Geometry as a key to the virosphere: Unmasking the fundamental roles of geometry in virus structure, evolution and pathology
Lead Research Organisation:
University of York
Department Name: Mathematics
Abstract
Society faces major challenges from viral diseases. The recent Zika and Ebola outbreaks are only two examples of the devastating impact of viral illnesses on human health, and viral pathogens infecting agriculturally important livestock and plants simultaneously reduce food production and inflict great annual financial losses worldwide. Viruses, however, also have positive impacts on health and ecology. They balance and stabilise our gut microbiome, preventing serious illnesses such as certain autoimmune diseases, and influence our climate owing to their roles in carbon cycling in the oceans. It is therefore paramount to better understand virus structure and function across the entire virosphere in order to control, and even take advantage of, viruses in medicine and biotechnology.
I have demonstrated previously that mathematical approaches developed in tandem with experimentalists are drivers of discovery of functionally crucial structural viral features, revealing their novel functional roles in viral life cycles, and enabling their exploitation in therapy and biotechnology. Previously developed mathematical approaches were geared towards a specific major sub-group of the virosphere. In this research programme, I will both broaden and deepen the development of novel mathematical techniques. Working in close collaboration with leading experimental groups, at a larger scale, I will identify functionally important geometric viral features in a number of major groups of viruses. This will include: geometric strand assortment in multipartite viruses, such as the major agricultural pathogen Bluetongue virus; the assembly of retroviruses like HIV, with applications to the construction of virus-like particles from viral components as vectors for gene editing and therapy; and the structure and evolution of viruses important for the gut microbiome and marine ecology. By linking structural features with their functions, I will address open problems regarding drivers of evolution in one of the simplest yet most important groups of biological entities. This approach will unmask evolutionarily conserved functional features that can be used as novel targets in anti-viral therapy, for the development of novel safer vaccines or repurposed in bionanotechnology.
I have demonstrated previously that mathematical approaches developed in tandem with experimentalists are drivers of discovery of functionally crucial structural viral features, revealing their novel functional roles in viral life cycles, and enabling their exploitation in therapy and biotechnology. Previously developed mathematical approaches were geared towards a specific major sub-group of the virosphere. In this research programme, I will both broaden and deepen the development of novel mathematical techniques. Working in close collaboration with leading experimental groups, at a larger scale, I will identify functionally important geometric viral features in a number of major groups of viruses. This will include: geometric strand assortment in multipartite viruses, such as the major agricultural pathogen Bluetongue virus; the assembly of retroviruses like HIV, with applications to the construction of virus-like particles from viral components as vectors for gene editing and therapy; and the structure and evolution of viruses important for the gut microbiome and marine ecology. By linking structural features with their functions, I will address open problems regarding drivers of evolution in one of the simplest yet most important groups of biological entities. This approach will unmask evolutionarily conserved functional features that can be used as novel targets in anti-viral therapy, for the development of novel safer vaccines or repurposed in bionanotechnology.
Planned Impact
Society faces major challenges from viral disease, and novel anti-viral targets and strategies are therefore urgently required. I have demonstrated previously that mathematical techniques and models, when developed in close collaboration with experiment, can act as drivers of discovery of such solutions. Indeed, together with experimental collaborators, I am a named inventor on three patents that exploit our discovery of an RNA-encoded virus assembly instruction manual in single-stranded RNA viruses.
In this research programme, I will tackle geometric challenges in viruses that are not amenable to the approaches developed previously, but that are expected to also have functionally important contacts between viral genome and capsid protein that could act as novel drug targets. Examples include the common cold virus and poliovirus. After cleavage of the major capsid protein, these viruses undergo structural transitions of their capsids concomitant with rearrangements of their genomes, as an essential step in becoming infectious. I will develop novel geometric approaches to characterise such contacts between viral genome and capsid in these viruses at a molecular scale, and develop models that enable us to study their functions. Please refer to the Statement of Support of my Project Partner Peter Stockley. I expect that further patents will arise from this work, with the potential of developing anti-viral drugs against viruses such as polio and the common cold virus, as well as a broad range of other viruses that are amenable to the techniques that we are developing in this programme. A further example is Bluetongue virus, an agriculturally important virus of ruminants for which my Project Partner Polly Roy is an internationally leading expert. The mathematical techniques that I am developing for this collaboration will potentially also apply to other multipartite viruses such as influenza and measles.
The mechanistic understanding of how structural features contribute to efficient formation of viral particles will moreover be used to design virus-like particles (VLPs) by repurposing viral components. This will enable the production of safe vaccines (noninfectious repurposed capsid shells, presenting neutralising viral epitopes to the immune system on the outer surfaces), which is of strong interest to the WHO Polio Eradication Initiative, and will contribute to the demand for ever more effective vaccines against larger numbers of pathogens.
VLPs derived from lentiviruses such as HIV, which are another focus of this research programme in collaboration with my Project Partner Greg Towers, have major potential applications in gene therapy, for example in the treatment of cancer. Insights from this research programme such as the cooperative role of the genome in assembly will make a significant contribution to the design of lentiviral VLPs by making their assembly more efficient, which is currently a bottleneck in the widespread therapeutic exploitation of these gene vectors.
Finally, my geometric understanding of phages and their roles in the gut will contribute to a better understanding of how the equilibrium between phages and bacteria can be rebalanced as a means to prevent severe illnesses such as some autoimmune diseases, and ultimately may also help understand the role of marine phages in carbon cycling, a process that is important for our climate.
In this research programme, I will tackle geometric challenges in viruses that are not amenable to the approaches developed previously, but that are expected to also have functionally important contacts between viral genome and capsid protein that could act as novel drug targets. Examples include the common cold virus and poliovirus. After cleavage of the major capsid protein, these viruses undergo structural transitions of their capsids concomitant with rearrangements of their genomes, as an essential step in becoming infectious. I will develop novel geometric approaches to characterise such contacts between viral genome and capsid in these viruses at a molecular scale, and develop models that enable us to study their functions. Please refer to the Statement of Support of my Project Partner Peter Stockley. I expect that further patents will arise from this work, with the potential of developing anti-viral drugs against viruses such as polio and the common cold virus, as well as a broad range of other viruses that are amenable to the techniques that we are developing in this programme. A further example is Bluetongue virus, an agriculturally important virus of ruminants for which my Project Partner Polly Roy is an internationally leading expert. The mathematical techniques that I am developing for this collaboration will potentially also apply to other multipartite viruses such as influenza and measles.
The mechanistic understanding of how structural features contribute to efficient formation of viral particles will moreover be used to design virus-like particles (VLPs) by repurposing viral components. This will enable the production of safe vaccines (noninfectious repurposed capsid shells, presenting neutralising viral epitopes to the immune system on the outer surfaces), which is of strong interest to the WHO Polio Eradication Initiative, and will contribute to the demand for ever more effective vaccines against larger numbers of pathogens.
VLPs derived from lentiviruses such as HIV, which are another focus of this research programme in collaboration with my Project Partner Greg Towers, have major potential applications in gene therapy, for example in the treatment of cancer. Insights from this research programme such as the cooperative role of the genome in assembly will make a significant contribution to the design of lentiviral VLPs by making their assembly more efficient, which is currently a bottleneck in the widespread therapeutic exploitation of these gene vectors.
Finally, my geometric understanding of phages and their roles in the gut will contribute to a better understanding of how the equilibrium between phages and bacteria can be rebalanced as a means to prevent severe illnesses such as some autoimmune diseases, and ultimately may also help understand the role of marine phages in carbon cycling, a process that is important for our climate.
Organisations
- University of York (Fellow, Lead Research Organisation)
- University of Connecticut (Collaboration)
- Institut Pasteur (Project Partner)
- London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine (Project Partner)
- University College London (Project Partner)
- University of California, Riverside (Project Partner)
- San Diego State University (Project Partner)
- University of East Anglia (Project Partner)
- The Ohio State University (Project Partner)
- University of Leeds (Project Partner)
People |
ORCID iD |
Reidun Twarock (Principal Investigator / Fellow) |
Publications
Twarock R
(2024)
Molecular frustration: a hypothesis for regulation of viral infections.
in Trends in microbiology
Szyszka TN
(2024)
Point mutation in a virus-like capsid drives symmetry reduction to form tetrahedral cages.
in bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology
Fatehi F
(2023)
An interaction network approach predicts protein cage architectures in bionanotechnology
in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
Roussel Q
(2023)
Protein container disassembly pathways depend on geometric design
Indelicato G
(2022)
Local rules for the self-assembly of a non-quasi-equivalent viral capsid
in Physical Review E
Patel N
(2022)
Dysregulation of Hepatitis B Virus Nucleocapsid Assembly in vitro by RNA-binding Small Ligands.
in Journal of molecular biology
Biela AP
(2022)
Programmable polymorphism of a virus-like particle.
in Communications materials
Chandler-Bostock R
(2022)
Genome-regulated Assembly of a ssRNA Virus May Also Prepare It for Infection.
in Journal of molecular biology
Fatehi F
(2022)
An age-structured model of hepatitis B viral infection highlights the potential of different therapeutic strategies.
in Scientific reports
Title | Reveal: The Art of Reimagining Scientific Discovery |
Description | The University has designed a catalogue about the exhibition, which includes an image of my Hamilton Path visualization. Rebecca Kamen says: "Thanks again for sharing your exciting research. The geometry of viruses played an inspiring roll in the development of artwork." |
Type Of Art | Artistic/Creative Exhibition |
Year Produced | 2021 |
Impact | TBC |
URL | https://www.american.edu/cas/museum/2021/reveal-scientific-discovery-kamen.cfm |
Title | VIANO (=virus & piano) |
Description | VIANO (=virus & piano): Public engagement programme in collaboration with computer artists at Goldsmiths and London Geometry. Our exhibit will be shown at the following exhibitions: - "Collecting Covid", History of Science Museum, Oxford (one year from Sept 2022) - "VIANO and the Science Behind It", Beta X Gallery Space, Leicester (one week in 2022) - Aberystwyth Arts Centre (one month in 2023) - British Computer Society Gallery Space, London (3 months from October 2022) |
Type Of Art | Artistic/Creative Exhibition |
Year Produced | 2022 |
Impact | In response to feedback from these exhibitions, we have now been invited to present at New Scientist Live in London in October 2023. |
Title | Virtual Reality (VR) experience: "Inside The HSV1, Herpes Simplex Virus in VR - Artistic variations" |
Description | This VR exhibit was shown as part of the exhibition "The State of Us" (The Lowry Gallery in Manchester, 2019 - 2020); exhibition based on geometric models of virus architecture; with computer artist William Latham (Goldsmiths) and London Geometry). |
Type Of Art | Artistic/Creative Exhibition |
Year Produced | 2019 |
Impact | Feedback from visitors to the exhibition confirmed that it sparked their interest in science and mathematics and changed their perspective on the role of mathematics/modelling in virology. |
Description | In collaboration with Antoni Luque I have discovered a design principle for icosahedral structures that has solved several open problems in structural virology. It contains the seminal Caspar-Klug Theory as a special case. A paper reporting these results has been submitted to Nature Communications. In collaboration with my PDRA Giuliana Indelicato I have developed a mathematical model of the structural capsid transitions in the common cold virus, that is an essential step in its life cycle and a prerequisite for infectivity of the virus. I have developed a mathematical model of infectious interfering particles exploiting packaging signal mediated assembly. Since the last reporting period, there has been significant interest in these results from the biological community, in particular for nanotechnology applications of (viral) protein containers, and several new collaborations have started as a result, as well as a number of high profile invitations to present this work as key findings at major international meetings. In addition, there has been strong interest from biophysicists studying virus (dis)assembly. We have been able to use the mathematical classification (corresponding to part I of the original proposal) to address fundamental open questions in the (dis)assembly of virus capsids as promised in part II of the original proposal. Progress so far fully addresses, and indeed exceeds, the items listed in the research programme. Most recently, I have discovered packaging signals in coronaviruses together with my research team and a patent has been filed. We have also modelled the within host dynamics of coronaviral infections. The work on virus structure with Antoni Luque has predicted a novel mechanism in viral evolution. This has recently been observed in a laboratory environment, and a joint paper with experimentalists at the ETH Zurich, that has been published in Science in June 2021. Our mathematical models of virus architecture has moreover formed the basis of a new percolation theory of viruses, that quantifies how virus architecture impacts on a viral capsid's propensity to break apart and release the genome. A key finding is that the geometry of the virus and the topology of the interaction network between protein units has a major impact on a virus' resistance to fragmentation. A paper on this topic appeared in ACS Nano in 2021, and I have presented plenary and invited talks on this topics at international conferences on virus nanotechnology. |
Exploitation Route | These results support the development of novel anti-viral strategies. Most excitingly, recent developments enable us to repurpose the RNA encoded virus assembly manual for the improvements of vectors in gene therapy, allowing us to address a bottleneck in vector production. We are in contact with patent agents, and are considering setting up a spin-out company on the basis of these results. We identified packaging signals in coronaviruses, opening up a novel avenue for therapy, and we are currently in discussions with GSK to develop this. |
Sectors | Agriculture, Food and Drink,Healthcare,Manufacturing, including Industrial Biotechology,Pharmaceuticals and Medical Biotechnology |
URL | https://www-users.york.ac.uk/~rt507/ |
Description | Public outreach: Results regarding the new design principle for icosahedral architectures developed in part I of my research programme have formed the basis of a collaboration with computer artists, who have used my models to render viruses in 3D, allowing the general public to experience viruses in a virtual reality (VR) environment. A VR presentation designed in collaboration with Prof William Latham from Goldsmiths and his team was shown after myIMA Gold Medal Award Lecture at the Royal Society in 2019. This has been further developed into a contribution to the arts exhibition "The State of Us" at The Lowry Gallery in Manchester ("Inside The HSV1, Herpes Simplex Virus in VR - Artistic variations" as part of the exhibition "The State of Us"; 9th November 2019 - 23rd February 2020), and is now on show at the Centre Pompidou in Paris (as part of the exhibition "DANS LE CADRE DE MUTATIONS / CRÉATIONS"; 26th February- 20th April 2020). We have recently (December 2020) been awarded a grant by the Wellcome Trust for an outreach programme generating a VR experience based on the discoveries made under the auspices of my EPSRC Established Career Fellowship and Royal Society Wolfson Fellowship, as well as my joint Wellcome Trust Investigator Award with Stockley from the University of Leeds. We have created the VIANO (=virus & piano) platform to illustrate the impact of mutations on virus structure based on the example of the Coronaviral spike protein. Anti-viral intervention: Knowledge of the PSs in a viral genome not only allows us to inhibit virus assembly by blocking these vital contacts as described above, but it also makes it possible to improve on a bottleneck in the manufacturing of virus-like particles (VLPs), that are used for vaccination, drug delivery and gene therapy. In particular, all these technologies rely on the use of viral capsids as protein nanocontainer, to either present viral epitopes (see background section) or to deliver a cargo into a host cell. However, if viral protein containers are assembled in isolation without the presence of the viral genome, they tend to be less stable. Moreover, only a fraction of the particles contain the cargo as intended, requiring a costly sifting step to isolate the particles that have packaged cargo correctly. Based on our modelling and experimental work by our collaborators in Leeds we understand why this is the case: the packaging signals in viral genomes make the capsid shells more stable, and also are important for specific packaging of the correct cargoes [2]. Therefore, constructs mimicking the packaging signal distribution are required, as laid out in our patent ("Virus-Like Particles"; GB1708709.9). Industrial partners interested in vaccinology are interested in this technology, and I presented a talk at the Research and Development Day of GlaxoSmithKline in October 2021. In July 2020 we have patented the discovery of packaging signals in coronaviruses, and the patent has exerted the second phase in July 2021. I am actively involved in translation together with the technology transfer teams at the Universities of York and Leeds and representatives from industry. Gene therapy: Based on my mathematical results, I have recently developed algorithms that enable the synonymous recoding of any RNAs so that they present a distribution of packaging signals that enables more efficient packaging of these RNAs and capsid formation around them. In particular, via these recoding algorithms higher yields of correctly packaged particles are achieved, thus addressing the above-mentioned bottleneck in the manufacturing of VLPs for therapeutic purposes. I have recently won an award from the Centre for Future Health enabling me to work towards setting up a spin-out company that will offer such recoding services to industrial partners. Dr Keith Wreggett, managing director of InnoSpective Ltd and industrial advisor to the University is providing guidance in this process. He recognises the potential in "this unique knowledge and capabilities to develop novel therapeutic approaches in areas seen as very high value for investment by addressing clear unmet clinical need within and beyond viral infection". |
First Year Of Impact | 2019 |
Sector | Education,Healthcare,Manufacturing, including Industrial Biotechology,Culture, Heritage, Museums and Collections,Pharmaceuticals and Medical Biotechnology |
Impact Types | Cultural,Societal,Economic |
Description | H C Roscoe Award |
Amount | £64,511 (GBP) |
Organisation | British Medical Association (BMA) |
Sector | Charity/Non Profit |
Country | United Kingdom |
Start | 08/2021 |
End | 08/2024 |
Description | Investigator Award in Science |
Amount | £1,800,000 (GBP) |
Organisation | Wellcome Trust |
Sector | Charity/Non Profit |
Country | United Kingdom |
Start | 09/2022 |
End | 09/2027 |
Description | Understanding RNA Packaging Signals In Foot-and-mouth Disease Virus (FMDV) For Improved Vaccine Production |
Amount | £421,800 (GBP) |
Funding ID | BB/V008323/1 |
Organisation | Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (BBSRC) |
Sector | Public |
Country | United Kingdom |
Start | 11/2020 |
End | 10/2023 |
Description | VIANO (Research Enrichment - Public Engagement) |
Amount | £63,034 (GBP) |
Funding ID | 110146/Z/15/B |
Organisation | Wellcome Trust |
Sector | Charity/Non Profit |
Country | United Kingdom |
Start | 02/2021 |
End | 01/2022 |
Title | COVID-19 patient data from a study in Singapore curated for input into an in silico infection model |
Description | Within-host models of COVID-19 infection dynamics enable the merits of different forms of antiviral therapy to be assessed in individual patients. A stochastic agent-based model of COVID-19 intracellular dynamics is introduced here, that incorporates essential steps of the viral life cycle targeted by treatment options. Integration of model predictions with an intercellular ODE model of within-host infection dynamics, fitted to patient data, generates a generic profile of disease progression in patients that have recovered in the absence of treatment. This is contrasted with the profiles obtained after variation of model parameters pertinent to the immune response, such as effector cell and antibody proliferation rates, mimicking disease progression in immunocompromised patients. These profiles are then compared with disease progression in the presence of antiviral and convalescent plasma therapy against COVID-19 infections. The model reveals that using both therapies in combination can be very effective in reducing the length of infection, but these synergistic effects decline with a delayed treatment start. Conversely, early treatment with either therapy alone can actually increase the duration of infection, with infectious virions still present after the decline of other markers of infection. This suggests that usage of these treatments should remain carefully controlled in a clinical environment. |
Type Of Material | Database/Collection of data |
Year Produced | 2021 |
Provided To Others? | Yes |
URL | http://datadryad.org/stash/dataset/doi:10.5061/dryad.sn02v6x38 |
Description | US Fullbright Scholar visiting my team |
Organisation | University of Connecticut |
Country | United States |
Sector | Academic/University |
PI Contribution | I have supported the grant application, and we are currently working on assembly models for viruses. |
Collaborator Contribution | She is an experimentalist, and we are using her data to develop our models. |
Impact | It is multi-disciplinary. Prof Carol Teschke is a virologist. |
Start Year | 2022 |
Title | COMPOUNDS FOR TREATING HBV |
Description | Disclosed are methods of treating hepatitis B virus (HBV) and inhibiting replication of HBV in a mammal comprising administering to the mammal in need thereof, e.g., administering a compound selected from the group consisting of compounds P1-P29 (as described herein), or a stereoisomer or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. For example, compound P1 has the following structure: (I) |
IP Reference | WO2019241631 |
Protection | Patent application published |
Year Protection Granted | 2019 |
Licensed | Yes |
Impact | The NIH has used this in order to identify small molecular weight lead compounds against viral targets, that are currently tested by expert groups. |
Title | Coronaviral packaging signals |
Description | The present invention relates to virus like particles, vaccines and delivery vectors utilising coronavirus packaging signals, and therapeutic agents targeting such packaging signals. |
IP Reference | GB2011609.1 |
Protection | Patent application published |
Year Protection Granted | 2020 |
Licensed | No |
Impact | The Patent went into the next phase 27/07/2021 GB 2011609.1; PCT application: 27th July 2021 [JAK-DMS.FID6166638] |
Description | Article about work in Womanthology magazine - Bringing together virology and mathematics to help solve the COVID-19 puzzle - Reidun Twarock, Professor of Mathematical Biology at the University of York |
Form Of Engagement Activity | A magazine, newsletter or online publication |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | International |
Primary Audience | Public/other audiences |
Results and Impact | Article about work in Womanthology magazine |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2020 |
URL | https://www.womanthology.co.uk/bringing-together-virology-and-mathematics-to-help-solve-the-covid-19... |
Description | BBC Documentary with Hannah Fry |
Form Of Engagement Activity | A broadcast e.g. TV/radio/film/podcast (other than news/press) |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | International |
Primary Audience | Public/other audiences |
Results and Impact | Contribution to a BBC Documentary with Hannah Fry: "Magic Numbers: Hannah Fry's Mysterious World of Maths", Episode 1 ("Numbers as God") Shown 11th October 2018 at 3pm on BBC4 (https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b0bn6wtp) |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2018 |
URL | https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cyvDG8qjt-M |
Description | Colloquium talk |
Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | International |
Primary Audience | Professional Practitioners |
Results and Impact | Talk for Scuola Normale Superiore di Pisa on Mathematical Virology: A Novel Perspective on Virus Structure, Assembly and Disassembly with Applications in Virus Nanotechnology |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2021 |
Description | Colloquium talk at the Department of Mathematics, UCL - Mathematical Virology: Geometry as a key to the discovery of novel anti-viral solutions |
Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | National |
Primary Audience | Professional Practitioners |
Results and Impact | Colloquium talk |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2020 |
Description | Colloquium talk at the Department of Mathematics, University of Leeds - Mathematical Virology: Geometry as a key to the virosphere |
Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | Regional |
Primary Audience | Professional Practitioners |
Results and Impact | Colloquium talk |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2021 |
Description | Coverage of work on PHYS.ORG website following publication of article in PLOS Pathogens |
Form Of Engagement Activity | A press release, press conference or response to a media enquiry/interview |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | International |
Primary Audience | Professional Practitioners |
Results and Impact | Coverage of work by a team from the Universities of Leeds and York that has for the first time shown how certain viruses 'package up' genetic code to allow them to infect cells. Professor Peter Stockley (Molecular and Cellular Biology), one of the supervisors of the research, is quoted. Also in: Labroots The Medical News Science Codex University news |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2021 |
URL | https://phys.org/news/2021-01-unravelling-mystery-viruses-infectious.html |
Description | Development of the VIANO |
Form Of Engagement Activity | Participation in an activity, workshop or similar |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | International |
Primary Audience | Professional Practitioners |
Results and Impact | Under the auspices of our Welcome Research Enrichment - Public Engagement grant (110146/Z/15/B) in collaboration with computer artists at Goldsmiths and London Geometry, £63k. An exhibition and associated mobile app are in preparation |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2021 |
Description | Exhibition - Centre Pompidou in Paris |
Form Of Engagement Activity | Participation in an activity, workshop or similar |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | International |
Primary Audience | Public/other audiences |
Results and Impact | Collaboration with computer artist William Latham from Goldsmiths and his team, rendering geometric models of virus architecture in a viral environment. Work displayed at the Centre Pompidou in Paris (as part of the exhibition "Dans Le Cadre De Mutations/Creations" 26th Feb - 20th April 2020 |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2020 |
URL | https://www.centrepompidou.fr/cpv/agenda/event.action?param.id=FR_R-f146fa16402582d562607c9d2cbeee3e... |
Description | Exhibition - The State of Us |
Form Of Engagement Activity | Participation in an activity, workshop or similar |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | International |
Primary Audience | Public/other audiences |
Results and Impact | Collaboration with computer artist William Latham form Goldsmiths and his team, rendering geometric models of virus architecture in a viral reality environment. This work was exhibited at The Lowry Gallery in Manchester (Inside The HSV1, Herpes Simplex Virus in VR - Artistic Variatins as part of the exhibtion "The State of us" - 9th November - 23rd February 2020 |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2020 |
URL | https://thelowry.com/whats-on/the-state-of-us/ |
Description | Guest Editor of a Special Issue on Medicine and Biology of Mathemetics Today 2019 with Ellen Brooks-Pollocks |
Form Of Engagement Activity | A magazine, newsletter or online publication |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | National |
Primary Audience | Public/other audiences |
Results and Impact | Guest Editor of a Special Issue on Medicine and Biology of Mathemetics Today 2019 with Ellen Brooks-Pollocks |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2019 |
URL | https://ima.org.uk/12705/biology-and-medicine-editorial/ |
Description | Invited Online Talk at GeoTop2022 |
Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | International |
Primary Audience | Professional Practitioners |
Results and Impact | Mathematical Virology: Geometry in the Fight against Viral Infection, GeoTop2022, December 2022 |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2022 |
Description | Invited Seminar Talk at the Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow |
Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | National |
Primary Audience | Professional Practitioners |
Results and Impact | Virus Structure, Assembly and Evolution through the lens of Mathematical Virology: Novel Opportunities for Virus Nanotechnology and Anti-Viral Therapy, Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow, April 2022 |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2022 |
Description | Invited Session Leader at the Gordon Conference on Physical Virology |
Form Of Engagement Activity | Participation in an activity, workshop or similar |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | International |
Primary Audience | Professional Practitioners |
Results and Impact | Gordon Conference on Physical Virology, Italy, Invited as Session Leader, January 2023 |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2023 |
Description | Invited Talk - Geometry as a key to the virosphere: Mathematics as a driver of discovery in virlogy and anti-viral therapy, Oxford |
Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | International |
Primary Audience | Professional Practitioners |
Results and Impact | Invited Talk - Geometry as a key to the virosphere: Mathematics as a driver of discovery in virlogy and anti-viral therapy, Oxford - October 2019 |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2019 |
Description | Invited Talk - Geometry as a key to the virosphere: Mathematics as a driver of discovery in virlogy and anti-viral therapy, Twarock, Edinburgh |
Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | International |
Primary Audience | Professional Practitioners |
Results and Impact | Invited Talk - Edinburgh - Geometry as a key to the virosphere: Mathematics as a driver of discovery in virlogy and anti-viral therapy, November 2019 |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2019 |
Description | Invited Talk - Geometry as a key to the virosphere: New Insights into Virus Structure, Assembly, Evolution and Therapy |
Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | International |
Primary Audience | Professional Practitioners |
Results and Impact | Invited Talk - March 2019 |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2019 |
URL | https://www.nottingham.ac.uk/mathematics/events/cmmb/seminarcmmb12032019.aspx |
Description | Invited Talk - Gordon Conference on Physical Virology |
Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | International |
Primary Audience | Professional Practitioners |
Results and Impact | Invited Talk - A Code Hidden Within a code: Deciphering RNA-Encoded Assembly Instructions in Viral Genomes for Applications in Bionantechnology and Anti Viral Therapy |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2019 |
URL | https://www.grc.org/physical-virology-conference/2019/ |
Description | Invited Talk - IMA Gold Medal Lecture, Royal Soceity |
Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | International |
Primary Audience | Professional Practitioners |
Results and Impact | Geometry as a Weapon in the fight against the viral disease |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2019 |
URL | https://ima.org.uk/11396/ima-gold-medal-lecture-2019-geometry-as-a-weapon-in-the-fight-against-viral... |
Description | Invited Talk - Isaac Newton Institiute - Christmas Dinner 2019 |
Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | International |
Primary Audience | Professional Practitioners |
Results and Impact | INI Christmas Dinner - Viral Tiling Theory and Beyond: Geometry as a Key to the Virosphere |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2019 |
Description | Invited Talk - Viral gemome conformations and contacts across different life-cycle stages |
Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | International |
Primary Audience | Professional Practitioners |
Results and Impact | Invited Talk - 5-7 FEBRUARY 2020, BARCELONA, SPAIN, Novel Concepts in Virology |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2020 |
URL | https://viruses2020.sciforum.net/conferences_files/265/customs/79a099de6c4be4a8c2eb08f5806e290b.pdf |
Description | Invited Talk - Visualising 3D structures |
Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | International |
Primary Audience | Professional Practitioners |
Results and Impact | Invited Talk - Visualising 3D structures - June 2019 - talk with William Latham (Goldsmiths) |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2019 |
Description | Invited Talk - Visualising 3D virus structures - The Frances Crick Institute |
Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | International |
Primary Audience | Professional Practitioners |
Results and Impact | Invited Talk - Feb 2019 - Frances Crick Institute |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2019 |
Description | Invited Talk Mathematical Virology: The Mathematics of Viral Geometry as a driver of discovery in virlogy and anti-viral therapy |
Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | International |
Primary Audience | Professional Practitioners |
Results and Impact | Invited Talk - University of Leipzig - November 2019 Invited Talk Mathematical Virology: The Mathematics of Viral Geometry as a driver of discovery in virlogy and anti-viral therapy |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2019 |
Description | Invited Talk Viruses and Geometry: Implications for virus assembly, evolution and therapy |
Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | International |
Primary Audience | Professional Practitioners |
Results and Impact | Invited Talk - Gregynog 2019 - |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2019 |
URL | https://gregynogwmc.github.io/Gregynog2019Timetable.pdf |
Description | Invited Talk at Oxford Mathematics Society |
Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | International |
Primary Audience | Professional Practitioners |
Results and Impact | The Invariants, Oxford Mathematics Society, invited talk: Mathematical Virology: Geometry as a key to the virosphere |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2021 |
Description | Invited talk at Microbiology Society Annual Conference |
Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | International |
Primary Audience | Professional Practitioners |
Results and Impact | Integrative virology reveals the regulatory roles of viral genomes in virus assembly and genome release, invited talk in the session "Integrative virology: a celebration of multidisciplinarity", Microbiology Society Annual Conference, Birmingham International Convention Centre, April 2023 |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2023 |
Description | Invited talk at Pacifichem |
Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | International |
Primary Audience | Professional Practitioners |
Results and Impact | Invited talk in the session Chemistry and applications of protein and virus-based nanotechnologies, models of viral geometry informing nanocontainer design in virus nanotechnology. |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2021 |
Description | Invited talk at UNESCO-Finland conference 2020, April 2020 - Virus Structure through a Mathematical Microscope |
Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | International |
Primary Audience | Professional Practitioners |
Results and Impact | Invited talk |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2020 |
URL | https://www.ccefinland.org/7th-symposium |
Description | Invited talk at the British Applied Mathematics Colloquium (BAMC2023) |
Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | National |
Primary Audience | Professional Practitioners |
Results and Impact | Viral geometry as a key to understanding viral infections, British Applied Mathematics Colloquium (BAMC2023), Invited talk in the special session "New mathematical approaches in the life sciences", Bristol, April 2023 |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2023 |
Description | Invited talk at the IMA Early Career Mathematicians' Autumn Conference, UCL, November 2018 - 'Viruses and Geometry: Mathematics enables discovery in virology and creates new opportunities in bionanotechnology and anti-viral therapy' |
Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | National |
Primary Audience | Professional Practitioners |
Results and Impact | Talk title: Viruses and Geometry: Mathematics enables discovery in virology and creates new opportunities in bionanotechnology and anti-viral therapy |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2018 |
URL | https://ima.org.uk/10273/ima-early-career-mathematicians-autumn-conference-2018/ |
Description | Invited talk at the Institute of Physics |
Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | National |
Primary Audience | Professional Practitioners |
Results and Impact | Mathematical Virology in the Fight against Viral Infection, invited talk organised by the Biological Physics Group and the Medical Physics Group of the Institute of Physics on the "Physics of Infection", London, September 2022 |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2022 |
Description | Mathematical Virology: Geometry as a key to the virosphere, Edinburgh Mathematical Society |
Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | International |
Primary Audience | Professional Practitioners |
Results and Impact | A talk at Edinbrugh Mathematical Society on Mathematical Virology: Geometry as a key to the virosphere |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2021 |
Description | Mathematical Virology: Geometry as a key to the virosphere, Geometric and Asymptotic Group Theory with Applications |
Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | International |
Primary Audience | Professional Practitioners |
Results and Impact | Talk at the Geometric and Asymptotic Group Theory with Applications conference on Mathematical Virology: Geometry as a key to the virosphere |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2021 |
Description | Mathematics Today - Geometry as a Weapon in the Fight Against Viruses |
Form Of Engagement Activity | A magazine, newsletter or online publication |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | International |
Primary Audience | Professional Practitioners |
Results and Impact | Mathematics Today Article - Geometry as a Weapon in the Fight against Viruses |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2019 |
URL | https://www-users.york.ac.uk/~rt507/assets/files/Mathematics_Today_Twarock_2019.pdf |
Description | Mini Symposium at the Annual Meeting of the Society for Mathematical Biology |
Form Of Engagement Activity | Participation in an activity, workshop or similar |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | National |
Primary Audience | Professional Practitioners |
Results and Impact | I have organised a mini-symposium at the Annual Meeting of the Society for Mathematical Biology (SMB2021), 13-17 June 2021 (virtual) entitled "Models of Viral Geometry and Assembly in Antiviral Therapy and Nanotechnology" with Prof Roya Zandi (Riverside) |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2021 |
Description | Online coverage of Virtual Reality outreach work |
Form Of Engagement Activity | Engagement focused website, blog or social media channel |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | International |
Primary Audience | Public/other audiences |
Results and Impact | Online coverage of Virtual Reality outreach work |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2020 |
URL | https://www.gold.ac.uk/news/visualising-covid-19-with-vr/ |
Description | Opening Plenary Talk at IOP Workshop |
Form Of Engagement Activity | Participation in an activity, workshop or similar |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | Regional |
Primary Audience | Professional Practitioners |
Results and Impact | Mathematical Virology in the Fight Against Viral Infections IOP Workshop "The Physics of Infection", September 2022 |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2022 |
Description | Plenary Talk |
Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | International |
Primary Audience | Professional Practitioners |
Results and Impact | Talk at SIAM (Society of Industrial and Applied Mathematics) Conference on Applied Algebraic Geometry on 'Coxeter Groups and Lattice Theory Reveal Hidden Symmetries in Viruses' |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2021 |
Description | Plenary Talk |
Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | International |
Primary Audience | Professional Practitioners |
Results and Impact | DNA Computing and Molecular Programming; Viral Geometry: A Novel Perspective on Virus Assembly and Disassembly with Applications in Virus Nanotechnology |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2021 |
Description | Plenary Talk |
Form Of Engagement Activity | Participation in an activity, workshop or similar |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | International |
Primary Audience | Professional Practitioners |
Results and Impact | Talk at Research & Innovation Week, Lakehead University, Canada on 'Viral Disease through the lens of geometry' |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2022 |
Description | Plenary talk at Australian Mathematical Society - Mathematical Virology: Geometry as a key to the discovery of novel anti-viral solutions |
Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | International |
Primary Audience | Professional Practitioners |
Results and Impact | Invited talk |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2020 |
URL | https://austms.org.au/special-interest-groups/wimsig/wimsig-qas/austms-2020-qa/#Twarock |
Description | Plenary talk at Mathematics Professional Festival - for high school teachers, Department of Mathematical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, November 2018 |
Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | National |
Primary Audience | Schools |
Results and Impact | Talk title: Viruses under the mathematical microscope: An opportunity to demonstrate the impact of mathematics in biology in the classroom environment |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2018 |
Description | Plenary talk at SIAM (Society of Industrial and Applied Mathematics) UKIE annual meeting |
Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | International |
Primary Audience | Professional Practitioners |
Results and Impact | Viral geometry as a key to understanding viral infections, plenary talk, SIAM (Society of Industrial and Applied Mathematics) UKIE annual meeting, Trinity College Dublin, April 2023 |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2023 |
URL | https://www.numerical.rl.ac.uk/siamukie/meetings.html |
Description | Programme Committee member of the GEOMPACK online seminar series |
Form Of Engagement Activity | A formal working group, expert panel or dialogue |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | International |
Primary Audience | Professional Practitioners |
Results and Impact | This international seminar series, organised by Adil Mughal from Aberystwyth, is dedicated to applications of geometry and packing in material structure and biology. See: https://geompack.com/organisers/ |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2020,2021,2022 |
Description | Seminar Talk |
Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | International |
Primary Audience | Professional Practitioners |
Results and Impact | 1. Models of virus structure and assembly as a guide for rational design in virus nanotechnology, Bonn, August 2022 |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2022 |
Description | Seminar Talk at Bristol |
Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | National |
Primary Audience | Professional Practitioners |
Results and Impact | Viruses Through the Lens of Geometry: Novel Opportunities for Antiviral Therapy and Virus Nanotechnology, Bristol, October 2022 |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2022 |
Description | Seminar Talk at University of Delaware |
Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | International |
Primary Audience | Professional Practitioners |
Results and Impact | Seminar talk at University of Delaware on Virus Structure and Assembly Through the Lens of Geometry: Novel Opportunities for Anti-viral Therapy and Virus Nanotechnology |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2022 |
Description | Seminar Talk at the University of Halle |
Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | International |
Primary Audience | Professional Practitioners |
Results and Impact | Virus Structure and Assembly Through the Lens of Geometry: Novel Opportunities for Antiviral Therapy and Virus Nanotechnology, University of Halle, June 2022 |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2022 |
Description | Seminar talk at the Department of Mathematics, University of Minnesota - Mathematical Virology: Geometry as a key to the discovery of novel anti-viral solutions |
Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | International |
Primary Audience | Professional Practitioners |
Results and Impact | Seminar talk |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2020 |
Description | Seminar talk at the University of Nottingham, March 2019 - 'Viruses and Geometry: New Insights into Virus Structure, Assembly, Evolution and Therapy' |
Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | Local |
Primary Audience | Professional Practitioners |
Results and Impact | Talk title: Viruses and Geometry: New Insights into Virus Structure, Assembly, Evolution and Therapy |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2019 |
URL | https://www.nottingham.ac.uk/mathematics/events/cmmb/seminarcmmb12032019.aspx |
Description | Talk at Biennial Conference on Phage/Virus Assembly |
Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | International |
Primary Audience | Professional Practitioners |
Results and Impact | Talk on 'A Mathematician's Guide to Virus-Like Particle Design' |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2021 |
Description | Talk at Maths Week Ireland, National Concert Hall Dublin, October 2018 |
Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | National |
Primary Audience | Schools |
Results and Impact | Talk about my work and its applications in health to an audience of 16 year old transition year students (interlude between Junior Certificate and Leaving Certificate courses). |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2018 |
URL | http://www.mathsweek.ie/2018/ |
Description | Talk at Tenth Virus Assembly Symposium 2022 |
Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | International |
Primary Audience | Professional Practitioners |
Results and Impact | Packaging signal-mediated assembly beyond icosahedral viruses: Coronavirus and a virus-like nucleocapsid from a bacterial protein as case studies, Tenth Virus Assembly Symposium 2022, Portugal, October 2022 |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2022 |
Description | Talk at The Roslin Institute, Edinburgh, November 2018 - 'An RNA-encoded virus assembly manual: mechanisms and consequences for viral evolution and therapy' |
Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | Local |
Primary Audience | Professional Practitioners |
Results and Impact | Talk title: An RNA-encoded virus assembly manual: mechanisms and consequences for viral evolution and therapy |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2018 |
Description | Talk at the University of Hamburg, InterACt Series - Mathematical & Computational Virology: Novel Opportunities for Anticoronaviral Therapy |
Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | International |
Primary Audience | Professional Practitioners |
Results and Impact | Talk |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2021 |
URL | https://www.dashh.org/events/hamburg_covid_19_series/prof_twarock__february_24th_2021/index_eng.html |
Description | US based Invited talk |
Form Of Engagement Activity | Participation in an activity, workshop or similar |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | International |
Primary Audience | Professional Practitioners |
Results and Impact | Mathematical Virology in the Fight against Viral Infection, Mathematical Molecular Biosciences seminar series (US based), September 2022 |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2022 |
Description | VIANO |
Form Of Engagement Activity | Participation in an activity, workshop or similar |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | International |
Primary Audience | Schools |
Results and Impact | A public engagement programme funded via my Wellcome Research Enrichment - Public Engagement grant (110146/Z/15/B) in collaboration with computer artists at Goldsmiths and London Geometry (£63k). The following venues have already been secured for the exhibition: 1. History of Science Museum, Oxford, from Sept 27th 2022 for one year as a major part of the new exhibition "Collecting Covid". A range of VIANO public outreach events will be organised by HSM during that time period. 2. Beta X Gallery Space, Leicester, for one week from 10th September 2022 at a series of events and exhibitions linked to British Science week in Leicester. The events include: (i) "Second Saturday", a monthly 1 day young-person arts / music event at the LCB Depot in Leicester and at the LCB's Music Season, aimed at teenagers and young adults; (ii) an exhibition of "VIANO and the Science Behind It" at the Beta X Gallery space in Leicester. 3. Aberystwyth Arts Centre, from June 1st 2023 for 1 month. Public Outreach events will be organised in association with the Maths Department at The University of Aberystwyth. The exhibition also coincides with The Newton Satellite Meeting of the Isaac Newton Institute at the University of Aberystwyth, and VIANO will be visited by the conference attendees at a reception. 4. British Computer Society Gallery Space, London in October 2022 for 3 months. |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2022,2023 |
Description | Virtual Reality (VR) experience |
Form Of Engagement Activity | Participation in an activity, workshop or similar |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | International |
Primary Audience | Schools |
Results and Impact | "Inside The HSV1, Herpes Simplex Virus in VR - Artistic variations", as part of the exhibition "The State of Us" (The Lowry Gallery in Manchester, 2019 - 2020); this exhibition showcases my geometric models of virus architecture with computer artist Prof William Latham (Goldsmiths) and London Geometry). |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2019 |
URL | https://www.gold.ac.uk/news/visualising-covid-19-with-vr/ |