Multiscale modelling of mechanical deterioration in lithium-ion batteries
Lead Research Organisation:
University of Portsmouth
Department Name: Mathematics
Abstract
Identifying cheap and efficient methods to store clean electrical energy is one of the key hurdles that must be overcome on the path to achieving a low carbon economy. An important component of this is developing commercially attractive battery packs for use in electric vehicles; around one half of the total cost of these vehicles is currently the battery. Recent legislation to ban the sale of combustion engines across large parts of the world over the next few decades means that this goal must be achieved as a matter of urgency.
Lithium-ion batteries are currently the best candidates to meet these demands. They are both energy and power dense, and only slowly lose their charge when not in use. Although their lifetime is already reasonable in relatively mild applications, such as consumer electronics where they can be used for upwards of 1000 cycles, they are plagued by rather more rapid degradation in the abusive high-current regimes that are common in electric vehicles. Reduced longevity is directly responsible for inflated consumer cost, and so extending battery cyclability is of paramount importance in realizing a healthy market for lithium-ion technology.
The root cause of a significant portion of battery degradation is the pulverisation of the internal electrode microstructure by the swelling/contraction of constituent material when the device is in use. This mechanical degradation can in turn accelerate chemical degradation of the cell. To combat this, new materials and architectures must be identified to mitigate this source of damage. The search for improved design can be effectively guided by a coherent modelling framework that can be used to (i) benchmark novel designs without the need to construct and test them, and (ii) identify optimal configurations for manufacturers to target. The development of such a tool is predicated on overcoming some significant mathematical challenges related to resolving the accurate model equations describing the interaction of the variety of different materials (a liquid electrolyte and several different solids) over the vastly differing relevant lengthscales (from microns to centimeters).
This program of work will overcome these challenges by applying systematic mathematical methods and deliver a tool to tackle the task of accurately modelling the evolution of the damage sustained by the internal components of a battery over its lifetime. This will significantly accelerate the development of more robust batteries and pave the way to realizing a sustainable future.
Lithium-ion batteries are currently the best candidates to meet these demands. They are both energy and power dense, and only slowly lose their charge when not in use. Although their lifetime is already reasonable in relatively mild applications, such as consumer electronics where they can be used for upwards of 1000 cycles, they are plagued by rather more rapid degradation in the abusive high-current regimes that are common in electric vehicles. Reduced longevity is directly responsible for inflated consumer cost, and so extending battery cyclability is of paramount importance in realizing a healthy market for lithium-ion technology.
The root cause of a significant portion of battery degradation is the pulverisation of the internal electrode microstructure by the swelling/contraction of constituent material when the device is in use. This mechanical degradation can in turn accelerate chemical degradation of the cell. To combat this, new materials and architectures must be identified to mitigate this source of damage. The search for improved design can be effectively guided by a coherent modelling framework that can be used to (i) benchmark novel designs without the need to construct and test them, and (ii) identify optimal configurations for manufacturers to target. The development of such a tool is predicated on overcoming some significant mathematical challenges related to resolving the accurate model equations describing the interaction of the variety of different materials (a liquid electrolyte and several different solids) over the vastly differing relevant lengthscales (from microns to centimeters).
This program of work will overcome these challenges by applying systematic mathematical methods and deliver a tool to tackle the task of accurately modelling the evolution of the damage sustained by the internal components of a battery over its lifetime. This will significantly accelerate the development of more robust batteries and pave the way to realizing a sustainable future.
Planned Impact
The overarching goal of this work is to provide a theoretical framework that empowers manufacturers to build lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) that are more long-lived, safer, and better able to cope in abusive high rate applications. The challenges that need to be addressed en route to realizing this goal were identified in collaboration with the industrialists, chemists and engineering who work in the areas where the impact of this work will be felt. Continued communication, and impact in the form of cross-pollination of ideas with these areas, will be ensured by holding regular meetings with members of the Faraday Institute's modelling team (with whom JF has a fruitful working relationship), with industrial collaborators (see their letter of support), and with academics in chemistry and engineering. Impact outside this network will be ensured by producing open source publications, attending judiciously chosen conferences, and perhaps most importantly, distributing user-friendly open source code to access and make use of the theoretical tools that we develop.
Taking these steps will ensure that the mechanical models and solution methods that we develop will equip both academia and industry with a bespoke tool capable of both (i) carrying out virtual testing of the structural integrity of materials and device architectures (reducing the need for time consuming and costly prototyping), and (ii) identifying optimal materials and microstructures to serve as target that should be aimed for in practice. This will provide a significant benefit for economic success by accelerating the development of improved battery packs, thereby directly decreasing the overall cost of mobile energy storage. The largest impact is expected to be felt in the area of transport, where around one half of the overall cost of an electric vehicle (EV) is due to the battery. Enhancing the commercial viability of LIBs will enhance the rate of adoption of EVs and strongly contribute towards meeting the recent policies to ban the sale of combustion engines across large portions of the world in the next few decades. This, in turn, will ultimately make a contribution towards societal improvement by decreasing CO2, NOx and particulate emissions; mitigating climate change; and enhancing quality of life.
The importance of delivering this impact is reflected in the myriad of bodies pledging strong support towards this, and related, causes. For example, the EPSRC's Strategic Plan and Productive and Resilient Nation outcome, the NERC's UK Climate Resilience program and the government's Grand Challenges laid out in their Industrial Strategy. Lastly, impact in the form of effective public engagement will be generated by the PI first being trained in, and then delivering presentations to the public on progress in this highly topical area.
Taking these steps will ensure that the mechanical models and solution methods that we develop will equip both academia and industry with a bespoke tool capable of both (i) carrying out virtual testing of the structural integrity of materials and device architectures (reducing the need for time consuming and costly prototyping), and (ii) identifying optimal materials and microstructures to serve as target that should be aimed for in practice. This will provide a significant benefit for economic success by accelerating the development of improved battery packs, thereby directly decreasing the overall cost of mobile energy storage. The largest impact is expected to be felt in the area of transport, where around one half of the overall cost of an electric vehicle (EV) is due to the battery. Enhancing the commercial viability of LIBs will enhance the rate of adoption of EVs and strongly contribute towards meeting the recent policies to ban the sale of combustion engines across large portions of the world in the next few decades. This, in turn, will ultimately make a contribution towards societal improvement by decreasing CO2, NOx and particulate emissions; mitigating climate change; and enhancing quality of life.
The importance of delivering this impact is reflected in the myriad of bodies pledging strong support towards this, and related, causes. For example, the EPSRC's Strategic Plan and Productive and Resilient Nation outcome, the NERC's UK Climate Resilience program and the government's Grand Challenges laid out in their Industrial Strategy. Lastly, impact in the form of effective public engagement will be generated by the PI first being trained in, and then delivering presentations to the public on progress in this highly topical area.
Organisations
People |
ORCID iD |
Jamie Foster (Principal Investigator) |
Publications
Galvis A
(2021)
BESLE: Boundary element software for 3D linear elasticity
in Computer Physics Communications
Prada DM
(2022)
Multiscale stiffness characterisation of both healthy and osteoporotic bone tissue using subject-specific data.
in Journal of the mechanical behavior of biomedical materials
Description | Mechanical degradation is a key phenomena limiting the lifetime of lithium-ion batteries. Strategies to mitigate this damage can be identified through the development of accurate validated models. The initial stages of this project have seen successful completion of two milestones (described in detail in the original proposal). In short, we have (i) carried out the mathematical analysis (asymptotic homogenisation) required to reduce highly complex mechanical models of lithium-ion battery electrodes to a level where they can be solved in reasonable times on a computer. And, (ii), we have implemented these reduced models, using the finite element method, for solution on a computer. We are presently working on including new physical phenomena in these models and will then begin the process of validating the models against real data. |
Exploitation Route | These research outputs will be useful to the battery research community in general. Other modellers will be able to build upon the models and analysis that we provide, whilst scientists from other disciplines (chemistry and engineering particularly) can make use of our code to run simulations and inform alterations in practice. The code has been written with usability in mind and will be released with tutorials and documentation, and so we hope that industry will make use of our code resulting in non-academic impact before the end of the grant. |
Sectors | Digital/Communication/Information Technologies (including Software),Electronics,Energy,Environment,Transport |
Description | Battery parameter exchange (BPX) |
Geographic Reach | Multiple continents/international |
Policy Influence Type | Contribution to new or improved professional practice |
Description | Multi-Scale Modelling 2 |
Amount | £5,798,020 (GBP) |
Funding ID | FIRG025 |
Organisation | The Faraday Institution |
Sector | Charity/Non Profit |
Country | United Kingdom |
Start | 04/2021 |
End | 03/2023 |
Title | Asymptotic model of slip/stick contact phenomenon to be analogously applied in battery electrode simulations |
Description | We have implemented a code to solve the system of ODEs that describe the slip/stick contact phenomenon between rigid bodies embedded in a viscoelastic medium. This is am asymptotic reduced model that can be analogously used in battery electrode simulations |
Type Of Material | Computer model/algorithm |
Year Produced | 2022 |
Provided To Others? | No |
Impact | None, as yet |
Title | Computer model and formulation of a multiple scale homogenisation of charge transport in binary electrolyte |
Description | We have implemented a parallel code using MPI to rapidly and accurate solve novel models of the 3D electrochemical behaviour of lithium-ion battery electrodes that serves to validate homogenised models. |
Type Of Material | Computer model/algorithm |
Year Produced | 2023 |
Provided To Others? | No |
Impact | None, as yet |
Title | Computer model and formulation of battery electrodes considering the slip/stick friction phenomena between particles |
Description | We have implemented a parallel code using MPI to rapidly and accurate solve novel models of the mechanical behaviour of lithium-ion battery electrodes when more than one active particle in included in the model. The purpose is to simulate manufacturing processes such as calendering, where the slip/stick friction phenomena between particles takes and important role. |
Type Of Material | Computer model/algorithm |
Year Produced | 2023 |
Provided To Others? | No |
Impact | None, as yet |
Title | Computer model and formulation of the coupling of the electrochemistry and mechanics in pouch cells |
Description | We have implemented a set of codes to simulate the several scales considered in a model that couples cell-scale (macroscopic) deformation in a pouch cell to the particle-scale (microscopic) electrochemical processes occur within in it. This research is being included as a new module in PyBAMM |
Type Of Material | Computer model/algorithm |
Year Produced | 2023 |
Provided To Others? | No |
Impact | None, as yet |
Title | Computer model for multiple scale homogenisation of battery electrodes |
Description | We have implemented a parallel code using MPI to rapidly and accurate solve novel models of the mechanical behaviour of lithium-ion battery electrodes that serves to validate homogenised models |
Type Of Material | Computer model/algorithm |
Year Produced | 2022 |
Provided To Others? | No |
Impact | None, as yet |
Title | Numerical method for simulating deformation in a lithium-ion battery electrode |
Description | We have written computer code to rapidly and accurate solve novel models of deformation with a lithium-ion battery electrode |
Type Of Material | Computer model/algorithm |
Year Produced | 2021 |
Provided To Others? | No |
Impact | None, as yet |
Title | Treatment of discrete particle contact with a continuum |
Description | We have formulated a model to capture the contact between rigid bodies embedded within a deformable medium |
Type Of Material | Computer model/algorithm |
Year Produced | 2021 |
Provided To Others? | No |
Impact | None, as yet |
Title | BESLE: Boundary element software for 3D linear elasticity |
Description | BESLE is the first available parallel open-source code to analyse the mechanical behaviour of heterogeneous materials using the boundary element method (BEM) in 3D and in both an elastostatic and elastodynamic setting. |
Type Of Technology | Software |
Year Produced | 2021 |
Impact | None, as yet. |
Description | Calendering in lithium-ion battery manufacture |
Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | National |
Primary Audience | Other audiences |
Results and Impact | Interdisciplinary Invesgation of Major Safety Issues Related to Power Batteries and Electrochemical Energy Storage Systems, 2021 University of Hertfordshire - UK. Mathematical modeling and description of calendering models on electrode composites, considering system reductions via homogenisation and friction Hertz contact. |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2021 |
Description | Calendering models |
Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | National |
Primary Audience | Other audiences |
Results and Impact | Multi-Scale Modelling Face-to-Face meeting, 2021 Faraday Institute, Imperial College London - UK. (Poster) Brief description: Coupling of the Hert contact modelling and the mechanical behaviour of cathode composite considering rigid active particles and viscoelastic polymer binder. |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2021 |
Description | Lithium-ion batteries as highly multiscale, porous electrochemi- cal systems |
Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | International |
Primary Audience | Other audiences |
Results and Impact | Institut des Sciences de la Terre d'Orléans, Porous media group seminar series |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2022 |
Description | Mathematical modeling and description of calendering models on electrode composites, considering system reductions via homogenisation and friction Hertz contact. |
Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | Local |
Primary Audience | Other audiences |
Results and Impact | Reserach & Innovation Online Conference, 2021 University of Portsmouth - UK. Brief description: Description of the multiscale character of Li-ion batteries and its forms of degradation (chemical and mechanical) and the application of calendering models on electrode composites. |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2021 |
Description | Me- chanical deformation in the lithium-ion batteries |
Form Of Engagement Activity | A formal working group, expert panel or dialogue |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | International |
Primary Audience | Other audiences |
Results and Impact | European Consortium for Mathematics with Industry, Online |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2022 |
Description | Mechanical degradation in lithium-ion batteries |
Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | Local |
Primary Audience | Other audiences |
Results and Impact | Reserach & Innovation Online Conference, 2021 University of Portsmouth - UK. Mechanical Degradation in Lithium-Ion Batteries |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2021 |
Description | Mechanical degradation in lithium-ion batteries |
Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | International |
Primary Audience | Other audiences |
Results and Impact | Interdisciplinary Invesgation of Major Safety Issues Related to Power Batteries and Electrochemical Energy Storage Systems, 2021 University of Hertfordshire - UK. Mechanical degradation in lithium-ion batteries |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2021 |
Description | Multiple scales homogenisation of the mechanical behaviour of Li-ion batteries |
Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | International |
Primary Audience | Other audiences |
Results and Impact | Canadian Applied and Industrial Mathematics Society meeting, On- line |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2022 |
Description | The mechanics of lithium-ion batteries |
Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | International |
Primary Audience | Other audiences |
Results and Impact | Canadian Applied and Industrial Mathematics Society meeting, On- line |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2021 |
Description | Ultra-fast discharge in nano-structured LFP elec- trodes |
Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | International |
Primary Audience | Other audiences |
Results and Impact | British Council Newton Fund Link Workshop Programme, Guangzhou, China and Online |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2022 |