Biosecurity and the Governance of Emerging Technology:The Role of Science and Technology Reviews within the Biological Weapons Convention

Lead Research Organisation: University of Sussex
Department Name: Sch of Business Management & Economics

Abstract

Abstracts are not currently available in GtR for all funded research. This is normally because the abstract was not required at the time of proposal submission, but may be because it included sensitive information such as personal details.
 
Description Our initial hypotheses that there were major problems with the existing architecture of scientific advice were confirmed, and we found a lack of consensus about how to improve it which is unsurprising given expertise on science is not necessarily commensurate with scientific expertise in policy making. Our working hypothesis that the architecture of the S&T reviews reflected an outdated 1970s view of science was again confirmed, reflecting how an architecture set up to deal with 'scientific uncertainty' struggles with 'uncertainty about science'.
Our co-production approach showed that 'honest broker' researchers exploiting the international academic community's norms could gather information and produce analysis outside the existing architecture that was informative and useful to the process. Given the situated nature of knowledge claims about uncertain, normative and political decisions, this process doesn't come up with "answers", but can help improve the process by which decisions are made.
In relation to practical questions about the architecture of S&T reviews: new processes were seen as complementary activities, but participants had differing views as to their organisation. Government participants in our project unanimously supported involvement by members of relevant science and industrial communities without agreeing on how. However these (non government) experts participated, it was held that they should only be allowed to track S&T developments not make comments on the impacts of such developments on the treaty. As such communicating technical discussions to delegations dominated by non scientific persons was considered an important task to get right. Those participating with a scientific backgrounds expressed strongly the need for divergent opinions and areas of disagreement to be reported to diplomats. This was considered a healthy aspect of scientific discourse which would assist in sound and reliable decision making.
Exploitation Route Reviewing science and technology within the Biological Weapons Convention context remains a live policy issue. Those taking forward this issue could use - and update as necessary - these findings, including on the global diffusion of key technologies, to further explore further reviewing options.
Sectors Government, Democracy and Justice,Security and Diplomacy

 
Description At several meetings in the run up to the 2011 BWC Review Conference, the project team were explicitly and publicly commended for the timeliness of their work and mode of presentation. In terms of policy impacts, the project's briefing notes were explicitly cited by, amongst others, the UK in their national review of S&T submitted as an official document to the Review Conference and the InterAcademy Panel report on 'Life Sciences and Related Fields: Trends Relevant to the Biological Weapons Convention'. Additional correspondence and discussion with government officers provided anecdotal evidence which included the project influencing the structure and nature of content of national reviews as well as broadening their consideration of potential policy options. Since the end of the project, the team has continued to use the insights gained and the techniques employed to input into policy making discussions on reviewing science and technology relevant to the BWC, including in areas of converging science, and on engagement with members of the scientific community.
First Year Of Impact 2011
Sector Government, Democracy and Justice,Security and Diplomacy
Impact Types Policy & public services

 
Description Citation of Tacit Knowledge paper in US Working Paper
Geographic Reach Multiple continents/international 
Policy Influence Type Citation in other policy documents
Impact Following from references to the SPP journal article in the US Working paper and the ISU background document there was evidence of more discussion around the issue of tacit knowledge in the BWC, the paper is not necessarily the cause of that change.
URL https://www.unog.ch/80256EDD006B8954/(httpAssets)/B38D82E824B7F1B7C1257E920038FE7C/$file/2015+MXP_Ta...
 
Description Citations in the UN Background Information document on New scientific and technological developments relevant to the Biological Weapons Convention
Geographic Reach Multiple continents/international 
Policy Influence Type Citation in other policy documents
URL http://daccess-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/G11/648/39/PDF/G1164839.pdf?OpenElement
 
Description Citations in the US National Academies Report: Life Sciences and Related Fields: Trends Relevant to the Biological Weapons Convention
Geographic Reach Multiple continents/international 
Policy Influence Type Citation in systematic reviews
URL http://www.nap.edu/catalog.php?record_id=13130
 
Description Project outputs were raised in discussions on science and technology in the Chemical Weapons Convention
Geographic Reach Multiple continents/international 
Policy Influence Type Citation in other policy documents
 
Description Project outputs were raised in the discussion of reforming the process of Science and Technology Reviews at the Seventh Review Conference
Geographic Reach Multiple continents/international 
Policy Influence Type Citation in systematic reviews
Impact As part of the impact report we have gathered evidence to suggest that the project outputs fed into the discussions of States Parties to the Biological Weapons Convention (BWC) on reforming the Science and Technology review process during the BWC Review Conference where outputs were reportedly raised in a number of meetings, including closed door discussion of States Parties.
 
Description Reference to paper on tacit knowledge in the BWC Background paper on science and technology developments.
Geographic Reach Multiple continents/international 
Policy Influence Type Citation in other policy documents
URL http://www.unog.ch/80256EDD006B8954/(httpAssets)/1742CC0986E6A683C1257D49004030BC/$file/BWC_MSP_2014...
 
Title Use of bibliometrics methods to map out transnational co-authorship in science and technology of relevance to the Biological Weapons Convention 
Description As part of the project, the team assembled four technology focused briefing papers designed for a policy audience. These papers used the results of a bibliometric analysis and converted this into graphical data illustrating the evolution and nature of transnational co-authorship of papers on technologies of relevance to the Biological and Toxin Weapons Convention. The process of bibliometric mapping is of course not new, however the employment of this method and the use of graphic illustrations easily accessible to policy actors in the field of biological disarmament diplomacy was novel and provided an effective method for communicating patterns of co-authorship. 
Type Of Material Improvements to research infrastructure 
Provided To Others? No  
Impact The illustrative maps included in the briefing papers developed for this project were described by one senior official as "particularly innovative" and "the easy accessible content and graphical representations have really stuck in people's minds". permission was sought (and granted) by the US National Academies to use the graphic in its report on Life Sciences and Related Fields: Trends Relevant to the Biological Weapons Convention (2011). 
URL http://www.nap.edu/openbook.php?record_id=13130&page=75
 
Title Dataset on advancing science and technology 
Description The data set includes material from representatives of 16 different countries including 5 case study countries but also a number of global south countries key components include: 88 interview with scientists, representatives of international organisations, civil society, academia, and policy makers from a range of different countries; 17 questionnaire returns from scientists and policy-makers. 
Type Of Material Database/Collection of data 
Provided To Others? No  
Impact The dataset was used as the basis for the policy briefings and other outputs, including those specially designed for the international diplomatic community. Please refer to impact section for details on these outputs. 
 
Description Research Fellow worked with the US National Academies in the preparation of a report from an international Workshop on Trends in Science and Technology Relevant to the Biological Weapons Convention 
Organisation National Academy of Sciences
Country United States 
Sector Charity/Non Profit 
PI Contribution As part of the project Revill participated in and acted as rapporteur at an International Workshop on Trends in Science and Technology Relevant to the Biological Weapons Convention held between October 31, 2010 - November 3, 2010 at the Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing.
Collaborator Contribution Revill acted as rapporteur for the report which offers a summary of the substantive presentations during an international workshop, Trends in Science and Technology Relevant to the Biological and Toxin Weapons Convention, held October 31 - November 3, 2010.
Impact Revill is a named Author on the Workshop Report: Bowman, K., Hughes, K., Husbands, J. L., Revill, J., and Rusek, B. (2011). Trends in science and technology relevant to the biological and toxin weapons convention: summary of an international workshop: October 31 to November 3, 2010, Beijing, China. Washington: The National Academies Press. This is an interdisciplinary report drawing on several scientific disciplines as well as issues of science policy and international security.
Start Year 2010
 
Description Conference paper Effective governance through scientific review? : the scientific and technological reviews of the biological weapons convention over the past 30 years 
Form Of Engagement Activity A talk or presentation
Part Of Official Scheme? Yes
Geographic Reach International
Primary Audience Other academic audiences (collaborators, peers etc.)
Results and Impact I presented a paper as part of a panel on Nuclear Disarmament and Global Zero:Lessons from the Chemical and Biological Weapons Conventions. The paper and panel sparked questions and lively discussion

Understanding that lessons could be learnt from the Chemical Weapons Convention and Biological Weapons Convention was improved as a result of the panel. It was also the only arms control disarmament panel at the conference.
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity 2011
 
Description Engagement with Parliamentary Office of Science and Technology (POST) on Chemical Weapons POSTnote 
Form Of Engagement Activity A formal working group, expert panel or dialogue
Part Of Official Scheme? No
Geographic Reach National
Primary Audience Policymakers/politicians
Results and Impact Revill acted as a reviewer of the Parliamentary Office of Science and Technology (POST) note on chemical weapons.
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity 2018
URL https://researchbriefings.parliament.uk/ResearchBriefing/Summary/POST-PN-0596
 
Description History of nerve agents and the Chemical Weapons Convention, 1 May 2018, Canterbury 
Form Of Engagement Activity A formal working group, expert panel or dialogue
Part Of Official Scheme? No
Geographic Reach International
Primary Audience Professional Practitioners
Results and Impact This small meeting of c.25 academics, policy-makers, arms control practitioners and civil society group representatives was organised in the wake of the Salisbury nerve agent poisoning incident. The three organisers (Balmer at UCL, McLeish at Sussex and Schmidt at Kent) were able to organise this meeting at short notice because of the existing network of contacts established through the AHRC project and Urgency Grant. Short presentations were given on the history of nerve agents and current issues around their control, which sparked a wide-ranging discussion and knowledge exchange.
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity 2018
 
Description McLeish gives presentation at Wilton Park Conference 'Powerful actor, high impact bio-threats', 7-9 November 2018 
Form Of Engagement Activity A talk or presentation
Part Of Official Scheme? No
Geographic Reach International
Primary Audience Policymakers/politicians
Results and Impact McLeish presents on the issue of the risk of and taboo against high-consequence bio-weapons at a Wilton Park Conference organised by Wilton Park in partnership with the Future of Humanity Institute, University of Oxford; Center for Health Security, the Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins; and the Nuclear Threat Initiative
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity 2018
URL https://www.wiltonpark.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/WP1625-Summary-report.pdf
 
Description McLeish takes part in Bio Plus X at the Stockholm Security Conference 2018 
Form Of Engagement Activity A talk or presentation
Part Of Official Scheme? No
Geographic Reach International
Primary Audience Policymakers/politicians
Results and Impact In September, McLeish is asked to chair the discussion panel Bio Plus X at the Stockholm Security Conference 2018 organised by SIPRI. The 2018 conference was themed around: Emerging Technologies: unseen connections, missing players, absent solutions. The Bio Plus X session was sponsored by the German Federal Foreign Office
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity 2018
URL https://www.sipri.org/events/2018-stockholm-security-conference
 
Description Paper delivered at 31st Workshop of the Pugwash Study Group on Implementation of the CBW Conventions : 'Getting Ready for the Seventh BWC Review Conference in 2011 Geneva, Switzerland', 4-5th December 2010 
Form Of Engagement Activity A formal working group, expert panel or dialogue
Part Of Official Scheme? Yes
Geographic Reach International
Primary Audience Policymakers/politicians
Results and Impact Fed into early thinking on S and T reviews within the Biological Weapons Convention, including on past precedents, potential options and complexity of scientific advice

Increased website hits, increased requests for information and increased participation in project
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity 2010
 
Description Paper delivered at the 34th Workshop of the Pugwash Study Group on Implementation of the Chemical and Biological Weapons Conventions: Maximising Benefits in the Intersessional Period 2012-2015 and Beyond Geneva, Switzerland, 8-9 December 2012 
Form Of Engagement Activity A formal working group, expert panel or dialogue
Part Of Official Scheme? Yes
Geographic Reach International
Primary Audience Policymakers/politicians
Results and Impact Exchange of views and triggered extensive discussion on the role of tacit knowledge

Fed into a growing international appreciation of the role of tacit knowledge in relation to development of biological weapons and have participated in follow up discussions
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity 2012
 
Description Paper delivered to 33rd Workshop of the Pugwash Study Group on the Implementation of the CBW Conventions: Achieving Realistic Decisions at the Seventh BWC Review Conference in 2011 Geneva, Switzerland, 3-4 December 2011. 
Form Of Engagement Activity A formal working group, expert panel or dialogue
Part Of Official Scheme? Yes
Geographic Reach International
Primary Audience Policymakers/politicians
Results and Impact Further exchange of views, especially regarding S and T reviews within the Biological Weapons Convention

Potentially stimulated thinking and fed into Seventh Review Conference discussions
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity 2011
 
Description Paper presented at Landau Network-Centro Volta meeting, Nov 18-19th 2011 
Form Of Engagement Activity A talk or presentation
Part Of Official Scheme? No
Geographic Reach International
Primary Audience Policymakers/politicians
Results and Impact Presented at meeting organised by the Landau Network-Centro Volta and took place between November 18 and 19 on Lake Como, Italy. The presentation, which was part of a panel discussion on science and technology reviews under the BWC, generated a lively discussion with a number of issues addressed including: the need to address positive developments in science and technology under the Biological Weapons Convention; the role of scientists and other stakeholders in monitoring and responding to developments in Science and Technology of relevance to the Convention; the relationship between the Chemical Weapons Convention and the Biological Weapons Convention; and the role of producers of DNA sequences in regulating access to certain sequences.

Not aware of any notable impacts that arose from this activity
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity 2011
 
Description Paper presented at RoSBNet Synthetic Biology Workshop, St Anne's College, University of Oxford. 
Form Of Engagement Activity Participation in an activity, workshop or similar
Part Of Official Scheme? Yes
Geographic Reach National
Primary Audience Professional Practitioners
Results and Impact As well as presenting a paper on synthetic biology and dual use education to the RoSBNet Synthetic Biology Workshop the meeting provided an exchange of insights into some of the research being undertaken in the field of synthetic biology, and some of the security concerns which may be generated.

There was an exchange of views which fed into a growing awareness of potential security concerns generated by synthetic biology.
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity 2011
 
Description Paper presented at The Impact of CBRN on Future Land Operations, IISS and British Army Seminar 
Form Of Engagement Activity A talk or presentation
Part Of Official Scheme? No
Geographic Reach International
Primary Audience Professional Practitioners
Results and Impact The paper presented on biological future threats and developments and made use of the maps created in the science and technology review project. The talk sparked questions and discussion both immediately afterward, in the sidelines and afterwards

The paper and insights were well received.
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity 2014
 
Description Presentation at 'Preventing Proliferation Through Intangible Technology Transfer And Balancing Academic Freedom and Non-proliferation' 
Form Of Engagement Activity A talk or presentation
Part Of Official Scheme? No
Geographic Reach International
Primary Audience Professional Practitioners
Results and Impact Paper given on lessons learned from engaging and enrolling life science and chemical scientific communities in dual use controls. Talk sparked lively Questions and Answer session

Approached by practioners to engage in further discussions
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity 2014
 
Description Presentation at Annual Seminar of the EU Non proliferation consortium 
Form Of Engagement Activity A talk or presentation
Part Of Official Scheme? Yes
Type Of Presentation paper presentation
Geographic Reach International
Primary Audience Policymakers/politicians
Results and Impact Presentation sparked question and discussion afterwards especially on the process of reviewing science and technology relevant to the BWC/CWC

Further discussion was had about the matter of reviewing science and technology relevant to the BWC/CWC on the sidelines of the meeting especially concerning strategies for enrolling practising scientists in all sectors into the process.
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity 2014
 
Description Presentation on science and technology reviews at an EU Regional Workshop on the Eighth Review Conference of the Biological Weapons Convention held in Addis Ababa. 
Form Of Engagement Activity A talk or presentation
Part Of Official Scheme? No
Geographic Reach Regional
Primary Audience Policymakers/politicians
Results and Impact Caitriona McLeish James Revill respectively spoke on the topics of international cooperation and science and technology reviews at an EU Regional Workshop on the Eighth Review Conference of the Biological Weapons Convention held in Addis Ababa.

The workshop is part of a series of measures intended to enable a comprehensive dialogue on issues to be considered at the upcoming Eighth Review Conference.
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity 2016
 
Description Presentation to Spiez Convergence Workshop on Tacit Knowledge 
Form Of Engagement Activity A talk or presentation
Part Of Official Scheme? No
Geographic Reach International
Primary Audience Professional Practitioners
Results and Impact James Revill spoke on Tacit Knowledge at a workshop sponsored by the Swiss Government and organised by Spiez Laboratory on the convergence of chemistry and biology and how such a trend may have potential implications for chemical and biological arms control.
The workshop took place between the 5 - 8 September 2016 in Spiez, Switzerland and was opened by OPCW Director-General, H.E. Ambassador, Mr. Ahmet U¨zu¨mcu¨. It brought together participants from academia, industry and policy making in discussions around technologies such as genome editing, Omics and DNA origami and will inform the production of a report by Spiez to be made available to the disarmament community.
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity 2016
URL http://www.labor-spiez.ch/en/die/sc/index.htm
 
Description Presentation to and participation in an international workshop Assessing the Security Implications of Genome Editing Technology 
Form Of Engagement Activity A talk or presentation
Part Of Official Scheme? No
Geographic Reach International
Primary Audience Professional Practitioners
Results and Impact Revill acted as rapporteur at a meeting on as Assessing the Security Implications of Genome Editing Technology, presenting two event summaries and contributing the wider discussion.
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity 2017
URL https://www.volkswagenstiftung.de/en/events/calendar-of-events/single-event/assessing-the-security-i...
 
Description Presentation to the International Working Group (IWG) brainstorming meeting on the future of the Global Partnership 
Form Of Engagement Activity A talk or presentation
Part Of Official Scheme? No
Geographic Reach International
Primary Audience Policymakers/politicians
Results and Impact Revill presented a paper ; to the International Working Group (IWG) brainstorming meeting on The Future of the Global Partnership. The talked sparked discussion and further engagement.


No (public) notable impacts are known
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity 2011
URL http://hsp.sussex.ac.uk/sandtreviews/news/article/4e95aeda7e3bd
 
Description Presentation to the Third EU Non-Proliferation and Disarmament Conference 
Form Of Engagement Activity A talk or presentation
Part Of Official Scheme? No
Geographic Reach International
Primary Audience Policymakers/politicians
Results and Impact Building on knowledge and understandings derived from the Science and Technology Reviews project as well as current ESRC research, Revill presented to the Presentation to the Third EU Non-Proliferation and Disarmament Conference in a presentation which addressed the need for a review of the science and technology of relevance to BWC compliance.

The presentation stimulated interest and discussion
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity 2014
URL https://www.iiss.org/en/events/eu%20conference/sections/eu-conference-2014-4706/special-sessions-602...
 
Description Presentation to the Workshop on Synthetic Biology and Dual Use, OIC Committee on S and T Cooperation (COMSTECH), Islamabad 
Form Of Engagement Activity Participation in an activity, workshop or similar
Part Of Official Scheme? No
Geographic Reach International
Primary Audience Professional Practitioners
Results and Impact Presentation to the Workshop on Synthetic Biology and Dual Use, OIC Committee on S and T Cooperation (COMSTECH), Islamabad drawing on aspects of the S and T reviews project methodology to look at trends in Synthetic biology and possible dual use implications. This presentation provoked questions and may have generated a more nuanced understanding of the risks posed by synthetic biology

Participation may have generated a more nuanced understanding of the risks posed by synthetic biology
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity 2011
 
Description Presentations to the 2014 EU workshop on BTWC and compliance 
Form Of Engagement Activity A talk or presentation
Part Of Official Scheme? No
Geographic Reach International
Primary Audience Policymakers/politicians
Results and Impact At this Meeting both Revill and McLeish (PI) presented on issues of compliance to an audience of policy European makers, drawing on the knowledge generated through the course of the science and technology review project as well as ongoing research activities.

The presentations both stimulated interest with Joëlle Jenny, Director, Security Policy and Conflict Prevention, EEAS later remarking that this meeting had helped steer the discussion on an EU policy towards the next BTWC Review Conference
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity 2014
URL http://www.nonproliferation.eu/adhoc/btwc-workshop-report-zanders.pdf
 
Description Revill panel presentation to the Biological Weapons Convention Meeting of Experts 
Form Of Engagement Activity Participation in an activity, workshop or similar
Part Of Official Scheme? No
Geographic Reach International
Primary Audience Policymakers/politicians
Results and Impact This event focused on REVISITING BWC VERIFICATION - Bringing the BWC Verification Protocol Discussion into the 21st Century. Revill presented on two themes, one of which was Changes in Science and Technology since VEREX and sought to present some ideas on how changes in science affected efforts to build the compliance architecture to the BWC>
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity 2018
URL https://www.unog.ch/80256EE600585943/(httpPages)/A8850DE2E9D56A20C125825C003B0E88?OpenDocument
 
Description Revill presentation of key points in NASEM report on the Governance of Dual Use Research in the Life Sciences Advancing Global Consensus on Research Oversight: Proceedings of a Workshop (2018) 
Form Of Engagement Activity A talk or presentation
Part Of Official Scheme? No
Geographic Reach International
Primary Audience Policymakers/politicians
Results and Impact Revill presented some of the key points of the report, Governance of Dual Use Research in the Life Sciences Advancing Global Consensus on Research Oversight: Proceedings of a Workshop (2018), in a panel on the side lines of the BWC meeting of states parties at which he was joined by representatives of the InterAcademy Partnership, U.S. National Academies of Sciences, Engineering and Medicine, Croatian Academy of Sciences and Arts and Croatian Society for Biosafety and Biosecurity
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity 2018
URL https://www.nap.edu/catalog/25154/governance-of-dual-use-research-in-the-life-sciences-advancing
 
Description Revill rappoerteurs at the Fourth Spiez UNSGM Designated Laboratories Workshop 
Form Of Engagement Activity Participation in an activity, workshop or similar
Part Of Official Scheme? No
Geographic Reach International
Primary Audience Policymakers/politicians
Results and Impact The objective of the workshop in general was to review exercises recently conducted or initiated, to ensure a close interaction between the UN Secretary General's Investigative Mechanism for the investigation of allegations of chemical and biological weapons use, on the one hand, and the Mission Team and the UNSGM Designated Laboratories, while respecting the mandate and confidentiality and to explore elements for quality assured sample collection, analysis and reporting procedures.
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity 2018
URL https://www.labor-spiez.ch/en/akt/index.htm
 
Description Revill rapporteur at an international workshop on the Governance of Dual Use Research in the Life Sciences 
Form Of Engagement Activity Participation in an activity, workshop or similar
Part Of Official Scheme? No
Geographic Reach International
Primary Audience Professional Practitioners
Results and Impact Between June 10 and 13, 2018, more than 70 participants from 30 different countries and 5 international organizations took part in an international workshop, The Governance of Dual Use Research in the Life Sciences: Advancing Global Consensus on Research Oversight, to promote global dialogue and increased common understandings of the essential elements of governance for such research.
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity 2018
URL https://www.nap.edu/catalog/25154/governance-of-dual-use-research-in-the-life-sciences-advancing
 
Description presentation to the Ugandan Committee on Science and Technology as part of a Parliamentary Office of Science and Technology (POST) UK visit. 
Form Of Engagement Activity A talk or presentation
Part Of Official Scheme? No
Geographic Reach International
Primary Audience Policymakers/politicians
Results and Impact At the invitation of POST, Revill presented to 16 Ugandan MPs on the topic of biosecurity.
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity 2017