Reducing poverty in the first 18 years of life: the importance of measurement for getting it right

Lead Research Organisation: Institute of Development Studies
Department Name: Research Department

Abstract

In line with the Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC), MDGs and formulation of national Children's Acts, child poverty has moved up the policy agendas of many countries. A concurrent potential increase in resources to invest in children requires knowledge on how to spend those most effectively in order to capitalise on childhood's 'window of opportunity'; the period of life with the highest returns on human capital investments. The way in which child poverty is currently measured, however, presents us with a narrow and partial picture. Despite an expanding body of research on child poverty, current practice is still biased towards measuring static and single dimensions of child poverty, primarily using monetary indicators as a proxy to capture other areas of deprivation. Cross-sectional research shows that assumptions about the extent to which poverty measures can serve as proxies for each other are often incorrect (Baulch & Masset, 2003; Klasen, 2000; Nolan & Whelan, 2010; Roelen, Gassmann & Neubourg, 2011). My research in Viet Nam and four European countries (France, Germany, the Netherlands and the UK) showed that monetary and multidimensional measures of poverty identify different groups of children as being deprived, and that a failure to measure child poverty from a combined perspective leaves children with particular vulnerabilities neglected (Roelen et al, 2011; Roelen and Notten, 2011). Despite growing evidence on the mismatches of static child poverty outcomes, we know little about the extent to which different measures provide different pictures of child poverty dynamics and the underlying drivers of such differences. As a result, policy is designed and targeted on the basis of incomplete information, leading to deficient identification of vulnerable children and an inadequate response to their needs.

This proposed research responds to these concerns by using monetary and non-monetary measures to analyse child poverty dynamics, assessing overlaps and mismatches between those measures and investigating reasons for potential differences. It will cover new ground and provide fresh insights in two different case study countries, namely Ethiopia and Viet Nam, and aims to influence academics, policy-makers and practitioners to contribute positively to the reduction of child poverty. Four different research questions will be addressed: (1) To what extent do different poverty measures identify different groups of children as being poor?; (2) To what extent do different poverty measures identify different groups of children as moving in and out of poverty over time?; (3) What are the drivers of mismatches between cross-sectional child poverty outcomes when using different measures?; and (4) What are the drivers of different patterns of child poverty dynamics when using different measures?

This research will combine the collection and analysis of qualitative data with the analysis of secondary panel survey data. The increasing availability of panel survey data in developing countries (see Baulch, 2011) with information beyond consumption and expenditures allows for an extension of current research on child poverty. My work on child poverty dynamics in Viet Nam (Roelen, 2010) and Ethiopia (Roelen & Camfield, 2011) made it clear that the analysis of longitudinal child poverty from a multidimensional perspective and using mixed methods approaches remains particularly unexplored. The collection of qualitative data collection will inform the quantitative analysis and triangulate and deepen its findings. Given the momentum around the issue of child poverty in both academia and the policy arena, this research will benefit and influence a wide range of stakeholders in Ethiopia and Viet Nam as well as developing and developed countries.

Planned Impact

The most direct beneficiaries of this research include those who are directly involved in and contribute to this study. UK-based and local researchers will benefit by building their expertise and skills in this area of research. Such benefits are likely to have spill-over effects beyond these individuals and provide indirect benefits when knowledge and skills are transferred to fellow researchers.

Direct benefits of this research will also extend to the wider academic community. As indicated in the section on 'Academic beneficiaries', these include researchers working on issues of (child) poverty from across different disciplines and those working in a developing as well as developed country context. The new perspectives this research will offer in terms of measuring child poverty from a longitudinal perspective and the factors underlying child poverty dynamics will benefit the academic community working on issues of child poverty. Interest in this study is also likely to come from a broader research audience, including those working on child and social indicators at large and researchers employing mixed method research designs. The innovative aspects of this study in terms of constructing a longitudinal measure of poverty, pertaining to developing a measure that captures differential needs over time, as well as the use of mixed methods for its construction and analysis of concurrent outcomes will add value to this field of research.

Research benefits will also extend to the policy arena, with direct beneficiaries including those working on the reduction of child poverty. These include national governments of the countries directly involved in this study and developing countries at large. The results of this research may have far-reaching implications with respect to poverty reduction policies in both Viet Nam and Ethiopia, in terms of the groups of children being targeted and reached by policies, and the design and delivery of policy responses. This impact can be extended to other developing countries, particularly those with similar contexts in terms of the nature and magnitude of child poverty and demographic conditions. Research results may require a re-think of existing policies and general conceptions about which groups to target and with what kind of measures. Policy-makers in developed countries may equally benefit from this research, given the efforts to reduce child poverty in their own countries, and initiatives to do so globally as donors or development partners. Although the context of child poverty and its dynamics will be different, we know from previous cross-sectional research that mismatches across monetary and multidimensional measures of (child) poverty also hold in developed countries (Roelen & Notten, 2011; Bradshaw & Finch, 2003) and that conceptual and methodological concerns with respect to the improvement of child poverty measurement are similar.

International organisations as well as national and international NGOs and civil society organisations will also benefit directly from this study. The research results will provide them with tools to advocate on child poverty issues and to lobby for resources towards comprehensive child poverty measurement, monitoring of child rights and addressing the underlying and structural causes of child poverty. Such organisations include, but are not limited to, Save the Children, EveryChild, ActionAid and UNICEF.

Although indirect, the most important beneficiaries of this research will be poor children and their families. The overall objective of this research is to contribute to the reduction of child poverty, thereby improving the living conditions and livelihood prospects for children living in poverty. The improvement of poverty reduction policies and initiatives, pertaining to both the groups targeted and covered and the shape of the policy response, will positively affect the lives of those at the heart of this research.
 
Title Reducing Poverty in the First 18 Years of Life: Ethiopia 
Description The illustration aims to depict research findings in an engaging manner, appealing to both children and adults that were included in the research and for a wider audience. 
Type Of Art Image 
Year Produced 2015 
Impact It proved helpful in disseminating research results to the research participants and stimulate discussion about such findings, particularly the trade-off between child wellbeing and work. 
URL http://opendocs.ids.ac.uk/opendocs/bitstream/handle/123456789/6927/Ethiopia%20research%20brief-%20re...
 
Title Reducing Poverty in the First 18 Years of Life: Vietnam 
Description The illustration aims to depict research findings in an engaging manner, appealing to both children and adults that were included in the research and for a wider audience. 
Type Of Art Image 
Year Produced 2015 
Impact It proved helpful in disseminating research results to the research participants and local government and stimulate discussion about such findings, particularly the differences between monetary and non-monetary poverty. 
URL http://opendocs.ids.ac.uk/opendocs/bitstream/handle/123456789/6929/Vietnam%20research%20brief-%20red...
 
Title Reducing poverty in the first 18 years of life: Burundi 
Description The illustration aims to depict research findings in an engaging manner, appealing to an audience of policy makers, practitioners and wider public. 
Type Of Art Image 
Year Produced 2015 
Impact It proved helpful in disseminating research results to government representatives and international and national NGOs and stimulate discussion about such findings, particularly differences between income and other areas of child wellbeing and the trade-off between child wellbeing and work. 
URL https://www.ids.ac.uk/publication/reducing-poverty-in-the-first-18-years-of-life-burundi
 
Description Achievements

(1) Research findings expand the evidence base by firmly establishing that monetary and multidimensional child poverty are different phenomena and for offering explanations underpinning poverty mismatch. While measurement error offers a partial explanation, structural factors in the public and private spheres play a more important role. These include characteristics of the household and household head; awareness, attitudes and aspirations; availability of social services and access to social policies; and wider cultural norms and tradition. This project also contributes to the discourse on mixed methods approaches through its attempts to overcome methodological challenges in combining secondary quantitative and primary qualitative data.

(2) This research engaged with a range of academic disciplines including development studies, social policy, longitudinal studies and childhood studies as well as with methodological debates underpinning such disciplines, relevant to low, middle and high-income country contexts. This was achieved through presentations at academic conferences and seminars, including the organisation of an international workshop culminating in a co-edited book, presentations at international conferences as well as small-scale seminars targeted at academic staff and students. The appeal to this unique combination of audiences enabled the research to inform and be informed by different disciplinary debates and offer perspectives on various issues related to the measurement and reduction of child poverty and wellbeing, both in the countries included in the study and beyond.

(3) This research established linkages between various policy areas aiming to improve the lives of children, including child poverty, economic strengthening, social protection and child protection. This was achieved by creating synergies with other research and policy advice projects and building on existing relationships. Concern Worldwide was involved in data collection and dissemination in Burundi, UNICEF was involved in national-level dissemination and policy engagement in Vietnam while collaboration with Save the Children included an internal presentation of findings to their staff. Other linkages led to the inclusion of research findings within wider debates about economic strengthening and social protection, such as with the USAID-funded ASPIRES project, Fonkoze and UNICEF CEE/CIS region.

(4) This project included local research teams in Burundi, Ethiopia and Vietnam in the process of data collection and analysis, building their skills in doing research with children generally and using participatory methods. Junior researchers based in the UK were hired as research assistance gained skills and expertise in analysing complex qualitative data.

Challenges

(1) This particular call had a focus on analysing existing sets of secondary data. Despite the growing availability of such datasets, access to data is difficult and sometimes costly to obtain, throwing up barriers in tightly timed research project.

(2) Capacity constraints of local partners with respect to doing research with children in terms of ethical and practical considerations posed a challenge to the depth of information to be obtained.

(3) Country-specific developments in policy dialogue in countries of study and the time-bound nature of this study challenged opportunities for linking this research into ongoing policy processes.
Exploitation Route National policy impact in countries included in study: Country-specific policy briefs and illustrations summarising findings and providing recommendations allow for further engagement with policy-makers and practitioners with the aim to integrate findings in policy development with respect to measurement of multidimensional and child poverty (Ethiopia and Vietnam) and economic strengthening (Burundi). While direct dissemination has already taken place, findings may inform future collaborations with notably UNICEF and Concern Worldwide and government counterparts through new and strengthened relationships in all three countries. Collaboration is likely to move ahead in all three countries. Local research partners will also be able to take this research further in their future work.

National and international impact elsewhere: Research findings have been summarised in overall policy briefs and illustrations, allowing for more general dissemination and policy engagement. Existing bilateral relationships and collaborations with INGOs and NGOs such as UNICEF, Save the Children and Family for Every Child and wider networks such as the Global Coalition for Ending Child Poverty will be used as channels for creating policy impact at national and international level through face-to-face and virtual presentations, contributions to organisational strategies and joint publications.

Academia: The project has led to academic publications that allow for findings to be fed into academic research and debate on poverty measurement, childhood studies, social policy and mixed method approaches. Future dissemination activities such as public launches, conference presentations, targeted seminars and social media engagement should ensure take up of findings. Findings can also be integrated in future research proposals.

Students: The integration of findings in a chapter in a handbook on development studies and inclusion of materials from this research in teaching of MA students at IDS will ensure that the findings will be taken forward into next generation of development practitioners.

Wider public: Ongoing media engagement with newspapers, online magazines and social media will allow for wide dissemination of the work.
Sectors Communities and Social Services/Policy,Education,Government, Democracy and Justice

URL https://www.ids.ac.uk/project/future-research-leaders-reducing-poverty-in-the-first-18-years-of-life
 
Description The impact of this research can be divided into four categories: (i) academia, (ii) policy, (iii) future leaders, and (iv) general public. Academic impact of this research is evidenced in a number of ways. Firstly, the acceptance of presentations on this topic at multiple conferences and workshops from across a range of disciplines since its inception are testament to the wide intellectual relevance and pertinence of the topic. The research has been represented at conferences on development studies, human development and capabilities research, child indicators research, and longitudinal social science research, but also academic workshops focusing on mixed methods research. Secondly, outputs that have already been published (including policy briefs and an edited volume) are being purchased/downloaded and cited in academic outputs. Download statistics indicate that the main output of this research so far - the brief 'Reducing all Forms of Child Poverty: The Need for Comprehensive Measurement' was downloaded more than 750 times at the end of 2016. Academic impact extended with an accepted publication in Development and Change (1.72) and a second article with the European Journal for Development Research (0.720). The article that was published in EJDR was one of the most downloaded articles in 2017-18. Finally, academic impact extended by integrating research findings in a chapter on poverty measurement in the handbook 'Introduction to International Development' geared towards undergraduate students and was purchased more than 5,000 times since its publication late 2016. Policy impact has been established through collaboration with existing and new partnerships as created as part of or during the project period. These include the relationship with Concern Worldwide in Burundi and the complementary use of this research to a mixed methods evaluation of their Graduation Programme. As a result of this collaboration, findings were disseminated at a national event with representatives from key line ministries, international partners including World Bank and UNICEF and national NGOs. The policy outputs were downloaded roughly 2,500 times. The research findings from Ethiopia and Vietnam were discussed and disseminated at local and district level with policy makers from across social sectors, and were also presented at national level throughout the project period. Policy outputs for each country have been downloaded more than 800 times. Feedback from these sessions suggest that they helped to create awareness about the many predicaments that children suffer and the inability of monetary poverty measures to capture these deprivations adequately or to appropriately guide policy responses to all forms of child poverty. Policy impact at a global level has been achieved and will continue to be expanded through ongoing collaboration with UNICEF, Save the Children and the Global Coalition to End Child Poverty. Seminars at both UNICEF and Save the Children have helped to inform thinking about how to frame child poverty and wellbeing. Continuous engagement with Save the Children has led to their recommendations for reducing global child poverty specifically mentioning the need for measuring both monetary and multidimensional child poverty. The Coalition is led by UNICEF and Save the Children and brings together international NGOs and research institutes aiming to reduce all forms of child poverty. Research findings have been vital in shaping in debates around what forms of child poverty to focus on, the Coalition's response to the SDGs and the guidance on child poverty co-published by UNICEF and the Global Coalition to End Child Poverty. Research findings have also guided a research day on child poverty in November 2016 in preparation of the 'research to policy' conference 'Putting Children First' from 23-25 October 2017, which brought together researchers, policy makers and NGOs from across the globe and focused particularly on how research can contribute to meaningful policy around child poverty in Africa. This activity reached 150 in person and more through social media and online dissemination. Impact on future leaders has been achieved throughout that project period by teaching in the MA programmes at IDS, reaching a total of more than 150 students. Course evaluations indicate that students learned about the importance of poverty measurement for appropriately identifying children (and others) in need and shaping appropriate policies, and also about the importance of mixed methods research. Impact will continue to evolve through continuous teaching in graduate programmes. Finally, research findings can also be considered through tis impact on the general public. A range of media outlets were used for achieving impact, including blog posts, Twitter, an interview on New Zealand's Newstalk ZB radio station in March 2015 and a commentary in the Guardian in July 2015. The commentary in the Guardian was shared more than 500 times on social media; it was quoted in another Guardian commentary on 19 July; and tweets by the Guardian and IDS and re-tweets by organisations operating in UK and developing countries reached over 4 million people from general public and more than 200,000 people interested in development studies or child poverty in both developed or developing country contexts.
First Year Of Impact 2015
Sector Communities and Social Services/Policy
Impact Types Policy & public services

 
Description Citation in Global Sustainable Development Report 2015
Geographic Reach Multiple continents/international 
Policy Influence Type Citation in other policy documents
URL https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/globalsdreport/2015
 
Description Influence on Save the Children's recommendations for reducing global child poverty
Geographic Reach Multiple continents/international 
Policy Influence Type Citation in other policy documents
URL http://resourcecentre.savethechildren.se/library/child-poverty-what-drives-it-and-what-it-means-chil...
 
Description Input into 'A World Free from Child Poverty. A guide to the tasks to achieve the vision' co-published by UNICEF and the Global Coalition to End Child Poverty, offering step-by-step guidance for policy-makers, including on measurement of child poverty. The research published as a result of this grant has been referenced and a separate text box on this research is included to highlight the overlap and mismatch in child poverty when using different measures.
Geographic Reach Multiple continents/international 
Policy Influence Type Citation in other policy documents
URL https://www.unicef.org/socialpolicy/index_95280.html
 
Description Training on qualitative research on child wellbeing in Burundi.
Geographic Reach Africa 
Policy Influence Type Influenced training of practitioners or researchers
Impact The training focused on capacity building of two local researchers regarding qualitative research with children. The direct impact relates to improved skills and knowledge of these two local researchers as well as greater awareness about research with children. The indirect impact includes a spread of this capacity and skills amongst other members of the local research community in Burundi.
 
Description Training on qualitative research on child wellbeing in Ethiopia.
Geographic Reach Africa 
Policy Influence Type Influenced training of practitioners or researchers
Impact The training focused on capacity building of two local researchers regarding qualitative research with children. The direct impact relates to improved skills and knowledge of these two local researchers as well as greater awareness about research with children. The indirect impact includes a spread of this capacity and skills amongst other members of the local research community in Tigray, Ethiopia.
 
Description Training on qualitative research on child wellbeing in Vietnam.
Geographic Reach Asia 
Policy Influence Type Influenced training of practitioners or researchers
Impact The training focused on capacity building of four local researchers regarding qualitative research with children. The direct impact relates to improved skills and knowledge of these two local researchers as well as greater awareness about research with children. The indirect impact includes a spread of this capacity and skills amongst other members of the local research community in and around Ho Chi Minh City in Vietnam.
 
Title Qualitative research tool child wellbeing in Burundi. 
Description This qualitative data collection tool provides a novel method for investigating household poverty and child wellbeing in Burundi based on principles of participatory rural appraisal. 
Type Of Material Physiological assessment or outcome measure 
Year Produced 2015 
Provided To Others? Yes  
Impact The research tool led to two types of impact: (1) it provided local researchers working as part of this research project with a new tool and skills for using that tool, (2) new data on household wealth and child wellbeing in Burundi. 
 
Title Qualitative research tool child wellbeing in Ethiopia. 
Description This qualitative data collection tool provides a novel method for investigating household poverty and child wellbeing in Ethiopia based on principles of participatory rural appraisal. 
Type Of Material Physiological assessment or outcome measure 
Year Produced 2013 
Provided To Others? Yes  
Impact The research tool led to two types of impact: (1) it provided local researchers working as part of this research project with a new tool and skills for using that tool, (2) new data on household wealth and child wellbeing in Ethiopia. 
 
Title Qualitative research tool child wellbeing in Vietnam. 
Description This qualitative data collection tool provides a novel method for investigating household poverty and child wellbeing in Vietnam based on principles of participatory rural appraisal. 
Type Of Material Model of mechanisms or symptoms - non-mammalian in vivo 
Year Produced 2013 
Provided To Others? Yes  
Impact The research tool led to two types of impact: (1) it provided local researchers working as part of this research project with a new tool and skills for using that tool, (2) new data on household wealth and child wellbeing in Vietnam. 
 
Title Child wellbeing and household wealth in Burundi, Ethiopia and Vietnam' 
Description This qualitative dataset contains transcripts from qualitative data collection from Burundi, Ethiopia and Vietnam. Datasets include information on perceived differences between child wellbeing and household wealth and explanations for those differences 
Type Of Material Database/Collection of data 
Year Produced 2015 
Provided To Others? Yes  
Impact This dataset was archived on the UK Dataservice website. No impacts can yet be reported. 
URL https://discover.ukdataservice.ac.uk/#852150
 
Description Co-hosting workshop Mixed Methods Research in Poverty and Vulnerability 
Organisation University of East Anglia
Country United Kingdom 
Sector Academic/University 
PI Contribution This collaboration consisted of co-hosting a workshop on Mixed Methods Research in Poverty and Vulnerability in July 2013 at UEA in London. IDS held main responsibility for organisation of the event in terms of correspondence with attendants and presenters, selection of abstracts and development of workshop agenda. The workshop led to a contract with Palgrave MacMillan for a co-edited book on mixed methods research in poverty and vulnerability, which was published in August 2015.
Collaborator Contribution This collaboration consisted of co-hosting a workshop on Mixed Methods Research in Poverty and Vulnerability in July 2013 at UEA in London. UEA provided in-kind contribution to this collaboration by funding the location, catering and travel costs of workshop participants, and by contributing time to the organisation oft his event. The workshop led to a contract with Palgrave MacMillan for a volume on mixed methods research in poverty and vulnerability,co-edited by Laura Camfield from UEA and myself. The book was published in August 2015.
Impact Main outcomes include the building of inter-disciplinary linkages between academics and practitioners from high- and low-income countries regarding the use of mixed methods approaches in researching poverty and vulnerability and advancement of discussions around practical applications of mixed methods approaches. The main output is a co-edited volume published by Palgrave Macmillan in August 2015.
Start Year 2013
 
Description Global Child Poverty Coalition 
Organisation Global Child Poverty Coalition
Country United Kingdom 
Sector Public 
PI Contribution The Coalition's aim is to influence the post-MDG and SDG implementation process and to ensure that the issue of child poverty remains high on the agenda. It aims to do so through high-level policy dialogue and evidence-based lobbying. As an active member I participate in debates about strategic engagement and also provide research evidence to substantiate the policy arguments. Research that was produced as part of this grant has formed crucial input into major documents that are published by the Coalition, including a guide on how to measure and tackle child poverty: http://www.endchildhoodpoverty.org/publications-feed/2017/4/3/a-world-free-from-child-poverty-a-guide-to-the-tasks-to-achieve-the-vision
Collaborator Contribution The Global Child Poverty Coalition is currently convened by UNICEF. Other members include Save the Children, ATD 4th World, Overseas Development Institute and World Vision. Members provide input into debates and organisation of activities when and where appropriate.
Impact The coalition has produced a brief to propose indicators for measuring child poverty in the SDGs, primarily aiming to influence the implementation of SDGs post-2015.
Start Year 2014
 
Description Qualitative data collection and dissemination in Burundi 
Organisation Biraturaba
Country Burundi 
Sector Private 
PI Contribution This collaboration entailed the collection of qualitative data and dissemination of overall research findings at provincial and local level in Burundi. I trained the research team and led and supervised the data collection and dissemination process.
Collaborator Contribution The partner Biraturaba was contracted as part of this study and held main responsibility for logistical arrangements of fieldwork and dissemination activities, undertaking of fieldwork, transcribing data and disseminating findings. This data collection and dissemination process was linked to a programme evaluation of Concern Worldwide's Graduation Programme, who provided logistical support with respect to data collection and dissemination.
Impact Outputs include the qualitative fieldwork guide, the qualitative data and the research brief for Burundi, each of which have been reported on in more detail in other parts of the form.
Start Year 2015
 
Description Qualitative data collection and dissemination in Burundi 
Organisation Concern Worldwide
Department Concern Worldwide Burundi
Country Burundi 
Sector Charity/Non Profit 
PI Contribution This collaboration entailed the collection of qualitative data and dissemination of overall research findings at provincial and local level in Burundi. I trained the research team and led and supervised the data collection and dissemination process.
Collaborator Contribution The partner Biraturaba was contracted as part of this study and held main responsibility for logistical arrangements of fieldwork and dissemination activities, undertaking of fieldwork, transcribing data and disseminating findings. This data collection and dissemination process was linked to a programme evaluation of Concern Worldwide's Graduation Programme, who provided logistical support with respect to data collection and dissemination.
Impact Outputs include the qualitative fieldwork guide, the qualitative data and the research brief for Burundi, each of which have been reported on in more detail in other parts of the form.
Start Year 2015
 
Description Qualitative data collection and dissemination in Ethiopia 
Organisation YITHAS Consultancy Services PLC
Country Ethiopia 
Sector Private 
PI Contribution This collaboration entailed the collection of qualitative data and dissemination of overall research findings at provincial and local level in Ethiopia. I trained the research team and led and supervised the data collection and dissemination process.
Collaborator Contribution The partner was contracted as part of this study and held main responsibility for logistical arrangements of fieldwork and dissemination activities, undertaking of fieldwork, transcribing data and disseminating findings.
Impact Outputs include the qualitative fieldwork guide, the qualitative data and the research brief for Ethiopia, each of which have been reported on in more detail in other parts of the form.
Start Year 2013
 
Description Qualitative data collection and dissemination in Vietnam 
Organisation Southern Institute of Social Sciences
Country Viet Nam 
Sector Learned Society 
PI Contribution This collaboration entailed the collection of qualitative data and dissemination of overall research findings at provincial and local level in Vietnam. I trained the research team and led and supervised the data collection and dissemination process.
Collaborator Contribution The partner was contracted as part of this study and held main responsibility for logistical arrangements of fieldwork and dissemination activities, undertaking of fieldwork, transcribing data and disseminating findings.
Impact Outputs include the qualitative fieldwork guide, the qualitative data and the research brief for Vietnam, each of which have been reported on in more detail in other parts of the form.
Start Year 2013
 
Description Workshop on multidimensional child poverty in Vietnam 
Organisation UNICEF
Department UNICEF Vietnam
Country Viet Nam 
Sector Charity/Non Profit 
PI Contribution I proposed the organisation of a national workshop regarding multidimensional child poverty for government, research and international partners to discuss the way forward on this policy issue. Findings of this research were presented at the workshop and fed into the broader discussion about next steps from a policy perspective.
Collaborator Contribution UNICEF mobilised national partners (including government partners who co-hosted the workshop), organised and facilitated the workshop and provided presentations and feedback to the discussions.
Impact Presentation of research findings.
Start Year 2015
 
Description Article on Guardian website: How to best measure child poverty? 
Form Of Engagement Activity A magazine, newsletter or online publication
Part Of Official Scheme? No
Geographic Reach International
Primary Audience Public/other audiences
Results and Impact This article was written in reference to policy developments in the UK and the abolishment of the child poverty measure, drawing parallels between debates in the UK and developing country contexts. The online publication of this Guardian article fed into national debates about child poverty and was widely shared via social media, reaching approximately 5 million people of the general public worldwide.

The wide reach of the article led to much exposure to the issue. The artcle was also cited in follow-up articles on the issue, including by Sabina Alkire on 19 July in the Guardian.
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity 2015
URL http://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2015/jul/16/child-poverty-how-to-measure-uk-burundi-et...
 
Description Blog post on child poverty measurement in UK 
Form Of Engagement Activity Engagement focused website, blog or social media channel
Part Of Official Scheme? No
Geographic Reach International
Primary Audience Media (as a channel to the public)
Results and Impact This blog post focuses on civil society's achievements in holding UK government to account with respect to measuring and reducing all aspects of child poverty in the UK by ensuring that the child poverty target remains an official measure.
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity 2016
URL https://www.ids.ac.uk/opinion/house-of-lords-overturn-government-plan-to-scrap-child-poverty-target
 
Description Book launch 'Mixed Methods Research in Poverty and Vulnerability' 
Form Of Engagement Activity A talk or presentation
Part Of Official Scheme? No
Geographic Reach International
Primary Audience Other academic audiences (collaborators, peers etc.)
Results and Impact This book launch included presentations by three contributors to the edited volume followed by a plenary Q&A and discussion regarding the role of mixed methods research. The discussion raised issues regarding the role of participatory quantitative techniques and questions about how to get policy makers engaged with mixed methods research.

After the launch, various colleagues and students requested further information about the edited book and where it can be purchased.
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity 2015
URL http://www.ids.ac.uk/events/book-launch-mixed-methods-research-in-poverty-and-vulnerability-sharing-...
 
Description Child Poverty Research Scoping Day 
Form Of Engagement Activity Participation in an activity, workshop or similar
Part Of Official Scheme? No
Geographic Reach International
Primary Audience Professional Practitioners
Results and Impact On Friday 18th November 2016, I organised and led the Child Poverty Research Scoping Day. This was hosted by the Impact Initiative at IDS in collaboration with the Global Coalition to End Child Poverty. The Coalition, chaired by Save the Children and UNICEF, include other members from INGOs, think tanks and academics (www.endchildhoodpoverty.org). This research day brought together 42 people and provided an opportunity for practitioners, researchers, and leading experts to come together to collectively discuss the issue of child poverty. Of those in attendance, there were four ESRC/DFID Joint Fund for Poverty Alleviation Research and two grantees from the Raising Learning Outcomes in Education Systems Research Programme, seven IDS researchers/members of staff, 11 students and 16 Coalition members, a Scribe who documented the day, and a photographer. The event reached approximately 40-50 non-participants from policy and practice through social media.

The objective of the research day/learning event was to discuss research that is and has been done on child poverty, and how this might be more directly linked to, or inform, policy. The main structure of the day - discussing monetary poverty and multidimensional poverty for children separately - follows directly from the findings of my research. The discrepancy between monetary and multidimensional child poverty was a recurrent theme throughout the day with presenters and discussants highlighting the need to look beyond income in households and also the need to look at the situation of individual children as opposed to that of the family as a whole.
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity 2016
URL http://www.theimpactinitiative.net/blog/blog-child-poverty-research-day
 
Description Contribution to World Bank consultation 'Striking Poverty' 
Form Of Engagement Activity A formal working group, expert panel or dialogue
Part Of Official Scheme? No
Geographic Reach International
Primary Audience Policymakers/politicians
Results and Impact This contribution fed into the World Bank's open online consultation on measuring extreme poverty that was held from 28 September to 30 November 2015 and led by Sir Anthony Atkinson and Kaushik Basu. The contribution was posted online and is to be fed into an overall summary of the consultation.

No notable impacts have arisen yet.
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity 2015
URL http://strikingpoverty.worldbank.org/conversations/commission-global-poverty-share-your-ideas-measur...
 
Description Interview with New Zealand radio station Newstalk ZB on child poverty. 
Form Of Engagement Activity A press release, press conference or response to a media enquiry/interview
Part Of Official Scheme? No
Geographic Reach International
Primary Audience Media (as a channel to the public)
Results and Impact The interview followed a comment by New Zealand's Prime Minister in response to rising child poverty figures in New Zealand, saying that new and alternative solutions for the problem from other contexts are to be considered. The interview focused on lessons from other contexts about causes and potential solutions to child poverty. The interview sparked responses from man listeners through social media and calling in to the radio station.

The variety of responses showed that the interview with examples from developing countries sparked debate and inspired critical thinking on child poverty.
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity 2014
URL http://www.newstalkzb.co.nz/on-air/kpmg-early-edition/keetie-roelen-reducing-child-poverty/
 
Description Local dissemination workshops in Harresaw, Limat, Kaslen, Wele-Alabur in Tigray region, Ethiopia 
Form Of Engagement Activity Participation in an activity, workshop or similar
Part Of Official Scheme? No
Geographic Reach Local
Primary Audience Participants in your research and patient groups
Results and Impact These workshops aimed to disseminate findings at local level and to reach adult and child research participants. Separate meetings were held for adults and children. The use of illustrations proved particularly useful for dissemination of findings as most participants were illiterate.

On the basis of a presentation and discussion of the illustration y all participants agreed that the key findings of the research described the real situations in their communities. They also provided more information in support of the research findings.
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity 2015
 
Description Local dissemination workshops in Oc Eo and My Hoa in Dong Thap province and My Hoa and Long Hau in An Giang province, Vietnam 
Form Of Engagement Activity Participation in an activity, workshop or similar
Part Of Official Scheme? No
Geographic Reach Local
Primary Audience Participants in your research and patient groups
Results and Impact These four local workshops aimed to disseminate findings to adult and child research participants, the local communities and local government that were involved in the research. The presentation of findings led to debate about the extent to which monetary and multidimensional child poverty are the same or not and discussion around how multidimensional child poverty is measured.

In the discussion following the presentation of findings, some participants indicated that they had not thought about multidimensional poverty being different from monetary poverty but that they now see how these are two different issues. Most participants received the information and expressed appreciation for the feedback of research findings.
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity 2015
 
Description Member of Global Child Poverty Coalition 
Form Of Engagement Activity A formal working group, expert panel or dialogue
Part Of Official Scheme? No
Geographic Reach International
Primary Audience Professional Practitioners
Results and Impact The Global Child Poverty Coalition is convened by UNICEF and Save the Children and is still in the process of establishing membership and strategy. The aim is to influence the post-MDG process and ensure that the issue of child poverty remains high on the agenda. It aims to do so through high-level policy dialogue and evidence-based lobbying.

In its current inception phase, the coalition has brought together a broad range of stakeholders involved in child poverty work, including NGOs, INGOs, practitioners and academia.
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity 2014
URL https://post2015.files.wordpress.com/2015/03/child-poverty_indicators-to-measure-progress-in-the-sdg...
 
Description National dissemination workshop in Bujumbura, Burundi 
Form Of Engagement Activity Participation in an activity, workshop or similar
Part Of Official Scheme? No
Geographic Reach National
Primary Audience Policymakers/politicians
Results and Impact Local partners from Concern Worldwide included findings from the research on child poverty in Burundi in a wider presentation about findings of an evaluation of a graduation programme. The presentation was part of a three-day workshop on social protection in Burundi and formed part of broader discussions of the role of social protection in poverty reduction in Burundi.

Participants expressed interest in the findings.
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity 2015
 
Description Organisation of conference 'Putting Children First: identifying solutions and taking action to tackle poverty and inequality in Africa' from 23-25 October 2017 in Addis Ababa 
Form Of Engagement Activity A formal working group, expert panel or dialogue
Part Of Official Scheme? No
Geographic Reach International
Primary Audience Third sector organisations
Results and Impact This three-day international conference engaged 150 policy makers, practitioners and researchers from across the globe in identifying solutions for fighting child poverty and inequality in Africa, and in inspiring action towards change. The conference offered a platform for bridging divides across sectors, disciplines and policy, practice and research. This international conference was hosted by The Ethiopian Centre for Child Research at Ethiopian Development Research Institute (EDRI), the Comparative Research Programme on Poverty (CROP), the ESRC-DFID Impact Initiative, the United Nations Economic Commission for Africa, the Ethiopia Ministry of Women and Children Affairs (MoWCA), and the Global Coalition to End Child Poverty, including African Child Policy Forum (ACPF), Partnership for Economic Policy (PEP), Save the Children, UNICEF and Young Lives. The conference was framed around the following themes: (i) Setting the scene: Who and where are the poor children?, (ii) Child-sensitive social protection: Making social protection work for children, (iii) Ensuring access to basic services for all: Reaching the poorest and most marginalised children, (iv) Supporting secure transitions to adulthood. The conference included presentations, panel debates and interactive sessions, allowing those working on research, policy and programming on children's issues to discuss and learn from each other. As main organiser of this event, this conference was inspired by research through this grant.
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity 2017
URL http://www.theimpactinitiative.net/event/event-putting-children-first-identifying-solutions-and-taki...
 
Description Presentation "Graduation programmes: unpacking the household" at Fonkoze Graduation Programme Learning Event 
Form Of Engagement Activity Participation in an activity, workshop or similar
Part Of Official Scheme? No
Geographic Reach International
Primary Audience Professional Practitioners
Results and Impact This workshop aimed to stimulate thinking around graduation programmes as implemented by Fonkoze. This presentation introduced a session on particular issues for children and women in the households participating in such programmes, leading into an active debate about the extent to which programmes can and should respond to needs of vulnerable individuals within the household.

Fonkoze expressed an interest in exploring this topic further in both their programming and action research activities.
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity 2015
 
Description Presentation "Multidimensional Child Poverty in Vietnam: filling knowledge gaps" at UNICEF Vietnam 
Form Of Engagement Activity A talk or presentation
Part Of Official Scheme? No
Geographic Reach National
Primary Audience Professional Practitioners
Results and Impact The presentation was organised as a brown-bag lunch seminar and focused on disseminating findings regarding monetary and multidimensional child poverty measurement in Vietnam. The presentation sparked questions about the causes of child poverty and potential solutions.

The presentation led to conversations about potential collaboration with UNICEF regarding the revision of multidimensional child poverty measurement.
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity 2015
 
Description Presentation "Poor Children living in Rich Households: A Blurred Picture, Lagged Effects or Hidden Realities?" at Save the Children UK 
Form Of Engagement Activity A talk or presentation
Part Of Official Scheme? No
Geographic Reach International
Primary Audience Professional Practitioners
Results and Impact This event was targeted at staff of Save the Children in London and their country offices as it allowed for online participation. The presentation gave rise to discussion about the appropriate methodologies for measuring child poverty but also about policies for reducing all forms of child poverty, including social protection.

The organiser of the event - Head of Research Jose-Manuel Roche - indicated that he received feedback from various colleagues that the presentation had reshaped their thinking about child poverty and how different forms of poverty may coexist differently for different children.
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity 2015
 
Description Presentation at Child Research and Practice Forum seminar in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia: 'Household wealth and child wellbeing in Tigray: one and the same?' 
Form Of Engagement Activity A talk or presentation
Part Of Official Scheme? No
Geographic Reach International
Primary Audience Professional Practitioners
Results and Impact The presentation sparked debate about measurement and causes of child wellbeing in Ethiopia and the role of social protection in trying to improve child wellbeing.

After my presentation, the representative from UNICEF Ethiopia asked for further information to inform their own thinking on the study of child poverty in Ethiopia.
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity 2014
 
Description Presentation at IDS Exciteminar 'Pictures of Child Poverty - literally' 
Form Of Engagement Activity A talk or presentation
Part Of Official Scheme? No
Geographic Reach Local
Primary Audience Professional Practitioners
Results and Impact IDS Exciteminars are bi-weekly events that provide a platform for all staff to share ongoing work or exciting new opportunities in a short and engaging manner. This presentation was held together with Communications colleague Vivi Benson and focused the illustrations that were made for communicating findings in an accessible manner to non-technical audiences. Colleagues indicated to appreciate the illustrations as one of various modes for disseminating findings and indicated that they might use it for future projects.

Various colleagues asked for details of the illustrator and for more information about the process of collaboration.
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity 2015
 
Description Presentation at international symposium 'Keeping Children and Families Together with Economic Strengthening' in Washington DC 
Form Of Engagement Activity A formal working group, expert panel or dialogue
Part Of Official Scheme? No
Geographic Reach International
Primary Audience Professional Practitioners
Results and Impact This international symposium was sponsored by the CPC Network, Women's Refugee Commission, and FHI 360 and brought together leading global practitioners, researchers, policy experts and donors to explore the current best practices and evidence on the use of economic strengthening interventions to prevent child separation from and support child reintegration back into families and communities. My presentation was one of the keynote addresses to set the scene and spark debate by approaching the topic from an economic and social policy perspective rather than child protection perspective. The presentation raised many questions and sparked much positive discussion about how to improve economic strengthening initiatives for children.

Various participants have followed up with requests for further involvement in research projects, including Trickle Up and Catholic Relief Services, to further explore the impact of economic strengthening on children and other vulnerable groups.
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity 2015
URL http://www.cpcnetwork.org/event/march-6-2015-keeping-children-and-families-together-with-economic-st...
 
Description Presentation at national workshop on multidimensional child poverty in Vietnam 
Form Of Engagement Activity Participation in an activity, workshop or similar
Part Of Official Scheme? No
Geographic Reach National
Primary Audience Policymakers/politicians
Results and Impact The presentation was part of a national workshop co-hosted by UNICEF and the Ministry of Labour, Invalids and Social Affairs (MOLISA) and attended by representatives from relevant line ministries, the Government Statistical Office, researchers and media. The workshop aimed to discuss the way forward for the use of multidimensional child poverty measurement in Vietnam alongside existing monetary and multidimensional poverty measures. The presentation formed input into a wider discussion about the need for complementary poverty measurement for children as the research findings clearly show that different poverty measures provide different pictures of poverty.

The presentation in conjunction with other presentations and subsequent discussion resulted in the Director for Poverty Reduction from MOLISA confirming that child poverty requires separate measurement using both monetary and multidimensional measures. He also expressed ideas for how UNICEF and government should take this forward so that measures are institutionalised and used for national poverty measurement.
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity 2015
 
Description Presentation at the conference 'Graduation and Social Protection' in Kigali, Rwanda: 'Children: the key to graduation'. 
Form Of Engagement Activity Participation in an activity, workshop or similar
Part Of Official Scheme? No
Geographic Reach International
Primary Audience Professional Practitioners
Results and Impact The presentation raised discussion about the role of children in livelihoods programmes and how they may be negatively affected due to their role in income generation. This was a novel perspective in a conference that primarily focused on the positive aspects of asset accumulation and income generation and raised discussion about the diverse impacts of such programmes on children and other vulnerable groups.

My presentation gave rise to information requests (by DFID Ethiopia on the data showing that child wellbeing can go at the expense of household wealth), requests for collaboration (by ILO on the links between child work, child wellbeing and social protection) and feedback that the presentation had led to new insight on the critical role of children in graduation and livelihoods programmes (BRAC, CGAP).
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity 2014
URL http://www.ids.ac.uk/events/graduation-and-social-protection-conference
 
Description Provincial dissemination workshop in An Giang province, Vietnam 
Form Of Engagement Activity Participation in an activity, workshop or similar
Part Of Official Scheme? No
Geographic Reach Regional
Primary Audience Policymakers/politicians
Results and Impact This workshop aimed to disseminate findings at provincial level in An Giang province, which was included in the research. The presentation of findings gave rise to many questions regarding the research design, methodology and sampling as well as debate about measurement of child poverty and causes and solutions of various forms of child poverty. The workshop was attended by provincial representatives from relevant line ministry departments.

In the discussion following the presentation of findings, participants indicated that they had not thought about multidimensional poverty being different from monetary poverty but that they now see how these are two different issues and that they therefore need a different response. This response includes the expansion of support to vulnerable families in terms of social protection but also raising awareness of parents and children regarding nutrition and hygienic practice.
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity 2015
 
Description Provincial dissemination workshop in Tigray region, Ethiopia 
Form Of Engagement Activity Participation in an activity, workshop or similar
Part Of Official Scheme? No
Geographic Reach Regional
Primary Audience Policymakers/politicians
Results and Impact This workshop aimed to disseminate findings at regional level in Tigray region, which was included in the research. Participants included representatives from the Regional Bureau of Labour and Social Affairs (BOLSA) and of the department of Women and Children Affairs. The participants welcomed the research findings and they have appreciated the focus of the study to understand how monetary and multidimensional child poverty compare. Some of the participants indicated that they used to associate child poverty with monetary poverty only and that now they understand the importance of considering multidimensional poverty.


Participants indicated that such research and its results are the first of its kind in the region and neither BoLSA or Women and Children Affairs Bureau have such data related to child poverty. They indicated that they would research to be expanded to similar studies in other areas including urban and rural zones as well as diversified agro-ecologies.
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity 2015
 
Description Seminar 'Poor Children in Rich Households or Vice Versa' 
Form Of Engagement Activity A talk or presentation
Part Of Official Scheme? No
Geographic Reach International
Primary Audience Postgraduate students
Results and Impact This seminar was open to staff and students of IDS and was primarily attended by postgraduate students. The presentation was followed by Q&A and general discussion, which focused on methodological issues pertaining to both quantitative and qualitative data analysis and doing research with children.

Several students expressed particular interest in pursuing the investigation of child poverty for their term papers or dissertations.
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity 2015
URL https://soundcloud.com/ids_uk/poor-children-rich-households-keetie-roelen-seminar
 
Description UEA/IDS Workshop on Mixed Methods Research in Poverty and Vulnerability: sharing ideas and learning lessons 
Form Of Engagement Activity Participation in an activity, workshop or similar
Part Of Official Scheme? No
Type Of Presentation workshop facilitator
Geographic Reach International
Primary Audience Postgraduate students
Results and Impact The use of mixed methods in researching poverty and vulnerability has expanded rapidly in the last few years, providing examples of best practice in data generation and analysis. The wealth of experiences with existing methods have also laid the foundation for more innovative approaches in integrating quantitative and qualitative research and frank discussion of its challenges.

The purpose of this workshop was to share ideas and experiences, learn lessons from past and on-going work and discuss work-in-progress using mixed methods research in the field of poverty and vulnerability. Its informal format enabled discussion in more detail and with more depth than is possible in other events on poverty and vulnerability. The workshop focused on three different themes and mixed-methods research within those themes: 1) poverty measurement, 2) poverty dynamics, and 3) impact evaluation.

Research as part of this grant provided the backdrop against which this workshop was organised.

This workshop has led to a formal offer by Palgrave MacMillan to publish an eponymous edited volume based on outcomes from this workshop, forthcoming in 2015.
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity 2013,2014
URL http://www.uea.ac.uk/international-development/news-and-events/-/asset_publisher/l3gJjn9gE7wm/blog/c...