Ionic Liquids in-vacuo; marrying Surface Science with Solution Chemistry.
Lead Research Organisation:
University of Nottingham
Department Name: Sch of Chemistry
Abstract
The Scientific Problem: Scientific, environmental and commercial pressures are all forcing chemists to invent ever better catalytic reactions that generate the desired products with minimal waste. Biological systems achieve this goal very efficiently using chemically complex catalysts, so-called enzymes. Synthetic chemists are becoming increasingly able to design and prepare complex molecular catalysts; however, they are extremely costly in both monetary worth and environmental burden. Thus it is essential that the catalyst is conserved and not lost in the product mixture. There are several strategies for immobilising catalysts to prevent their loss and one of the more exciting new approaches is the application of ionic liquids as a selective solvent facilitating the entrapment of the catalytic species. The catalyst solution does not dissolve in the reaction mixture; hence it can be easily decanted away from the products at the end of the reaction and then reused. Although research groups throughout the world are studying ionic liquids, there is a lack of understanding about how catalysts function in ionic liquid solutions and indeed about the fundamental nature of ionic liquids as solvents. Such information is essential if catalysis is to be refined and reaction selectivity optimised. This project will address this imbalance and generate information vital to the design of better catalysts. Originality of Approach: Ionic liquids are, in general, organic based salts with melting points below room temperature. Because they are composed entirely of ions, they have an almost zero vapour pressure; they do not evaporate even under vacuum. This means that ionic liquids are difficult to ignite, unlike most of the solvents that are conventionally used for chemical synthesis. We have recognised that this lack of volatility allows ionic liquids to be used in a whole range of analytical instruments that require high vacuum for their operation. Thus ionic liquids could enable solutions and liquids to be used in high vacuum instruments for the first time, thereby allowing us to apply such techniques to probe the behaviour of catalysts in ionic liquid solutions. In addition, we can obtain an understanding of the fundamental physical chemistry of the ionic liquids themselves. Our preliminary experiments have demonstrated that this idea works in practice; we have obtained high quality X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) data of the pure liquids as well as the liquids doped with simple metal salts. XPS provides information about the electronic structure of different elements within a compound and has sufficient sensitivity to distinguish between atoms of the same element situated in chemically distinct environments. We will extend the application of UHV spectroscopies to allow the in-situ simultaneous characterisation of REDOX active substrates by both XPS and electrochemical methods including cyclic voltammetry, providing a direct link between the electronic structure of the metal to REDOX behaviour.Application of Research: During our preliminary investigations, we noted that the conductivity of Ionic liquids changes quite dramatically as the substrate is frozen to form a solid. We observed that when the cooled surface was irradiated with a focused beam of ions (FIB) an image was written to the substrate. The image, composed of localised areas of +ve charge was found to be remarkably stable, furthermore it was noted that the image could be easily erased by one of two simple methods, i) by warming the surface to increase mobilisation that facilitated dissipation of the charge throughout the bulk, or ii) by simply exposing the frozen surface to a supply of low energy electrons from an electron flood gun. The process is rewritable and there is no detrimental effect on the substrate surface.
Organisations
Publications
Armstrong JP
(2007)
Vapourisation of ionic liquids.
in Physical chemistry chemical physics : PCCP
Lovelock KR
(2007)
Water adsorption on a liquid surface.
in Chemical communications (Cambridge, England)
Men S
(2016)
X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy as a probe of rhodium-ligand interaction in ionic liquids
in Chemical Physics Letters
Taylor A
(2012)
X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy of Ferrocenyl- and Ferrocenium-Based Ionic Liquids
in ChemPhysChem
Men S
(2015)
X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy of Pyridinium-Based Ionic Liquids: Comparison to Imidazolium- and Pyrrolidinium-Based Analogues.
in Chemphyschem : a European journal of chemical physics and physical chemistry
Men S
(2011)
X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy of pyrrolidinium-based ionic liquids: cation-anion interactions and a comparison to imidazolium-based analogues.
in Physical chemistry chemical physics : PCCP
Men S
(2017)
X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy of trihalide ionic liquids: Comparison to halide-based analogues, anion basicity and beam damage
in Chemical Physics Letters
Santos AR
(2015)
XPS of guanidinium ionic liquids: a comparison of charge distribution in nitrogenous cations.
in Physical chemistry chemical physics : PCCP
Description | We have developed a protocol for charge referencing and comparison of XP spectra for liquid samples. We have defined standard methods for electrochemistry in UHV |
Exploitation Route | The methods developed have provided "go-to" references and methods which are now text-book. |
Sectors | Chemicals,Energy |
Description | Academic interest, but used in measurement of electronic structure and valence band data, useful in electrochemical devices, batteries, super-capps etc. Interaction data (anion-cation) applied in early studies on processing and dissolution of biopolymers (industrially supported) |
First Year Of Impact | 2016 |
Sector | Chemicals,Energy,Healthcare,Manufacturing, including Industrial Biotechology |
Description | EPSRC |
Amount | £563,118 (GBP) |
Funding ID | EP/I018093/1 |
Organisation | Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EPSRC) |
Sector | Public |
Country | United Kingdom |
Start | 09/2011 |
End | 04/2015 |
Description | EPSRC |
Amount | £25,249 (GBP) |
Funding ID | EP/H027424/1 |
Organisation | Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EPSRC) |
Sector | Public |
Country | United Kingdom |
Start | 01/2010 |
End | 07/2011 |