Delivering Graphene as an Engineering Material
Lead Research Organisation:
University of Manchester
Department Name: Materials
Abstract
Graphene is the strongest and stiffest known material, has exceptional electrical properties and has been shown to increase electrochemical performance. However, in order to realise the full potential of this material, there needs to be a cultural change so that routes from the test tube to the industrial plant are considered. To achieve this challenge, I will take an integrated research approach following graphene through from its production to processing and two target applications; composites and electrodes for energy storage. The research work will be underpinned by developing world-leading science and collaborating with leading laboratories. The key aims that will be addressed by this proposal are: 1. To study and develop new production methods for graphene.2. To develop the processing techniques for making controlled architectures.3. Targeted Application: Realise the potential of graphene in polymer composites for aerospace, automotive, construction, adhesive and packing applications.4. Targeted Application: Develop manufacturing routes for high performance electrodes for energy storage (e.g. rechargeable batteries and fuel cells).5. Transfer of the technology developed into industry and academia.To ensure significant impact, I have established links with industrial partners, taking the work through the supply chain from manufacturers (Thomas Swan) to material producers (Huntsman, Technical Fibre Products) and end users (DSTL, Airbus and Morgan Advanced Materials). Similarly, strong links will be made with national and international academic partners. Good interaction with all partners will be developed by the students and staff on the project spending time within the partners' laboratories. By the end of the project, I want to have put engineering components into the hands of industry, having published high impact papers on the underlying science which delivered the components, and trained PhD students and PDRAs to take this knowledge into UK industry and academia.
Planned Impact
At present, graphene probably has a higher profile than any other material. However, as stated in the objectives, graphene's impact is limited due to difficulties with producing and processing it into the architectures required for applications. I am addressing these issues through developing the underlying science in order to enable industry and academia to take this exciting new material through to applications which will benefit industry and society. The proposal will bring considerable benefits to industry, as highlighted by the strong industrial support. These industrial partners have identified key applications for graphene but do not yet have the materials technology to produce the graphene structures needed. The proposed workplan will deliver these materials, allowing industry to develop products. Furthermore, the proposal will provide a throughput of trained personnel to support this uptake of graphene in industry. One risk for industry is developing a new graphene product only to find that the graphene architectures are not commercially available. Therefore, I will collaborate with the entire supply chain from chemical manufacturers (Thomas Swan) to material producers (Huntsman, Technical Fibre Products) and end users (Airbus and Morgan Advanced Materials and Technology). Successful applications of graphene also have social as well as economic benefits. The two target applications, composites and energy storage both have an increasing impact on our lives. Structural composites are a high risk milestone but would have a significant impact on society. For example, high performance composites are essential for the new generation of large wind turbine blades and are used to reduce the weight of commercial aircraft. Importantly, if the cost of a structural filler, such as graphene, can be lowered to $10/kg then it will be taken up by the automotive industry at a million tons a year. Graphene is a potential polymer matrix modifier in multi-functional materials and will improve the polymer's electrical conductivity, gas barrier properties, fire retardancy and high temperature performance. Potential aerospace and wind turbine applications include damage tolerance, strain sensing and electrically conductive coatings. Huntsman envisage a wide impact across their range of polyurethane foams, composites, coatings and adhesives, with graphene achieving performance that could not be obtained with other technical solutions. Finally, DSTL are interested in developing ballistic protection for the armed forces. Electrochemical based energy storage and power generation are increasingly becoming important as society moves to cleaner energy sources and increases their use of portable electronics. This proposal will deliver new materials and architectures for electrodes in lithium-ion, fuel cell and supercapacitor devices. These electrodes aim to improve power densities, cell efficiencies and cycle life, giving people better performing devices. Overall, I am certain that the work, if funded, would have significant impact in academia, industry and society because of the contributing factors given above and within the Academic Beneficiaries section.
Organisations
- University of Manchester (Lead Research Organisation)
- University of Birmingham (Project Partner)
- Airbus (United Kingdom) (Project Partner)
- Defence Science and Technology Laboratory (Project Partner)
- James Cropper (United Kingdom) (Project Partner)
- Hamburg University of Technology (Project Partner)
- University of California, Santa Barbara (Project Partner)
- Huntsman Polyurethanes (Project Partner)
- Thomas Swan (United Kingdom) (Project Partner)
- Trinity College Dublin (Project Partner)
- Morgan Advanced Materials (United Kingdom) (Project Partner)
People |
ORCID iD |
Ian Kinloch (Principal Investigator) |
Publications
Abdelkader A
(2016)
Mechanochemical Exfoliation of 2D Crystals in Deep Eutectic Solvents
in ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering
Abdelkader AM
(2014)
High-yield electro-oxidative preparation of graphene oxide.
in Chemical communications (Cambridge, England)
Abdelkader AM
(2014)
Continuous electrochemical exfoliation of micrometer-sized graphene using synergistic ion intercalations and organic solvents.
in ACS applied materials & interfaces
Abdelkader AM
(2015)
How to get between the sheets: a review of recent works on the electrochemical exfoliation of graphene materials from bulk graphite.
in Nanoscale
Al-Hilfi S
(2021)
Chemical Vapor Deposition of Graphene on Cu-Ni Alloys: The Impact of Carbon Solubility
in Coatings
Anagnostopoulos G
(2016)
Mechanical Stability of Flexible Graphene-Based Displays.
in ACS applied materials & interfaces
Bichenkova E
(2017)
NMR detects molecular interactions of graphene with aromatic and aliphatic hydrocarbons in water
in 2D Materials
Bikkarolla SK
(2014)
Applications, composites, and devices: general discussion.
in Faraday discussions
Cui Z
(2016)
Using intra-microgel crosslinking to control the mechanical properties of doubly crosslinked microgels.
in Soft matter
Cui Z
(2014)
A study of physical and covalent hydrogels containing pH-responsive microgel particles and graphene oxide.
in Langmuir : the ACS journal of surfaces and colloids
Cui Z
(2016)
A study of conductive hydrogel composites of pH-responsive microgels and carbon nanotubes.
in Soft matter
Deng L
(2013)
Supercapacitance from cellulose and carbon nanotube nanocomposite fibers.
in ACS applied materials & interfaces
Deng L
(2014)
Coefficient of thermal expansion of carbon nanotubes measured by Raman spectroscopy
in Applied Physics Letters
Deng L
(2014)
Catalytic graphitization of electrospun cellulose nanofibres using silica nanoparticles
in Reactive and Functional Polymers
Deng L
(2013)
Carbon nanofibres produced from electrospun cellulose nanofibres
in Carbon
Ejigu A
(2017)
A simple electrochemical route to metallic phase trilayer MoS 2 : evaluation as electrocatalysts and supercapacitors
in Journal of Materials Chemistry A
Ejigu A
(2017)
Single Stage Simultaneous Electrochemical Exfoliation and Functionalization of Graphene.
in ACS applied materials & interfaces
Ejigu A
(2018)
On the Role of Transition Metal Salts During Electrochemical Exfoliation of Graphite: Antioxidants or Metal Oxide Decorators for Energy Storage Applications
in Advanced Functional Materials
Gong L
(2013)
Reversible loss of Bernal stacking during the deformation of few-layer graphene in nanocomposites.
in ACS nano
Hao S
(2022)
Interfacial energy dissipation in bio-inspired graphene nanocomposites
in Composites Science and Technology
Lewis AM
(2013)
Influence of gas phase equilibria on the chemical vapor deposition of graphene.
in ACS nano
Li Z
(2015)
Deformation of wrinkled graphene.
in ACS nano
Li Z
(2013)
Interfacial stress transfer in graphene oxide nanocomposites.
in ACS applied materials & interfaces
Li Z
(2016)
Effect of the orientation of graphene-based nanoplatelets upon the Young's modulus of nanocomposites
in Composites Science and Technology
Li Z
(2018)
Effect of functional groups on the agglomeration of graphene in nanocomposites
in Composites Science and Technology
Li Z
(2016)
The role of interlayer adhesion in graphene oxide upon its reinforcement of nanocomposites.
in Philosophical transactions. Series A, Mathematical, physical, and engineering sciences
Li Z.
(2015)
Deformation of graphene oxide: From model to bulk nanocomposites
in ICCM International Conferences on Composite Materials
Lin Y
(2015)
Thermoelectric Power Generation from Lanthanum Strontium Titanium Oxide at Room Temperature through the Addition of Graphene.
in ACS applied materials & interfaces
Lin Y
(2016)
Pristine Graphene Aerogels by Room-Temperature Freeze Gelation.
in Advanced materials (Deerfield Beach, Fla.)
Liu M
(2018)
Micromechanics of reinforcement of a graphene-based thermoplastic elastomer nanocomposite
in Composites Part A: Applied Science and Manufacturing
Palermo V
(2016)
Nanoscale Mechanics of Graphene and Graphene Oxide in Composites: A Scientific and Technological Perspective.
in Advanced materials (Deerfield Beach, Fla.)
Papageorgiou D
(2016)
Hybrid multifunctional graphene/glass-fibre polypropylene composites
in Composites Science and Technology
Papageorgiou D
(2015)
Graphene/elastomer nanocomposites
in Carbon
Papageorgiou D
(2017)
Mechanical properties of graphene and graphene-based nanocomposites
in Progress in Materials Science
Papageorgiou D
(2018)
Enhanced thermal and fire retardancy properties of polypropylene reinforced with a hybrid graphene/glass-fibre filler
in Composites Science and Technology
Papageorgiou D.G.
(2020)
Hybrid, graphene-reinforced poly(ether ether ketone) nanocomposites
in ECCM 2018 - 18th European Conference on Composite Materials
Raju A
(2014)
Wide-Area Strain Sensors based upon Graphene-Polymer Composite Coatings Probed by Raman Spectroscopy
in Advanced Functional Materials
Raju A
(2016)
Dispersal of pristine graphene for biological studies
in RSC Advances
Sole C
(2015)
The role of re-aggregation on the performance of electrochemically exfoliated many-layer graphene for Li-ion batteries
in Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry
Tanaka F
(2012)
The effect of nanostructure upon the compressive strength of carbon fibres
in Journal of Materials Science
Thomas H
(2013)
Deoxygenation of Graphene Oxide: Reduction or Cleaning?
in Chemistry of Materials
Thomas H
(2013)
Identifying the fluorescence of graphene oxide
in J. Mater. Chem. C
Vallés C
(2015)
Effect of the C/O ratio in graphene oxide materials on the reinforcement of epoxy-based nanocomposites
in Journal of Polymer Science Part B: Polymer Physics
Description | This project consisted of four main phrases: 1. Graphene production. We have developed a reductive exfoliation route for graphene which can produce large diameter flakes with a low degree of defects compared to oxidative or high shear routes. The electrochemical exfoliation route has also allowed the surface chemistry of the graphene to be tuned during production, including the exfoliation of graphane (hydrogenated graphene.) We have also developed CVD routes for graphene on liquid metal substrates, based upon our thermodynamic modelling of the growth conditions. 2. Graphene architectural control We have developed a detailed understanding of the rheology of graphene in water and polymer melts. Graphene is considerably more processable at high loadings than nanotubes, meaning that graphene should be easy to take through into industry. We have used non-aqueous solvents to form aerogels from graphene and other 2D materials. This change of solvent means that the aerogel precursors can be processed using standard polymer processing techniques. 3. Graphene composites Using model experimental systems we have demonstrated that graphene follows standard composite micromechanical theory despite being only one atom thick. Consequently we realised that there was a critical flake length required for good mechanical reinforcement, explaining previous literature when no mechanical reinforcement was seen. Further analysis allowed us to establish the design rules for graphene-polymer composites, giving the optimal flake length and thickness needed for reinforcement. These design rules allowed us to produce bulk graphene composites with both thermosets and thermoplastics that showed improved mechanical properties. 4. Graphene based energy materials We have found that a small addition of graphene to a oxide based thermoelectric increases the thermal operating window of the device down to room temperature, making them ideal of applications where the temperature is not constant. We have also developed routes for doping and processing graphene for sueprcapacitor applications. |
Exploitation Route | The design rules and micro mechanics of composites have been published and allow academia and industry to easily predict the behaviour of their composites. The aerogel route for high surface area constructs of 2D materials opens opportunities in a range of applications. Our exfoliation route is providing materials for further study and applications. |
Sectors | Aerospace, Defence and Marine,Chemicals,Energy,Manufacturing, including Industrial Biotechology |
Description | The Fellowship meant I could focus on developing the fundamental understanding of graphene production and its use in composites and energy storage, and thus lay the groundwork for the following 10+ years of research. In particular, this foundation enabled me to apply for further major grants (e.g. the Graphene Flagship), build industrial links and apply for my current R.A.Eng Research Chair. The work on graphene production through electrochemical exfoliation has led to a £1m collaborative project with Morgan Advanced Materials to scale up the route and identify the key applications for this material. This collaboration continued in 2019 with the award of Royal Academy of Engineering/Morgan Advanced Materials in Carbon Materials which will take more general knowledge of sp2 carbons developed during the EPSRC fellowship and re-apply to more traditional carbon materials and applications. The grant allowed us to establish the fundamental structure-property relationships for graphene composites and coating. Subsequently we had have industrial collaborations with partners including Sabic, Teijin, Nouryon Hempel, BAE, Tata, Haydale and Versarien to transfer this knowledge to applications. I have also been heavily involved in the Graphene Flagship as Deputy Leader for the composite work-package. We have developed new routes towards energy generation materials with graphene significantly widening the thermal operating window of oxide thermoelectrics. This work was followed up with a collaboration with a UK manufacturer, ETL Ltd, through an Innovate-EPSRC grant. We have also developed new graphene-based energy storage materials, with an industrial project now with Petronas. |
First Year Of Impact | 2012 |
Sector | Aerospace, Defence and Marine,Chemicals,Electronics,Energy,Manufacturing, including Industrial Biotechology,Transport |
Impact Types | Economic |
Description | Controlling electrical percolation in hybrid thermoplastic composites through informed selection of fillers "HybridPercComp"(HPC) |
Amount | £276,427 (GBP) |
Organisation | Dutch Polymer Institute (DPI) |
Sector | Public |
Country | Netherlands |
Start | 07/2018 |
End | 06/2022 |
Description | GraphTED - graphene nanocomposite materials for thermoelectric devices |
Amount | £99,467 (GBP) |
Funding ID | EP/M50774X/1 |
Organisation | Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EPSRC) |
Sector | Public |
Country | United Kingdom |
Start | 04/2015 |
End | 03/2016 |
Description | Graphene Flagship |
Amount | £470,000 (GBP) |
Funding ID | 604391 |
Organisation | European Commission |
Sector | Public |
Country | European Union (EU) |
Start | 04/2016 |
End | 03/2017 |
Description | Graphene-based disrputive technologies (H2020 Graphene Flagship Core 3) |
Amount | £643,000 (GBP) |
Organisation | European Commission H2020 |
Sector | Public |
Country | Belgium |
Start | 04/2020 |
End | 03/2022 |
Description | HI-IMPERATIVE (Highly Innovative Thermally Conductive Materials for Power-Electronics Applications in EV) |
Amount | £385,051 (GBP) |
Funding ID | 10004716 |
Organisation | Innovate UK |
Sector | Public |
Country | United Kingdom |
Start | 06/2021 |
End | 12/2022 |
Description | RAEng/Morgan Advanced Materials Chair in Carbon Materials |
Amount | £590,000 (GBP) |
Organisation | Royal Academy of Engineering |
Sector | Charity/Non Profit |
Country | United Kingdom |
Start | 10/2018 |
End | 09/2023 |
Description | Realising the Graphene Revolution |
Amount | £200,000 (ANG) |
Organisation | Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EPSRC) |
Sector | Public |
Country | United Kingdom |
Start | 04/2015 |
End | 03/2016 |
Description | Realising the Graphene Revolution |
Amount | £200,000 (GBP) |
Organisation | Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EPSRC) |
Sector | Public |
Country | United Kingdom |
Start | 04/2015 |
End | 03/2016 |
Description | University of Manchester |
Amount | £1,000,000 (GBP) |
Organisation | University of Manchester |
Department | Innovation Group (UMI3) |
Sector | Private |
Country | United Kingdom |
Start | 10/2014 |
End | 12/2017 |
Title | Supporting data for article "Strain-induced phonon shifts in tungsten disulfide nanoplatelets and nanotubes" |
Description | The relationship between structure and properties has been followed for different nanoscale forms of tungsten disulfide (2H-WS2) namely exfoliated monolayer and few-layer nanoplatelets, and nanotubes. The similarities and differences between these nanostructured materials have been examined using a combination of optical microscopy, scanning and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (SEM and HRTEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM). Photoluminescence (PL) and Raman spectroscopy have also been used to distinguish between monolayer and few-layer material. Strain induced phonon shifts have been followed from the changes in the positions of the A1g and E2g1 Raman bands during uniaxial deformation. This has been modelled for monolayer using density functional theory (DFT) with excellent agreement between the measured and predicted behaviour. It has been found that as the number of WS2 layers increases for few-layer crystals or nanotubes, the A1g mode hardens whereas the E2g1 mode softens. This is believed to be due to the A1g mode, which involves out of plane atomic movements, being constrained by the increasing number of WS2 layers whereas easy sliding reduces stress transfer to the individual layers for the E2g1 mode, involving only in-plane vibrations. This finding has enabled the anomalous phonon shift behaviour in earlier pressure measurements on WS2 to be resolved, as well as similar effects in other transition metal dichalcogenides, such as molybdenum disulfide (MoS2), to be explained. This dataset contains supporting data for the density functional theory calculations which were the part of this work carried out at the University of Bath.The two zipped files contain all the input files supplied to the Quantum Espresso package for the two cases of pure hydrostatic strain and pure shear strain. |
Type Of Material | Database/Collection of data |
Year Produced | 2016 |
Provided To Others? | Yes |
Title | PRODUCTION OF GRAPHENE |
Description | A method for the production of graphene and graphite nanoplatelet structures having a thickness of less than 100 nm in an electrochemical cell, wherein the cell comprises: (a) a negative electrode which is graphitic; (b) a positive electrode which may be graphitic or another material; and (c) an electrolyte which is ions in a solvent where the cations are organic ions and metal ions; and wherein the method comprises the step of passing a current through the cell. |
IP Reference | WO2013132261 |
Protection | Patent application published |
Year Protection Granted | 2013 |
Licensed | Commercial In Confidence |
Impact | A joint University of Manchester-Morgan Advanced Materials Project is currently running at the National Graphene Institute (NGI), to scale this production route and explore the applications of the graphene produced. The project is approximately £1m over two years and is funded jointly by Morgan and UMIP. The research team involves two embedded Morgan staff at the NGI. |
Title | THERMOELECTRIC MATERIALS AND DEVICES COMPRISING GRAPHENE |
Description | Composite materials with thermoelectric properties and devices made from such materials are described. The thermoelectric composite material may comprise a metal oxide material and graphene or modified graphene. It has been found that the addition of graphene or modified graphene to thermoelectric metal oxide materials increases ZT. It has further been found that the ZT of the metal oxide becomes effective over a broader temperature range and at lower temperatures. |
IP Reference | WO2014125292 |
Protection | Patent application published |
Year Protection Granted | 2014 |
Licensed | No |
Impact | Follow-on funding with TSB Innovate to develop prototype with ETL Limited. |
Description | Generating power from waste heat: Hot stuff (The Economist) |
Form Of Engagement Activity | A magazine, newsletter or online publication |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | International |
Primary Audience | Public/other audiences |
Results and Impact | Article in The Economist on our graphene-thermoelectric work, which increased awareness of both thermoelectrics and the benefits of incorporating graphene. |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2015 |
URL | http://www.economist.com/news/science-and-technology/21660078-sprinkling-graphene-may-conjure-long-s... |
Description | Great British Railway Journeys (BBC2) |
Form Of Engagement Activity | A broadcast e.g. TV/radio/film/podcast (other than news/press) |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | National |
Primary Audience | Public/other audiences |
Results and Impact | Informal interview and demonstration of the electrochemical exfoliation of graphene on the Great British Railway Journeys broadcast on BB2 on 10th January 2017 (Series 8, Episode 7). |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2017 |
URL | http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b088rpqh |
Description | UAV at the Farnborough Airshow. |
Form Of Engagement Activity | Participation in an activity, workshop or similar |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | International |
Primary Audience | Public/other audiences |
Results and Impact | A collaboration between UCLan, University of Manchester and Haydale opened |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2016 |