Challenging Gendered Media Mis(s)Representations of Women Professionals and Leaders

Lead Research Organisation: University of Roehampton
Department Name: Business School

Abstract

The media is a powerful player in the promotion or otherwise of gender equality worldwide and media representations of women have great impact on how women are viewed and view themselves. Representations of women professionals and leaders are however under increasing scrutiny. A continued media focus on women's gender, not competence, ignores women's achievements as leaders and professionals, misrepresenting their ability, contribution and advancement e.g. the focus on women political leaders' appearance, children, partners and not on social policy. These misrepresentations undermine gender equality and social justice and perpetuate women professionals and leaders as 'out of place,' constraining their progress. Challenges to gendered media misrepresentations of women are reflected in an increasingly powerful discourse of resistance by governmental groups, lobbyists, media organisations and feminist societies. Yet to date there is limited management and business (M&B) studies research into gendered media misrepresentations of women professionals and leaders. Further, a contradiction exists between UK and European governmental and societal debates on gender inequalities, quotas and initiatives to increase women professionals and leaders (e.g. Lord Davies Report 2010; Horizon 2020) and the continued gendered media misrepresentations of women. Interrogating gendered media representations is essential to gain fresh insight into contemporary debates of social justice and instrumentally bringing about social and economic change. Researchers have begun to consider the negative implications of gendered media misrepresentations of women yet there is a lack of established and rigorous research protocols in the field; the research remains marginalised and researchers are isolated from the M&B 'mainstream.' In contrast, research into gendered media representations has a long history in gender, journalism, media, communications and cultural studies but approaches have not fully engaged in the implications for women professionals and leaders. The Seminar Series is a timely and innovative opportunity for M&B researchers to connect with scholars from other disciplines, media producers, editors and journalists; key audience groups (professionals, leaders, unions, networks representing young women); lobbyists and policy makers through a multidisciplinary knowledge exchange.
This groundbreaking Series will develop an international multidisciplinary network by bringing together a core group of scholars with diverse media stakeholders, lobbyists and policy makers. This will lead to a unique network and focal point for academics at varying career stages to engage across disciplines with diverse stakeholders for topical research into, and provide challenge to, gendered media misrepresentations of women professionals and leaders.The Series will develop: innovative theoretical, methodological and conceptual frameworks; M&B research capacity, curricula and research priorities and through instrumental dissemination will raise awareness and influence global challenge and change.
The Series reflects the global nature of the research issue. Keynote speakers and participants will be UK and international scholars and key stakeholders who will each bring expertise from regional, national and international levels. The Series will develop sustainable collaborative networks and research publications in M&B studies and maximise impact. The Seminar Series has 3 themes: 1. 'Gendered Media Misrepresentations: Why do they matter and how do we know?' 2. 'Developing Research Capacity for B&M Studies: Multidisciplinary methodologies, theories and concepts/analysing media texts and visual methods; and 3. 'Developing Priority Research Agendas and Maximising Impact'. 8 of the 1 day Seminars will focus on distinct but inter-related aspects of the Series' focus. The final Seminar will be a 1-day conference to consolidate knowledge exchange and research priorities.

Planned Impact

This first Seminar Series on gendered media misrepresentations of women professionals and leaders will create an international multidisciplinary network, supported by 'on demand' webcasts of seminars for knowledge exchange, and new research collaborations across a breadth of stakeholders. Significant collaborations between academics and diverse media stakeholders have been created, with potential for impact across disciplines and practice. Established, early career academics and postgraduate students from M&B, gender, journalism, media, communications, cultural studies will benefit from a unique collaboration of academics and media stakeholders: producers, editors and journalists; key audience groups (professionals, leaders, unions and networks representing young women), lobbyists and policy makers. This will develop research capacity, new knowledge and academic/practice outputs. The Series will develop M&B studies academics beyond those already engaged in media analysis research by providing opportunities to collaborate in developing research priorities and innovative theoretical and methodological approaches. The involvement of diverse media stakeholders will facilitate disruptive innovation; provide access for influencing policies and practice and opportunities to widen networks, facilitating the exchange of academic thinking and practice considerations to challenge gendered media representations.
Outputs will be disseminated via: an edited book (with The International Leadership Association and Information Age Publishing Inc.). A Special Issue in Gender in Management: An International Journal, has been agreed with editors. Academic outputs will be submitted to journals e.g. Organization, British Journal of Management, Gender Work and Organization, Leadership Quarterly. Webcasts and the website will communicate information to a wide audience, facilitating global collaboration and networks. Research collaborations with international multidisciplinary and media stakeholders will produce sustained impact via capacity building, stakeholder organisation websites, reports and publications, contributions to debates on broadcast, print and social media and press releases for mainstream media and specialised professional publications e.g. The Gender Report on-line.
Key audience groups and how they will benefit from the research include:
General public: raising awareness of gendered media misrepresentations of women professionals and leaders will lead to changes in stereotypical thinking, progress a 'normalisation' of women in these roles, thus impacting on the economy and society.
Women in society: following the principle 'If She Can't See It - She Can't Be It', the research will influence the nature of media representations of women professionals and leaders, raising women's aspirations in relation to holding these positions, particularly through the dissemination of research outcomes via participating media stakeholders.
Employers: in raising awareness of gendered media misrepresentations of women, leading to moves towards a 'normalisation' of women as leaders and professionals, there is potential impact in creating more diverse workforces through gender mainstreaming and more diverse talent management strategies.
Secondary, Tertiary and Higher Education: shaping curricula and raising awareness of gendered media representations of women professionals and leaders in M&B studies (e.g. The Girls' School Association/College Principal/Head Teachers have agreed involvement); this will lead to progress in the 'normalisation' of women in senior roles, promoting young women's aspirations.
Organisations, Policymakers, Lobbyists - working with high profile stakeholders, findings will shape future policy on gender equality in society, spotlight priority areas and identify future research agendas.
Media producers: raising awareness of gendered media representations will influence the positioning of women at work in the media.

Publications

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Description The seminar series has surfaced the gendered nature of media constructions of women professionals and leaders and has stimulated outputs, in the form of journal papers and book chapters, that develop methods and methodologies for others to follow to interrogate gendered media.

Throughout the seminar series we have heard expert input that has shared research which highlights how women's leadership is glamourized, fetishized and sexualized; the embodiment of leadership for women; how popular culture can subvert the dominant masculine gaze; how women use agency and how powerful gendered norms shape perceptions, discourses and norms and how these are resisted, repudiated and represented.

The seminar series has raised awareness regarding the need to develop visual and digital literacies in schools, universities, and organizations (public and private sector) to counteract the resilience of gendered stereotypes and their communication through the media. Several significant findings have emerged from our research.

1) The media have a contradictory approach to women leaders. Advantages attributed to women such as a tendency to be risk-averse are also described as disadvantageous - if women are perceived to be risk-averse they cannot fulfil the leadership ideal of being a risk-taker. Similarly, while women may be seen as being successful in adopting masculine leadership characteristics, they are often portrayed as being unable to maintain them;
2) Women's leadership is glamourized, fetishized, and sexualized. For example, following the Global Financial Crisis (GFC) where blame for the crisis was placed on hubristic men leaders, the profile of women leaders undoubtedly rose. Yet, while the media celebrate these women, they focus on their female characteristics, photographing them in glamorous clothing and highlighting their looks and 'feminine' qualities in visual and narrative presentation which distances them from the ideals associated with good leadership;
3) Women leaders remain constrained by their appearance; the sexualisation of women leaders' bodies is normalised and women's leadership power is diluted;
4) The media constructs women leaders' presence as if arguments for gender equality have been won.
5) The media insist upon femininity through appearance from women leaders, serving to moderate power and feminist potential. Our findings show the complexities attached to public consumption of powerful women's constructions, set up in opposition, where sexism is visible and visceral. This simultaneously fortifies moderate feminism and provokes feminism.
Exploitation Route The Seminars have brought together media practitioners, policy makers and academic participants to interrogate gendered media representations of women professionals and leaders. Leading academics (e.g. Professor Karen Ashcraft, Colorado; Professor Byerly, Howard University, USA; Professor Janne Tienari, Aalto, Finland; Professor Karen Ross, Northumbria) and non-academic stakeholders (Hilary French, President Girls' School Association; Fiona Hathorn, MD UK Women on Boards; Julie Burton, President, The Women's Media Center, US; Ruth Cadbury, MP), have contributed to the seminar and given us access to their networks. These contributors have global reach so the impact of their participation has been international. This has been strengthened through doctoral and early career researchers' participation, to embed the impact in their emerging research agendas. The diversity of stakeholders attending the Seminars has: engaged young women in debates regarding the media's influence of their career aspirations; raised academic awareness regarding the need for the development of visual and digital literacies that are gender aware.

In the medium term and longer terms, our findings have been disseminated through the edited collection we published in 2016 and the special issue of the journal 'Gender in Management: an international journal', also published in 2016 to influence scholarly research in this area. Forthcoming articles in Gender, Work and Organization, and Management Learning, also draw on findings from the Seminar Series.

The media is a powerful player in the promotion or otherwise of gender equality worldwide, so the issue of gendered misrepresentations is important to the general public and secondary school students who are also key agents (reflected by the Girls' School Association President presenting in the Series) and the presence of young women from secondary schools. In addition to the seminar series we continue to develop strategies and practices for impact. For example, building on October 2016's successful workshop with 175 young women at Roehampton University, in 2018 we will run an 'Aspiring to Leadership' programme for pupils in north-east schools. The aims of the programme are to develop young men and women's confidence to aspire to senior posts in organisations, and has the following objectives:

a) To raise awareness of gender inclusive leadership/gender stereotypes utilising media representations
b) To develop knowledge, skills, abilities required by employers
c) To develop confidence in visiting and learning in university spaces
d) To translate research; make a difference to young people's futures

Upon completion of the 'Aspiring to Leadership' programme, we will monitor its effectiveness and develop a resource guide for secondary school teachers and academics to advise how schools and universities can raise leadership aspirations against the backdrop of media and popular culture influences.
Sectors Creative Economy,Education,Government, Democracy and Justice,Culture, Heritage, Museums and Collections

URL https://www.roehampton.ac.uk/business/news/ruth-cadbury-mp-chairs-discussion-of-womens-representation-in-the-media-at-the-house-of-commons/
 
Description Over three years our research has involved consciousness raising and provocations to challenge gendered media representations with multiple stakeholders (approximately 300 over three years) across the globe: from School-age women, leadership and management professional bodies, academics across disciplines, to practitioners, the US Women's Media Center, media producers and Members of Parliament. In addition to academic publications, our research was central to the event at the House of Commons (November 2016). Our research has contributed to: a Government Equality Office and UN Women conference on gender equality; to the North East UK Dynamo Women in Tech programme; to a Maths Conference with school-aged young women and a Theorizing Women's Leadership international conference. Further practice-focused outputs include contributions to The Government Equality Office Body Image Campaign and reports to The Washington Post and The Huffington Post as we draw upon research to challenge gendered media representations. Our principal findings from the Seminar Series so far have been communicated through the publications emerging from the series, and through the presentation of our work at the House of Commons seminar on 15th November 2016. The House of Commons seminar exposed our findings to parliamentarians, and a wider selection of media producers, including newspaper journalists. The Seminar Series identified the need to reach young women and men to create and sustain positive change. This potential emerging from the seminar series research to inform and assist young people's career aspirations is illustrated by the PI's work with Fixers UK. Fixers UK is a charity established to assist young people to make positive change for themselves and those around them. Elliott is an expert supporter of Fixers UK and facilitated a workshop entitled Body Image, in conjunction with Fixers, on 18th April 2018. Around 70 young people from around the UK participated in the event, which provided young people with the opportunity to discuss how a lack of diversity in the media can give confusing messages intensifying the disconnect between physical and mental health issues. Amongst the recommendations contained in a report published by Fixers UK (7) following the event are: all media channels take responsibility for the damaging unattainable aesthetic that is communicated through imagery on a daily basis; employers, trade unions and regulators to consider more seriously ideas for change to culture and practice at work which will support younger employees. We continue to work towards creating non-academic impact through the network we have developed that includes media producers and secondary schools. In 2018, we are working with North East LEP, Schools NorthEast and the North East Futures UTC to run an event with up to 200 young women and men. Entitled 'Gender inclusive leadership: challenging media misrepresentations of leaders and professionals'. The project was launched with an 'Aspiring to Leadership' conference with 200 year 9 pre-GCSE students on 13th September, 2018. This replicated a successful conference that we led at Roehampton Business School in 2017 (the Class of 2020), which positively influenced young women's views regarding their ability to contribute to a team and their longer-term leadership aspirations. Objectives of the 'Gender Inclusive Leadership' events are to: • Develop confidence in aspiring to senior posts • Raise awareness of gender inclusive leadership/gender stereotypes utilising media representations • Develop knowledge, skills, abilities required by employers • Develop confidence in visiting and learning in university spaces • Translate research to make a difference to young people's futures
First Year Of Impact 2016
Sector Education,Government, Democracy and Justice
Impact Types Societal

 
Description The Watched Body: Gender Roles, Body Image and Public Intrusions
Geographic Reach National 
Policy Influence Type Contribution to a national consultation/review
 
Description ESRC IAA Funding
Amount £4,265 (GBP)
Organisation Newcastle University 
Sector Academic/University
Country United Kingdom
Start 07/2018 
End 02/2019
 
Description Advancing Women and Leadership Theory 
Organisation George Washington University
Country United States 
Sector Academic/University 
PI Contribution This collaboration is in the early stages of a broader programme to develop women and leadership theory. As a consequence of the ESRC Seminar Series, two of the ESRC seminar series convenors (Professor Carole Elliott and Dr Valerie Stead) have become visiting UNESCO scholars at George Washington University (GW), Washington DC. They are currently working with colleagues at GW to develop a programme of research in association with the Global Women's Institute at GW that would extend the empirical reach of the work begun by the ESRC seminar series.
Collaborator Contribution The research is in the preliminary stages.
Impact Stead, V., Elliott, C., Blevins-Knabe, B., Chan, A., Grove, K.S., Hanold, M. and Smith, A. (forthcoming) Collaborative Theory-Building on Women's Leadership: An Exercise towards Responsible Leadership. in J. Storberg-Walker and P. Haber-Curran (Eds.) Advancing Women and Leadership: Moving the Needle Through Applied Theory Building. Charlotte, N.C: Information Age Publishing
Start Year 2015
 
Description Collaboration with the Women's Media Center, Washington DC, USA 
Organisation Women's Media Center
Country United States 
Sector Charity/Non Profit 
PI Contribution From the inception of the seminar series we have worked closely with the Women's Media Center (WMC), who are based in Washington D.C. The WMC's CEO, Julie Burton, has spoken at two of our events, and we were invited to the Women's Media Center Awards Ceremony, in New York, in October 2017. In the invitation to the Awards ceremony, Julie Burton stated: 'In recognition of the research and impact produced through your ESRC-funded Seminar Series I would like to invite you to attend the annual Women's Media Awards ceremony. This year's ceremony will take place in New York City on 26th October and is focusing on Making Women and Girls Visible and Powerful in Media!. Your work is proving powerful in challenging gendered media misrepresentations and raising awareness of the media's influence on young women and their career aspirations'.
Collaborator Contribution Our partners, the WMC, are world leaders in the auditing of women's representation in the media. Their annual report 'The status of women in the U.S. media' annually assesses in how a diversity of women fare across all media platforms-and in arenas including education, engineering and technology. The WMC have provided access to their data, and have provided advice and mentorship throughout the seminar series.
Impact This is an ongoing partnership. The nature of the seminar series, specifically its attention to network building rather than empirical research, means that we continue to work with the WMC and are working with them to develop a larger grant proposal.
Start Year 2015
 
Description Blog article for 'HuffPost' 
Form Of Engagement Activity Engagement focused website, blog or social media channel
Part Of Official Scheme? No
Geographic Reach International
Primary Audience Public/other audiences
Results and Impact Dr Valerie Stead, a co-investigator on the Seminar Series, wrote the following piece after the result of the 2016 US Presidential Election was known: 'Losing The Presidency: The Role Of Gender Politics In Hillary Clinton's Downfall'. This was an invited piece, and drew on research from the seminar series that examines how women leaders are represented in the media.
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity 2016
URL http://www.huffingtonpost.co.uk/dr-valerie-stead/hillary-clinton_b_12879714.html
 
Description Blog article for the Chartered Association of Business Schools 
Form Of Engagement Activity A press release, press conference or response to a media enquiry/interview
Part Of Official Scheme? No
Geographic Reach National
Primary Audience Professional Practitioners
Results and Impact The Chartered Association of Business Schools (CABS) requested a blog piece as part of their collaboration with the Equality Challenge Unit's (ECU) Athena Swan initiative. The blog piece, entitled: 'Why business schools should be aware of how the media genders women leaders and managers', was addressed to leaders and staff in business schools to raise awareness of the media and popular culture's role in influencing how women leaders and managers are perceived. In addition, the piece comprised part of the CABS' campaign to promote a joint workshop with ECU at the University of York in January 2018. The workshop attracted around 80 participants from business and management schools across the UK.
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity 2018
URL https://charteredabs.org/business-schools-aware-media-genders-women-leaders-managers/
 
Description Blog post for LSE Business Review 
Form Of Engagement Activity Engagement focused website, blog or social media channel
Part Of Official Scheme? No
Geographic Reach International
Primary Audience Industry/Business
Results and Impact We were approached by the editor of the LSE blog, following our piece for the Chartered Association of Business Schools, to write an article that made reference to gender inclusivity in business schools in the context of public discussions about sexual harassment in organisations.
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity 2018
URL http://blogs.lse.ac.uk/businessreview/2018/01/23/gender-should-be-on-the-agenda-of-business-schools/
 
Description House of Commons Seminar 
Form Of Engagement Activity Participation in an activity, workshop or similar
Part Of Official Scheme? No
Geographic Reach National
Primary Audience Policymakers/politicians
Results and Impact Throughout the seminar series we have been careful to invite speakers and participants that represent different stakeholder groups, including young women from two schools in the north east; media studies scholars; editors and journalists who work across different media. We have developed a strong relationship with the Women's Media Center, Washington, D.C. and disseminated our work to parliamentarians and journalists at a seminar held in the House of Commons on 15th November, chaired by Ruth Cadbury, MP. This event was attended by journalists, early career researchers, and media producers.

One outcome of the event is that we are currently working with the media producer to create a short, provocative film in collaboration with a school in the north east. Our intention is that the film will become a resource for secondary school teachers.

We are also liaising with Ruth Cadbury's office to run an event for a school, or schools, in her constituency to raise awareness of the implications of media representations on young women and men's career aspirations.
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity 2016
 
Description Interview for US newspaper The Washington Post 
Form Of Engagement Activity A press release, press conference or response to a media enquiry/interview
Part Of Official Scheme? No
Geographic Reach International
Primary Audience Media (as a channel to the public)
Results and Impact Professor Sharon Mavin, one of the seminar series co-investigators, was interviewed by a Washington Post reporter about stereotypes of women leaders in the media.
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity 2015
URL https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/on-leadership/wp/2015/06/09/the-idea-of-queen-bee-female-executi...
 
Description School Visit (Durham) 
Form Of Engagement Activity A talk or presentation
Part Of Official Scheme? No
Geographic Reach Regional
Primary Audience Schools
Results and Impact Seminar series investigators were invited to present at a Maths Conference with school-aged young women at Framwellgate School, Durham. The event was designed to encourage young women to consider careers in mathematics.
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity 2015
 
Description UN Women UK and Government Equalities Office Conference 
Form Of Engagement Activity Participation in an activity, workshop or similar
Part Of Official Scheme? No
Geographic Reach National
Primary Audience Professional Practitioners
Results and Impact This event formed part of the 2010-2015 UK Government's 'Women Engagement Programme'. The event was co-chaired by Professor Sharon Mavin, one of the seminar series co-investigators.
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity 2015
URL https://www.gov.uk/government/speeches/un-women-uk-and-government-equalities-office-conference
 
Description Workshop for Government Equality Office 
Form Of Engagement Activity A formal working group, expert panel or dialogue
Part Of Official Scheme? No
Geographic Reach International
Primary Audience Policymakers/politicians
Results and Impact A research presentation and report was delivered to 'The Watched Body: Gender Roles, Body Image & Public Intrusions' conference in October 2015, organized and hosted by the then Minister for Women and Equality, the Rt. Hon Jo Swinson MP.
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity 2015
URL https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/gender-stereotypes-academic-seminar-report
 
Description Workshop for Schoolgirls 
Form Of Engagement Activity Participation in an activity, workshop or similar
Part Of Official Scheme? No
Geographic Reach National
Primary Audience Schools
Results and Impact 175 pupils attended this event at the University of Roehampton on 15th September 2016. The event was opened by the Rt. Hon. Justine Greening, MP, who at the time was the Secretary of State for Education. Entitled 'Class of 2020: Liberate the Leader in You', the event was purposefully designed for girls attending schools with low HE entry rates. The workshop encouraged participants: to examine and work on their values; to discuss their career aspirations; to learn about leaders; to develop confidence & team work skills, and to think about their goals and aspirations. The Class of 2020 initiative was run in partnership with BT, and the 'Liberate the Leader in You' workshop provided the foundation for a 12-month mentoring programme. Pre- and post-event evaluations were conducted which asked participants to rate their views on the following questions: 'My values are important to who I am'; 'I have influence over my life and achievements'; 'I aspire to be a leader in life'; 'I can contribute positively to a team'; 'I think it is more difficult for women to realize their ambitions than men'; 'I am confident in my own skills and abilities'; 'I know what I want to discuss with my mentor'. Before the event, 43% of participants strongly agreed that their values were important to who they were, this increased to 67% after the event. Before the event, 30% of participants strongly agreed they have influence over their life and achievements, which increased to 50% after the event. Before the event, 21% of participants strongly agreed that they aspired to be leader, and 37% agreed. After the event, 27% strongly agreed that they aspired to be a leader, and 47% agreed. Before the event, 24% strongly agreed they can positively contribute to a team, which rose to 45% post-event. Before the event, 10% strongly agreed it is more difficult for a women to realize their ambitions than men, a figure which remained the same after the event. Before the event, 23% strongly agreed they are confident in their skills and abilities, this figure increased to 30% after the event. Finally, 5% strongly agreed they knew what to discuss with their mentor before the event, and this increased to 14% after the event.
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity 2016