguments are called `external validation' of an experiment. One of the key ideas explored in this project is conditions for external validation of analogue simulations. For example, we aim to examine the conditions in which the analogue simulation of Hawking radiation via condensed matter systems can be externally validated: i.e. when we can genuinely learn about black holes by doing experiments on the analogues.
Planned Impact
This project is specifically designed to produce analytical tools towards the assessment of the (current and potential) scientific and economic value of analogue simulation. These tools will be of benefit to science funding bodies such as the EPSRC, ERC and the NSF. These benefits will be in terms of more effective evaluation of the costs and benefits of analogue simulation based research. This is specifically to increase the effectiveness of public services and policy within the UK (and more widely). The realistic timescale for this benefit to be felt is within the term of the project.
A second group that will be benefit from this research are the adult public. The topic of analogue simulation - in particular that idea of analogue black holes - is an example of vivid and exciting contemporary science, that is an ideal vehicle for capturing the imagination of the wider public. Through public engagement activities this project will involve the adult public in these ideas and, in so doing, enrich the cultural life in the UK. The realistic timescale for this benefit to be felt is within the term of the project.
A second group that will be benefit from this research are the adult public. The topic of analogue simulation - in particular that idea of analogue black holes - is an example of vivid and exciting contemporary science, that is an ideal vehicle for capturing the imagination of the wider public. Through public engagement activities this project will involve the adult public in these ideas and, in so doing, enrich the cultural life in the UK. The realistic timescale for this benefit to be felt is within the term of the project.
Publications
BRADLEY S
(2017)
Models on the move: Migration and imperialism
in Elsevier
Bradley S
(2019)
Models on the move: Migration and imperialism.
in Studies in history and philosophy of science
Dardashti R
(2017)
Hawking Radiation and Analogue Experiments: A Bayesian Analysis
Dardashti R
(2019)
Hawking radiation and analogue experiments: A Bayesian analysis
in Studies in History and Philosophy of Science Part B: Studies in History and Philosophy of Modern Physics
Evans P
(2020)
What can bouncing oil droplets tell us about quantum mechanics?
in European Journal for Philosophy of Science
Evans P
(2019)
On the Limits of Experimental Knowledge
Evans PW
(2020)
On the limits of experimental knowledge.
in Philosophical transactions. Series A, Mathematical, physical, and engineering sciences
Evans, P
(2019)
On the Limits of Experimental Knowledge
Title | Cosmic singularity resolution via quantum evolution |
Description | Video of talk given by Dr Karim Thébault (Bristol) during visit to Geneva. |
Type Of Art | Film/Video/Animation |
Year Produced | 2017 |
Impact | Talk focuses on cosmological model developed as part of this project with particular emphasis on analogue atomic model. Video is up on youtube and has so far received 112 views. Impact: increase public understanding of and engagement with science. |
URL | https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dRP5GWJAPX0 |
Title | Instrumental Metaphysics (Part 2) |
Description | Karim Thébault (Bristol) talking at Steinfest 2017 (http://voices.uchicago.edu/stein2017/) - part 2 |
Type Of Art | Film/Video/Animation |
Year Produced | 2017 |
Impact | Video of talk given as part of an international workshop on the philosophy of Howard Stein. Participants included work leading scholars in the history and philosophy of physics. Talk focused on the relationship between metaphysics and instrumentalism with a particular focus on analogue experiments. Videos are up on youtube and have received 55 views so far. Impact: increase public understanding of and engagement with science. |
URL | https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ngz3V5Ek3lY |
Title | Instrumental Metaphysics (part 1) |
Description | Dr Karim Thébault (Bristol) talking at Steinfest 2017 (http://voices.uchicago.edu/stein2017/). |
Type Of Art | Film/Video/Animation |
Year Produced | 2017 |
Impact | Video of talk given as part of an international workshop on the philosophy of Howard Stein. Participants included work leading scholars in the history and philosophy of physics. Talk focused on the relationship between metaphysics and instrumentalism with a particular focus on analogue experiments. Videos are up on youtube and have received 55 views so far. Impact: increase public understanding of and engagement with science. |
URL | https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kbMv-oM2944 |
Title | Recording of public event on blackholes |
Description | What are black holes, why are physicists so sure they exist, and how did we come to know about them? Can we know, or at least imagine, what happens inside a black hole? The science of black holes has long inspired science fiction writers, but might science fiction help us understand science fact? We discuss black holes, philosophy, and the long-standing and productive relationship between science and sci-fi. |
Type Of Art | Film/Video/Animation |
Year Produced | 2018 |
Impact | 91 views, |
URL | https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=evHuKhUwB2k&feature=youtu.be |
Description | Many of the predictions of modern theoretical physics are extremely difficult to test. For example, Hawking's famous prediction that black holes radiate at a characteristic temperature. Since the temperature of `Hawking radiation' is very low, it is not (even in principle) detectable via observational astronomy. Furthermore, is is unlikely that we will ever be able to construct black holes here on earth. The lack of an in principle means for direct experimental testing of predictions such as Hawking radiation pose a challenge to conventional scientific methodologies. This challenge is taken up by techniques of `analogue simulation' wherein an accessible `source' system is used to simulate phenomena that are difficult or impossible to test directly within a `target' system. Analogue simulation in modern physics comes in two forms depending upon the type of source and target system: `quantum simulation' and `analogue gravity simulation'. In quantum simulation both source and target systems are typically within the domain of finite dimensional quantum theory. A simple example is where an array of ions (i.e. charged atoms) is controlled via magnetic fields such that they collectively simulate a ferromagnetic material (such as an iron bar magnet). Quantum simulations are potentially very powerful tools for gaining new insights into quantum systems that are hard to manipulate, for example relativistic quantum systems, nano-materials and quantum optical systems. In analogue gravity simulations, condensed matter systems, like fluids, are typically used to simulate gravitational systems, such as black holes or early universe cosmology. Analogue gravity simulations are potentially very powerful tools for gaining new insights into phenomena that are deemed impossible to test directly, such as Hawking radiation. In this project we have developed different tools to understand the practice of analogue simulation including: 1. an analysis of different types of analogue quantum simulation in terms of the types of understanding scientists hope to gain; 2. an analysis of different forms of universality argument in the context of analogue simulation for Hawking radiation; 3. a formal analysis of the epistemology of analogue simulation for Hawking radiation. We have also produced 4. scientific outputs that provide a platform for a new form of analogue simulation of the early universe. |
Exploitation Route | Scientists can make use of 1-4 in their reserach. Philosophers of science can make use of 1-4 in their reserach. Research Funding decision makers can make use of 1 and 3 in their decision making. |
Sectors | Government, Democracy and Justice |
Description | Analogue Experimentation (International Workshop) |
Form Of Engagement Activity | Participation in an activity, workshop or similar |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | International |
Primary Audience | Postgraduate students |
Results and Impact | This workshop brought together physicists and philosophers interested in analogue experimentation in contemporary physics. There was a particular focus on analogue quantum simulation and analogue gravity, however themes of discussion will also including broader topics including simulation, quantum computation and experimental validation. Around 5 graduate students and 2 undergraduate students attended the workshop. There was one member of the public. |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2018 |
URL | http://www.bristol.ac.uk/arts/research/analogue-simulation/events/ |
Description | Black Holes (Public Talk) |
Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | National |
Primary Audience | Public/other audiences |
Results and Impact | Participated in a public event on black holes with an astrophysicist and a scientific fiction author. The audience was around 120, mainly members of the public. The recording of the discussion was also put on youtube. |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2018 |
URL | https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=evHuKhUwB2k&feature=youtu.be |
Description | Interview for P.M Magazine |
Form Of Engagement Activity | A press release, press conference or response to a media enquiry/interview |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | International |
Primary Audience | Public/other audiences |
Results and Impact | Interview for P.M magazine. |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2017 |
Description | Interview for Quanta Magazine |
Form Of Engagement Activity | A press release, press conference or response to a media enquiry/interview |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | International |
Primary Audience | Public/other audiences |
Results and Impact | Interview for Quanta Magazine towards articles on topic of grant. |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2016 |
URL | https://www.quantamagazine.org/what-sonic-black-holes-say-about-real-ones-20161108/ |
Description | Talk Henrique Gomes (Perimeter Institute): New Vistas from the Many-Instant Landscape |
Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | Local |
Primary Audience | Postgraduate students |
Results and Impact | A mixed audience attended a talk by Henrique Gomes (Perimeter Institute) entitled "New Vistas from the Many-Instant Landscape" |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2017 |
URL | http://www.bristol.ac.uk/arts/research/analogue-simulation/events/ |
Description | Talk: Alex Franklin (Kings) |
Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | Local |
Primary Audience | Postgraduate students |
Results and Impact | A talk was given to a mixed audience by Alex Franklin (Kings) entitled "Whence the Effectiveness of Effective Field Theories?" |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2017 |
Description | Talk: Dave Sloan (University of Oxford): Through the Big Bang |
Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | Local |
Primary Audience | Postgraduate students |
Results and Impact | A mixed audience of around 20 attended a talk by Dave Sloan (University of Oxford) entitled "Through the Big Bang" |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2017 |
URL | http://www.bristol.ac.uk/arts/research/analogue-simulation/events/ |
Description | Talk: Juliusz Doboszewski (Krakow) |
Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | Local |
Primary Audience | Postgraduate students |
Results and Impact | A talk was given by Juliusz Doboszewski (Krakow) entitled "Defining determinism in general relativity (again and again)" |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2018 |
Description | Talk: Patricia Palacios (Munich/Salzburg): Stock Market Crashes as Critical Phenomena? Explanation, Idealization and Universality in Econophysics. |
Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | Local |
Primary Audience | Postgraduate students |
Results and Impact | A mixed audience attended a talk by Patricia Palacios (Munich/Salzburg) entitled "Stock Market Crashes as Critical Phenomena? Explanation, Idealization and Universality in Econophysics". |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2017 |
Description | Workshop: Casual Horizons in Physics |
Form Of Engagement Activity | Participation in an activity, workshop or similar |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | National |
Primary Audience | Postgraduate students |
Results and Impact | The idea of a causal horizon - a boundary for causal influence and processes - plays a fundamental role not only in contemporary spacetime theory, but in recent years has ramified into foundational work in other areas of theoretical physics from solid-state and fluid dynamics to Bose-Einstein condensates and laser optics. In particular, causal horizons ground much contemporary work in the investigation of the relationship between gravity and thermodynamics, and Unruh's analogue models of black holes, including the recent experimental detection of analogue Hawking radiation. This workshop will bring together physicists and philosophers to explore and discuss many of these issues. |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2017 |
URL | https://www.bristol.ac.uk/arts/events/2017/january/causal-horizons.html |