Explaining Consciousness as Neural Dynamical Complexity
Lead Research Organisation:
University of Sussex
Department Name: Sch of Engineering and Informatics
Abstract
A scientific account of consciousness is a key objective for 21st century science. A large array of consciousness-relevant empirical data has been gathered from rapidly advancing brain imaging technology, and the beginnings of theories accounting for aspects of consciousness have been formed. There is now reason to believe that we are on the verge of a major breakthrough in our understanding of what is special about the particular types of brain activity and brain tasks that are associated with consciousness.
It appears that consciousness involves a precisely balanced amount of communication between the different brain regions. Too much shouting and no region can get on with processing its specifically assigned job. Too little and nothing will be tied together into a unified broadcast across the whole brain. If there is a careful balance between regional segregation and global integration of information, then the globally broadcast content will give rise to a conscious experience.
This project will attempt to measure consciousness by describing this subtle property in mathematical models of brain activity. It aims to predict a person's level of consciousness by analysing brain data alone, e.g. to distinguish between whether they are fully awake, drowsy, or in deep sleep. The project will take advantage of state-of-the-art data, including `intracranial' recordings from surgically implanted electrodes that have, for medical reasons, been placed either on the brain's surface, or deep inside the brain. Analyses will be based on recordings from groups of electrodes that detect electric fields generated by the activity of large populations of neurons. Computer simulations will help identify the signatures of consciousness-related activity in the signals picked up by electrodes. A combination of new mathematical models, measures and statistical techniques will ensure that inferences about consciousness are made reliably based on properties of the data, and not from random fluctuations in activity or by inaccuracies in measurement.
Consciousness science is particularly exciting because what is uncovered has profound implications for our place in nature and for our understanding of our very selves. At the practical level, having a reliable measure of conscious level would be extremely attractive in the clinic. There are scenarios in which traditional assessments of consciousness based on patient behaviour are unreliable. After a serious accident or a stroke, patients can be left in a condition in which they are completely unresponsive, yet could still be conscious and unable to communicate. This research will help inform diagnoses of patients suffering from such a disorder of consciousness, and guide ethical decisions on their treatment. This research will also find applications in psychiatry, since some mental illnesses can be considered as disorders of consciousness. Understanding the complex neural mechanisms of consciousness will open up new avenues for diagnosing mental illness and for treatment of mental suffering.
This project will provide a new way of looking at `complex' systems broadly conceived as any entity that consists of many components that interact in such a way that the whole is greater than the sum of the parts. The mathematical and statistical tools developed will therefore have potential for application far beyond the study of the human brain, for example, to information technology, traffic control, climate change and finance, to name just a few domains in which complex systems arise.
It appears that consciousness involves a precisely balanced amount of communication between the different brain regions. Too much shouting and no region can get on with processing its specifically assigned job. Too little and nothing will be tied together into a unified broadcast across the whole brain. If there is a careful balance between regional segregation and global integration of information, then the globally broadcast content will give rise to a conscious experience.
This project will attempt to measure consciousness by describing this subtle property in mathematical models of brain activity. It aims to predict a person's level of consciousness by analysing brain data alone, e.g. to distinguish between whether they are fully awake, drowsy, or in deep sleep. The project will take advantage of state-of-the-art data, including `intracranial' recordings from surgically implanted electrodes that have, for medical reasons, been placed either on the brain's surface, or deep inside the brain. Analyses will be based on recordings from groups of electrodes that detect electric fields generated by the activity of large populations of neurons. Computer simulations will help identify the signatures of consciousness-related activity in the signals picked up by electrodes. A combination of new mathematical models, measures and statistical techniques will ensure that inferences about consciousness are made reliably based on properties of the data, and not from random fluctuations in activity or by inaccuracies in measurement.
Consciousness science is particularly exciting because what is uncovered has profound implications for our place in nature and for our understanding of our very selves. At the practical level, having a reliable measure of conscious level would be extremely attractive in the clinic. There are scenarios in which traditional assessments of consciousness based on patient behaviour are unreliable. After a serious accident or a stroke, patients can be left in a condition in which they are completely unresponsive, yet could still be conscious and unable to communicate. This research will help inform diagnoses of patients suffering from such a disorder of consciousness, and guide ethical decisions on their treatment. This research will also find applications in psychiatry, since some mental illnesses can be considered as disorders of consciousness. Understanding the complex neural mechanisms of consciousness will open up new avenues for diagnosing mental illness and for treatment of mental suffering.
This project will provide a new way of looking at `complex' systems broadly conceived as any entity that consists of many components that interact in such a way that the whole is greater than the sum of the parts. The mathematical and statistical tools developed will therefore have potential for application far beyond the study of the human brain, for example, to information technology, traffic control, climate change and finance, to name just a few domains in which complex systems arise.
Planned Impact
It is an exciting time for the field of consciousness science. Advances in brain imaging technology are allowing increasingly detailed data to be gathered, and new inter-disciplinary approaches are yielding intriguing new ideas. That the field is ripe for progress, and the fact that the questions it poses are so fundamental, means that there is potential for huge impact in multiple sectors from this research.
In the academic sector this work will impact highly on the cognitive and computational neuroscience of consciousness. There is a clear need for a unifying theoretical framework within which to process rapidly accumulating and increasingly more detailed empirical data pertaining to consciousness. This proposal represents a unique package of mathematical yet empirically grounded research to build upon and unify several distinct strands of theory and provide new tools for data-analysis.
Beyond consciousness, the work will broadly impact cognitive neuroscience by furthering the state-of-the-art in assessing directed interactions between brain regions from electrophysiological data. Since it is becoming increasingly acknowledged that all cognitive brain processes rely on dynamical inter-regional interactions, any advances in measuring these will be hugely beneficial.
New algorithms for measuring complexity will impact on the study, design, engineering and control of all kinds of complex systems, e.g. computers, traffic, financial systems, in academia and in industry.
Analysing metacognition (knowledge of perception) is important to many areas of psychology. My rigorous approach to this is already finding application to behavioural studies at Sussex on artificial grammar learning, and interoception and emotion. The proposed development of software for analysing metacognition will ensure continued and expanded impact of my research in this area.
There is potential for substantial impact in the clinic. After traumatic brain injury from a serious accident or a stroke, patients can be left in an unresponsive state, yet could still be conscious and unable to communicate. Critically, such patients may appear to go through wake-sleep cycles, whilst still failing standard tests of conscious awareness based on sustained non-reflexive behavioural responses. By enabling us to better assess the presence and level of consciousness from brain activity, this research could help develop new diagnostic methods for use on patients suffering from such serious disorders of consciousness, and ultimately help guide ethical decisions on their treatment. Similarly, this research could help the development of new technology for better monitoring of anaesthetic depth during surgery. There are occasions when it becomes difficult to assess anaesthetic depth, and advances in monitoring would enable smaller doses of anaesthetic to be used, leading to a decrease in the sometimes severe side-effects of anaesthesia, and a drop in the number of cases of patients being consciously aware during surgery.
In psychiatry, many mental illnesses are increasingly being considered as disorders of consciousness and/or disturbances in brain connectivity. By enhancing our understanding of the neural mechanisms and connectivity underlying consciousness, this research will open up new pathways for diagnosing mental illness and for treatment of mental suffering.
Public impact will be especially high for this research. Consciousness research strikes at the essence of the way we view our very selves, via its profound implications for our place in nature. Journalists in all branches of the media are aware of the blossoming of a new science of consciousness, as testified by the increasing number of articles and radio and television shows dedicated to the subject. The media are highly aware of the Sackler Centre for Consciousness Science as a new and unique venue for research at the frontier; e.g., there have been recent visits by New Scientist and the BBC.
In the academic sector this work will impact highly on the cognitive and computational neuroscience of consciousness. There is a clear need for a unifying theoretical framework within which to process rapidly accumulating and increasingly more detailed empirical data pertaining to consciousness. This proposal represents a unique package of mathematical yet empirically grounded research to build upon and unify several distinct strands of theory and provide new tools for data-analysis.
Beyond consciousness, the work will broadly impact cognitive neuroscience by furthering the state-of-the-art in assessing directed interactions between brain regions from electrophysiological data. Since it is becoming increasingly acknowledged that all cognitive brain processes rely on dynamical inter-regional interactions, any advances in measuring these will be hugely beneficial.
New algorithms for measuring complexity will impact on the study, design, engineering and control of all kinds of complex systems, e.g. computers, traffic, financial systems, in academia and in industry.
Analysing metacognition (knowledge of perception) is important to many areas of psychology. My rigorous approach to this is already finding application to behavioural studies at Sussex on artificial grammar learning, and interoception and emotion. The proposed development of software for analysing metacognition will ensure continued and expanded impact of my research in this area.
There is potential for substantial impact in the clinic. After traumatic brain injury from a serious accident or a stroke, patients can be left in an unresponsive state, yet could still be conscious and unable to communicate. Critically, such patients may appear to go through wake-sleep cycles, whilst still failing standard tests of conscious awareness based on sustained non-reflexive behavioural responses. By enabling us to better assess the presence and level of consciousness from brain activity, this research could help develop new diagnostic methods for use on patients suffering from such serious disorders of consciousness, and ultimately help guide ethical decisions on their treatment. Similarly, this research could help the development of new technology for better monitoring of anaesthetic depth during surgery. There are occasions when it becomes difficult to assess anaesthetic depth, and advances in monitoring would enable smaller doses of anaesthetic to be used, leading to a decrease in the sometimes severe side-effects of anaesthesia, and a drop in the number of cases of patients being consciously aware during surgery.
In psychiatry, many mental illnesses are increasingly being considered as disorders of consciousness and/or disturbances in brain connectivity. By enhancing our understanding of the neural mechanisms and connectivity underlying consciousness, this research will open up new pathways for diagnosing mental illness and for treatment of mental suffering.
Public impact will be especially high for this research. Consciousness research strikes at the essence of the way we view our very selves, via its profound implications for our place in nature. Journalists in all branches of the media are aware of the blossoming of a new science of consciousness, as testified by the increasing number of articles and radio and television shows dedicated to the subject. The media are highly aware of the Sackler Centre for Consciousness Science as a new and unique venue for research at the frontier; e.g., there have been recent visits by New Scientist and the BBC.
Organisations
- University of Sussex (Fellow, Lead Research Organisation)
- University of Milan (Collaboration)
- University of Sussex (Collaboration)
- University of Liege (Collaboration)
- Polish Academy of Sciences (Collaboration)
- IMPERIAL COLLEGE LONDON (Collaboration)
- University of Milan (Project Partner)
- University of Liège (Project Partner)
People |
ORCID iD |
Adam Bruno Barrett (Principal Investigator / Fellow) |
Publications
Schartner MM
(2017)
Global and local complexity of intracranial EEG decreases during NREM sleep.
in Neuroscience of consciousness
Seth AK
(2015)
Granger causality analysis in neuroscience and neuroimaging.
in The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience
Schartner MM
(2017)
Increased spontaneous MEG signal diversity for psychoactive doses of ketamine, LSD and psilocybin.
in Scientific reports
Garfinkel SN
(2015)
Knowing your own heart: distinguishing interoceptive accuracy from interoceptive awareness.
in Biological psychology
Mediano PAM
(2018)
Measuring Integrated Information: Comparison of Candidate Measures in Theory and Simulation.
in Entropy (Basel, Switzerland)
Barnett L
(2018)
Misunderstandings regarding the application of Granger causality in neuroscience.
in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
Sherman MT
(2015)
Prior expectations facilitate metacognition for perceptual decision.
in Consciousness and cognition
Sherman M
(2018)
Quantifying metacognitive thresholds using signal-detection theory
Description | Demonstration of how certain measures of signal diversity can robustly index various states of consciousness. Consistent decreases in signal diversity were observed in electrophysiological data from general anaesthesia and deep sleep compared to wakeful rest, while increases were observed in data from participants administered with psychedelic substances. The latter observations constituted the first time that increases in signal diversity have been seen for any state, relative to wakeful rest. Together the findings further our understanding of the relationship between consciousness and neural dynamical complexity. (Published papers in PLoS ONE, Neuroscience of Consciousness and Nature Scientific Reports.) Publication of my unique stance on consciousness (in Frontiers in Psychology, Entropy, Journal of Consciousness Studies). Integrated Information Theory is the most promising theory for describing fundamentally how matter can give rise to subjective experience. Its core idea is that consciousness derives from intrinsic information, i.e. that which is independent of the frame of reference imposed by outside observers. The problem with previous formulations however is that, by being formulated only for networks of abstract discrete elements, they are not applicable to standard models of fundamental physical entities. In modern physics, fields are considered the most fundamental entities. I posit that consciousness fundamentally arises from information intrinsic to the electromagnetic field generated by the brain, and I described how IIT should be reformulated to provide a measure of the intrinsic information in a continuous field configuration. A paper in Physical Review E that is helping open up a whole new approach to characterizing and quantifying information sharing among complex system variables. Shannon information theory has provided extremely successful methodology for understanding and quantifying information transfer in systems conceptualized as receiver/transmitter, or stimulus/response. However, it does not provide a complete description of the informational relationships between variables in a system composed of three or more variables. It can't specify the redundant or synergistic information that two `sources' generate about a single `target'. Redundant information is that which is common to both sources, while synergistic information is that which only arises from knowing both sources. Some recent studies had begun addressing this for discrete variables. My study is the first to explore continuous variables. I obtained formulae for redundancy and synergy valid for a broad class of systems composed of normally distributed random variables. My formulae will find application to a broad spectrum of continuous time-series data, and in particular to neurophysiological data such as EEG. I have brought my complexity science toolkit to bear on a distinct field - ecological macroeconomics - and published an innovative paper in Ecological Economics. Given that endless growth on a finite planet is impossible, I wanted to compare the relative stability of a growing versus non-growing scenario on a basic model of a capitalist economy. Previous studies had only looked into the hypothetical existence of a stable zero-growth equilibrium point, and not at the likelihood of a crisis developing. I built a dynamical systems model using Hyman Minsky's theory of financial instability - this was the first time this theory has been applied in ecological macroeconomics. According to my model, a scenario of zero growth can be just as stable as a positive growth scenario. More important than growth for avoiding a crisis, is for businesses to not alter their debt levels too much in response to small fluctuations. |
Exploitation Route | Academic sector impact: I have received invitations to present my work at two international workshops attended by leading players on the neuroscience and computer science fronts of complexity science. I have talked at a plenary symposium at the annual meeting of the Association for the Scientific Study of Consciousness. Clinical sector impact: My work on measuring conscious level could impact on the clinical assessment of consciousness in traumatic brain injury patients and during general anaesthesia. My collaboration with leading neurologists at research hospitals in Milan and Liege will ensure the taking up of any opportunity for incorporating my scientific findings into this realm. My measures have recently been applied to data from participants administered with psychedelic drugs in a world-leading laboratory at Imperial College London. The group there are trialling the use of psychedelic drugs to treat anxiety and depression, and the complexity measures developed in my research could prove useful in monitoring physiological changes in patients during trial treatments. I have presented my work at a meeting of the South of England Neurosciences Association, a forum for exchange between clinicians and clinical neuroscientists. Public impact: Two articles in The Conversation, through which I have reached a large public audience. |
Sectors | Creative Economy,Digital/Communication/Information Technologies (including Software),Environment,Financial Services, and Management Consultancy,Healthcare,Government, Democracy and Justice |
URL | http://www.sussex.ac.uk/Users/abb22/ |
Description | Toward a Measure of Soundscape Dynamical Acoustic Complexity using Causal Analysis and AI |
Amount | £59,200 (GBP) |
Funding ID | pFACT PF1635 |
Organisation | Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EPSRC) |
Sector | Public |
Country | United Kingdom |
Start | 04/2022 |
End | 11/2022 |
Description | Collaborators at my university |
Organisation | University of Sussex |
Country | United Kingdom |
Sector | Academic/University |
PI Contribution | My expertise and intellectual input, conception of ideas. Sharing of data. Sharing of computer code. Collaborating on paper writing. |
Collaborator Contribution | Expertise and intellectual input. Collaborating on paper writing. Analysis of data. |
Impact | My publications. The collaboration is multi-disciplinary and incorporates: mathematics, computer science, neuroscience, psychology, psychiatry and philosophy. |
Start Year | 2013 |
Description | Imperial |
Organisation | Imperial College London |
Country | United Kingdom |
Sector | Academic/University |
PI Contribution | Discussion. Mathematical derivations. Computer code. Student project supervision. |
Collaborator Contribution | Computer simulation. |
Impact | Two papers: The Phi measure of integrated information is not well-defined for general physical systems; Measuring integrated information: Comparison of candidate measures in theory and simulation. |
Start Year | 2015 |
Description | Imperial 2 |
Organisation | Imperial College London |
Department | Department of Materials |
Country | United Kingdom |
Sector | Academic/University |
PI Contribution | Data analysis. Paper writing. Ideas. |
Collaborator Contribution | Data. Ideas. Paper editing. |
Impact | Publication, doi:10.1038/srep46421. Multi-disciplinary: neuroscience, mathematics, statistics. |
Start Year | 2016 |
Description | Liege |
Organisation | University of Liege |
Country | Belgium |
Sector | Academic/University |
PI Contribution | Analysis of data |
Collaborator Contribution | Contribution of data |
Impact | Schartner, M.M., Seth, A.K., Noirhomme, Q., Boly, M., Bruno, M.A., Laureys, S., & Barrett, A.B. (2015). Complexity of multi-dimensional spontaneous EEG decreases during propofol induced general anaesthesia. PLoS ONE 10(8): e0133532. |
Start Year | 2013 |
Description | Milan |
Organisation | University of Milan |
Country | Italy |
Sector | Academic/University |
PI Contribution | Analysis of data. Exchange of ideas. |
Collaborator Contribution | Contribution of data. Exchange of ideas. |
Impact | First publication Schartner, M.M., Pigorini, A., Gibbs, S.A., Arnulfo, G., Sarasso, S., Barnett, L., Nobili, L., Massimini, M., Seth, A.K., & Barrett, A.B. (2017). Global and local complexity of intracranial EEG decreases during NREM sleep. Neurosci. Conscious. 3 (1): niw022. Second publication: doi:doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2017.11.030 Multi-disciplinary: combines my mathematics, computing and neuroscience with their neuroscience and medicine. |
Start Year | 2013 |
Description | Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw |
Organisation | Polish Academy of Sciences |
Department | Nencki Institute |
Country | Poland |
Sector | Academic/University |
PI Contribution | Data analysis design, exchange of ideas, paper editing. |
Collaborator Contribution | Data analysis, exchange of ideas, paper writing. |
Impact | A paper, doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2017.11.030 Multi-disciplinary: neuroscience, statistics, data analysis |
Start Year | 2016 |
Description | Blog article for PRIME Economics |
Form Of Engagement Activity | Engagement focused website, blog or social media channel |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | National |
Primary Audience | Public/other audiences |
Results and Impact | I contributed a blog post for Policy Research in Macroeconomics (PRIME), which is a network of macroeconomists, political economists and professionals from related disciplines who seek to engage with a diverse audience in order to de-mystify economic theories, policies and ideas. The goal was to alert the public to the potential for complexity science type thinking to solve problems in macroeconomics. The title of the article is "Macroeconomics: there's hope" |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2016 |
URL | http://www.primeeconomics.org/articles/macroeconomics-theres-hope |
Description | Brighton Nerd Nite talk |
Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | Regional |
Primary Audience | Public/other audiences |
Results and Impact | Invited talk at Brighton Nerd Nite, an established monthly event in a theatre consisting of 20 minute talks from experts on specific topics, aimed at an intelligent general audience. I gave a talk to a sell-out crowd of just over 100, on "Does capitalism require endless growth for a stable economy?" |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2019 |
URL | https://brighton.nerdnite.com/2019/11/14/nerd-nite-64-energy-zero-growth-economics-dark-matter/ |
Description | Cambridge University Natural Sciences Society Annual Dinner |
Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | National |
Primary Audience | Undergraduate students |
Results and Impact | Invited speaker at the annual dinner of the Natural Sciences society of Trinity Hall College, at the University of Cambridge. Audience of about 75, for talk, plus lively Q&A and dinner afterwards. My talk was entitled "Measuring consciousness" |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2019 |
Description | Conversation article |
Form Of Engagement Activity | Engagement focused website, blog or social media channel |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | International |
Primary Audience | Public/other audiences |
Results and Impact | Publication of article in The Conversation: "How capitalism without growth could build a more stable economy". Purpose to advertise my research findings to a wide audience from multiple sectors. Sparked a phone call with the head of a non-governmental organisation based in Washington DC. Article republished in The Independent. Sparked 67 comments from the audience. |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2018 |
URL | https://theconversation.com/how-capitalism-without-growth-could-build-a-more-stable-economy-91779 |
Description | Conversation article - Integrated Information Theory |
Form Of Engagement Activity | Engagement focused website, blog or social media channel |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | International |
Primary Audience | Public/other audiences |
Results and Impact | Article published in "The Conversation", an online magazine consisting of articles written by academics aimed at the general public. The purpose was to inform the public of the state of a scientific theory of consciousness that has been receiving a lot of attention recently, but which has been frequently misunderstood. The article received over 33,000 reads, and a vigorous discussion of 71 comments, 156 tweets, and over 2900 shares on Facebook. |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2018 |
URL | https://theconversation.com/why-we-need-to-figure-out-a-theory-of-consciousness-93146 |
Description | Horsforth |
Form Of Engagement Activity | A broadcast e.g. TV/radio/film/podcast (other than news/press) |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | National |
Primary Audience | Schools |
Results and Impact | Short video on what I do, made for a teacher at Horsforth School in Leeds, to inspire a class of children to consider a scientific career. |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2019 |
Description | Liberate the debate |
Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | Local |
Primary Audience | Undergraduate students |
Results and Impact | Talk to the undergraduate society "Liberate the Debate" at the University of Sussex, entitled "Measuring Consciousness". I disseminated my consciousness research, and stance on consciousness to an audience that mostly consisted of social science students. There was a lively discussion afterwards, and I shaped the opinions of this group on where we're at with the scientific study of consciousness. |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2018 |
Description | PEAS talk |
Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | Local |
Primary Audience | Postgraduate students |
Results and Impact | A lecture on "Post-Growth complexity economics" to the student society "Pluralist Economics at Sussex" at the University of Sussex. The purpose was to disseminate the findings of my innovative paper on zero-growth economics to the members of this student society, in an accessible way, avoiding too much mathematics. There was a lively discussion after the talk. |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2018 |
URL | https://www.facebook.com/events/424962041278358/ |
Description | Research Spotlight Interview |
Form Of Engagement Activity | Engagement focused website, blog or social media channel |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | Local |
Primary Audience | Public/other audiences |
Results and Impact | Research Spotlight interview about my research published on the University of Sussex website by the Research and Knowledge Exchange group. |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2017 |
URL | http://www.sussex.ac.uk/staff/research/researchstaff/spotlight/dradambarrettspotlight |
Description | Sussex Universe Lecture |
Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | International |
Primary Audience | Public/other audiences |
Results and Impact | Public lecture as part of the inter-disciplinary lecture series "Sussex Universe". Broadcast live on You Tube, with eventual viewing numbers of over 750. As well as the general public several leading advocates of the Integrated Information Theory of Consciousness joined in order to debate with me during the ensuing Q&A. |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2020 |
URL | https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Bfw6Mip_Z7g |
Description | TED-style talk at Sussex Impact Day |
Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | Local |
Primary Audience | Other audiences |
Results and Impact | TED-style Research Spotlight Talk delivered at Sussex Impact Day, an annual day of activities designed to support impact and to share impact knowledge. Diverse array of University of Sussex staff, and local stakeholders in attendance. |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2017 |